Here are the key steps in qualitative data analysis:
1. Organizing the data by preparing transcripts of interviews, scanning field notes, sorting and arranging data into different types depending on the sources of information.
2. Immersing yourself in the data by reading through all the data to obtain a general sense of the information and reflect on its overall meaning.
3. Coding the data by going through the data line-by-line or paragraph by paragraph to identify and label meaningful excerpts that relate to your research questions.
4. Developing descriptions and themes by aggregating similar codes together to identify significant themes, patterns of meaning that come up across all the data sources.
5. Interrelating
Qualitative research design in research in educationRashna Asif
This presentation all about the qualitative research design its approaches features characteristics analysis and also data collection tools in this presentation approaches are very deeply discussed.
Introduction
In life, there are universal laws that govern everything we do. These laws are so perfect that if you were to align yourself with them, you could have so much prosperity that it would be coming out of your ears. This is because God created the universe in the image and likeness of him. It is failure to follow the universal laws that causes one to fail. The laws that were created consisted of the following: ·
Law of Gratitude: The Law of Gratitude states that you must show gratitude for what you have. By having gratitude, you speed your growth and success faster than you normally would. This is because if you appreciate the things you have, even if they are small things, you are open to receiving more.
Law of Attraction: The Law of Attraction states that if you focus your attention on something long enough you will get it. It all starts in the mind. You think of something and when you think of it, you manifest that in your life. This could be a mental picture of a check or actual cash, but you think about it with an image.
Law of Karma: the Law of Karma states that if you go out and do something bad, it will come back to you with something bad. If you do well for others, good things happen to you. The principle here is to know you can create good or bad through your actions. There will always be an effect no matter what.
Law of Love: the Law of Love states that love is more than emotion or feeling; it is energy. It has substance and can be felt. Love is also considered acceptance of oneself or others. This means that no matter what you do in life if you do not approach or leave the situation out of love, it won't work.
Law of Allowing: The Law of Allowing states that for us to get what we want, we must be receptive to it. We can't merely say to the Universe that we want something if we don't allow ourselves to receive it. This will defeat our purpose for wanting it in the first place.
Law of Vibration: the Law of Vibration states that if you wish on something and use your thoughts to visualize it, you are halfway there to get it. To complete the cycle you must use the Law of Vibration to feel part of what you want. Do this and you'll have anything you want in life.
For everything to function properly there has to be structure. Without structure, our world, or universe, would be in utter chaos. Successful people understand universal laws and apply them daily. They may not acknowledge that to you, but they do follow the laws. There is a higher power and this higher power controls the universe and what we get out of it. People who know this, but wish to direct their own lives, follow the reasons. Successful people don't sit around and say "I'll try," they say yes and act on it.
Chapter - 1
The Law of Attraction
The law of attraction is the most powerful force in the universe. If you work against it, it can only bring you pain and misery. Successful people know this but have kept it hidden from the lower class for centuries because th
Qualitative research design in research in educationRashna Asif
This presentation all about the qualitative research design its approaches features characteristics analysis and also data collection tools in this presentation approaches are very deeply discussed.
Introduction
In life, there are universal laws that govern everything we do. These laws are so perfect that if you were to align yourself with them, you could have so much prosperity that it would be coming out of your ears. This is because God created the universe in the image and likeness of him. It is failure to follow the universal laws that causes one to fail. The laws that were created consisted of the following: ·
Law of Gratitude: The Law of Gratitude states that you must show gratitude for what you have. By having gratitude, you speed your growth and success faster than you normally would. This is because if you appreciate the things you have, even if they are small things, you are open to receiving more.
Law of Attraction: The Law of Attraction states that if you focus your attention on something long enough you will get it. It all starts in the mind. You think of something and when you think of it, you manifest that in your life. This could be a mental picture of a check or actual cash, but you think about it with an image.
Law of Karma: the Law of Karma states that if you go out and do something bad, it will come back to you with something bad. If you do well for others, good things happen to you. The principle here is to know you can create good or bad through your actions. There will always be an effect no matter what.
