This document discusses planning data collection procedures for research. It describes four main types of quantitative data collection: observation, surveys, quantitative interviews, and questionnaires. Observation involves collecting structured information without direct respondent answers. Surveys collect data from a sample population. Quantitative interviews use a standardized interview guide with closed and some open-ended questions. Questionnaires can be standardized or researcher-made, and guidance is provided on developing a valid researcher-made questionnaire.

1. PLANNING DATA
COLLECTION
PROCEDURES
LESSON 22

2. INTRODUCTION
Data collection refers to the process of gathering
information. The data that you will collect should be able to
answer the questions you posed in your Statement of the
Problem.

3. Types of Quantitative Data Collection
Procedures
A. Observation
◦ This method of gathering is usually used in situations where the
respondents cannot answer the researcher’s question to obtain
information for a research study.
◦ The observation is structured to elicit information that could be
coded to give numerical data.
◦ As a researcher, you have to prepare a checklist using an
appropriate rating scales that may categorize the behavior, attitude
or attribute that you are observing to answer the questions posed
in your study.

4. Types of Quantitative Data Collection
Procedures
B. Survey
The researcher collects data from a sample of population to
estimate the attributes or characteristics of the population.
Example: survey of customer satisfaction, health care, politics

5. Types of Quantitative Data Collection
Procedures
C. Quantitative Interview
◦ In conducting quantitative interview, the researcher prepares an interview guide
or schedule. It contains the list of questions and answer options that the
researcher will read to the respondent.
◦ The interview guide may contain closed-ended questions and a few open-ended
questions as well, that are delivered in the same format and same order to every
respondent.
◦ This method of collecting data involves gathering of information from a large
representative sample, which is quite laborious.

6. Types of Quantitative Data Collection
Procedures
D. Questionnaire
◦A questionnaire may be standardized or researcher-made.
◦A standardized questionnaire has gone through the process of
psychometric validation, has been piloted and revised.

7. Things to be discussed in using
researcher made questionnaire.
1. The corrections and suggestions made on the draft to
improve the instrument.
2. The different persons involved in the correction and
refinement of the research instrument.
3. the pre-testing efforts and subsequent instrument revisions.
4. the type of items used in the instrument.
5. the reliability of the data and evidence of validity.
6. the steps involved in scoring, guidelines for interpretation.

8. Guides in making a researcher made
questionnaire.
1. Avoid leading questions.
2. Be specific with what you like to measure.
3. Avoid unfamiliar words that the respondents might not be familiar with.
4. Multiple choice categories should be mutually exclusive to elicit clear
choices.
5. Avoid personal questions, which may intrude into the privacy of the
respondents like questions pertaining to income, family life, beliefs,
political affiliation.
6. Make your questions short and easy to answer.