This document outlines the syllabus for Module 6 Part B of a research methods course. It covers hypothesis testing through parametric and non-parametric tests. Parametric tests discussed include the t-test for comparing two population means with small samples, the z-test for comparing two population samples below 30, and the F-test for comparing variances. Non-parametric tests covered are the U-test (Mann-Whitney test) for comparing two independent populations without distribution assumptions, and the K-W test (Kruskal-Wallis test) for one-way analysis of variance on ranks with multiple independent samples. Key points about each test are provided.

1. 3/27/2016 4:58:58 AM
14MBA23 – RM Notes
Research Methods
Module 6 [B] – MBA – 2nd Semester
V T University Syllabus

2. 2
14MBA23 – Research Methods
Syllabus of Module 6 – Part B:
HYPOTHESIS TESTING:
PARAMETRIC TEST
Parametric and Non-Parametric Test: T-Test, Z-Test,
F-Test, U-Test (U Test is Mann Whitney Test), K-W Test (K-
W Test is the Kruskal Wallis Test, by Williams Kruskal and
Allen Wallis – Non Parametric Test) (Only Theory).

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14MBA23 – Research Methods
Syllabus of Module 6 – Part B:
HYPOTHESIS TESTING:
Parametric and Non-Parametric Test: (Before we
understand the Parametric and Non Parametric Tests, we
should know, what is a Variable and its types.)
What is Variable and it can be in what forms?.
A variable is any factor which influences the researcher for his
study. It can be Age, Literacy, Height, Weight, Color and so
on.
A variable can be in any of the following:

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14MBA23 – Research Methods
Syllabus of Module 6 – Part B:
HYPOTHESIS TESTING:
What are the Variable forms.
A variable can be in any of the following:
(a) A variable can be controllable or uncontrollable.,
(b) A variable can be qualitative or quantitative.
(c) A variable can be independent or dependent.
(d) A variable can also be categorized, regular, or continious.

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14MBA23 – Research Methods
Syllabus of Module 6 – Part B:
HYPOTHESIS TESTING:
PARAMETRIC TEST: T-Test: T Test is the testing of MEANS of two population
standard deviations where the SAMPLE IS BELOW 30 (n<30).
Points to remember:
(a) T Test is a statistical test, of normal distributed population has a value specified in a
Null Hypothesis.
(b) T Test is the examination of 2 population MEANS,
(c) T Test’s 2 samples may be from 2 different population or same population,
(d) T Test variances of two normal distributions are unknown.
(e) T Test samples are small below 30 numbers.

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14MBA23 – Research Methods
Syllabus of Module 6 – Part B:
HYPOTHESIS TESTING:
PARAMETRIC TEST: Z-Test,: Z Test is the testing of two equal population
samples, each of 30 or below 30 sample size (n=30, n<30).
Points to remember in Z Test:
(a) Z Test is a statistical test,
(b) Z Test is distribution of test under the Null Hypothesis,
(c) Z Test has a single critical value,
(d) Z Test separates the critical value of each sample size,
(e) Z Test is to compare two population with samples equal or below 30.

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14MBA23 – Research Methods
Syllabus of Module 6 – Part B:
HYPOTHESIS TESTING:
PARAMETRIC TEST: F-Test,: F Test is the test to find the MEANS of two given
observations, followed to calculate their variances. It has a important role in
Analysis of Variances (ANOVA), expressed in ratio of variances of two
observations.
Points to remember:
(a) F Test is a statistical test, where the test static has an F Distribution under Null
Hypothesis.
(b) F Test plays a important role in Analysis of Variances (ANOVA),
(c) F Test is used to compare two population variances,
(d) F Test is expressed in ratio of variances of two observations.

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14MBA23 – Research Methods
Syllabus of Module 6 – Part B:
HYPOTHESIS TESTING:
NON PARAMETRIC TEST: U-Test, : U Test is Mann-Whitney Test – Non
Parametric Test, which allows two population groups or conditions to be compared
without making the assumptions that values are normally distributed. Ex: 100 mts
running race between two persons – one trained and other untrained.
Points to remember:
(a) U Test is a Non-Parametric Test,
(b) U Test is a comparison of two population, (2 Independent Population, with one
basic principle to differentiate them)
(c) U Test comparison is done without making assumptions,
(d) U Test values are normally distributed,

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14MBA23 – Research Methods
Syllabus of Module 6 – Part B:
HYPOTHESIS TESTING:
NON PARAMETRIC TEST: K-W Test.,: K-W Test is the
Kruskal Wallis Test, by Williams Kruskal and Allen Wallis which is a Non
Parametric Test, with a ONE WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCES (ANOVA) by
RANKS.
Points to remember:
(a) K-W Test is a Non Parametric Test,
(b) K-W Test samples must originate from the same distribution,
(c) K-W Test is comparison of 2 or more independent samples,
(d) K-W Test samples sizes can be more or less different.

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14MBA23 – Research Methods
End of Module 6 [B]
Sanjeev Kumar Singh.,
MBA DEPARTMENT - V T UNIVERSITY, Belagavi, Karnataka State
Mob: +91 91640 76660
Email: harsubhmys@yahoo.co.in