Law of Love: the Law of Love states that love is more than emotion or feeling; it is energy. It has substance and can be felt. Love is also considered acceptance of oneself or others. This means that no matter what you do in life if you do not approach or leave the situation out of love, it won't work.
Law of Allowing: The Law of Allowing states that for us to get what we want, we must be receptive to it. We can't merely say to the Universe that we want something if we don't allow ourselves to receive it. This will defeat our purpose for wanting it in the first place.
Law of Vibration: the Law of Vibration states that if you wish on something and use your thoughts to visualize it, you are halfway there to get it. To complete the cycle you must use the Law of Vibration to feel part of what you want. Do this and you'll have anything you want in life.
For everything to function properly there has to be structure. Without structure, our world, or universe, would be in utter chaos. Successful people understand universal laws and apply them daily. They may not acknowledge that to you, but they do follow the laws. There is a higher power and this higher power controls the universe and what we get out of it. People who know this, but wish to direct their own lives, follow the reasons. Successful people don't sit around and say "I'll try," they say yes and act on it.
Chapter - 1
The Law of Attraction
The law of attraction is the most powerful force in the universe. If you work against it, it can only bring you pain and misery. Successful people know this but have kept it hidden from the lower class for centuries because th
This powerpoint presentation will probably help not just the students but also the teachers to be resourceful, engage and productive in terms of teaching and learning.
Cook I
Marriott International, Inc - Al-Ayn
رقم الوظيفة 23013234 التصنيفات Food and Beverage & Culinary الموقع Aloft Al Ain, Al Ain Square, Al Towayya, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates, United Arab Emirates...
21 Jan
Supervisor-Restaurant
Marriott International, Inc - Sharjah
رقم الوظيفة 23013183 التصنيفات Food and Beverage & Culinary الموقع Sheraton Sharjah Beach Resort & Spa, Al Muntazah Street, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates...
21 Jan
This powerpoint presentation will probably help not just the students but also the teachers to be resourceful, engage and productive in terms of teaching and learning.
Cook I
Marriott International, Inc - Al-Ayn
رقم الوظيفة 23013234 التصنيفات Food and Beverage & Culinary الموقع Aloft Al Ain, Al Ain Square, Al Towayya, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates, United Arab Emirates...
21 Jan
Supervisor-Restaurant
Marriott International, Inc - Sharjah
رقم الوظيفة 23013183 التصنيفات Food and Beverage & Culinary الموقع Sheraton Sharjah Beach Resort & Spa, Al Muntazah Street, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates...
21 Jan
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
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Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2. Dalam Penyelidikan Kualitatif
Qualitative Research?
• To better understand human
behavior and experience
• Qualitative research = a study that
uses qualitative data or information
to interpret phenomena that occur in
society.
• “Focus on the phenomena that
occur in natural settings”
• Data was collected from the
perspective of the study
participants.
3. 1. A problem or issue needs to be explored.
2. Need to study a group or population, identify variables that can then be measured,
or hear silenced voices.
3. Need a complex, detailed understanding of the issue
4. When we want to empower individuals to share their stories, hear their voices, and
minimize the power relationships that often exist between a researcher and the
participants in a study.
5. When we want to write in a literary, flexible style that conveys stories, Of theater, or
poems, without the restrictions of formal academic' structures of writing. We
conduct qualitative research because we want to understand the contexts or
settings in which participants in a study address a problem or issue
6. To follow up quantitative research and help explain the mechanisms or linkages in
causal theories or models.
7. To develop theories when partial or inadequate theories exist for certain
populations and samples or existing theories do not adequately capture the
complexity of the problem we are examining.
When toUse Qualitative Research?
4. Qualitativeinquiry isforthe researcherwho is
willingto do the following:
Commit to extensive timein the
field.
Write long passages,.
participate in aform of social
and human science research
that does not have
firm guidelines or specific
proceduresand is evolving and
constantly changing
Engagein the complex, time-
consuming process ofdata
analysis through the
ambitious task, of sorting
through large amounts of
data and reducing them to a
few themes or categories.
01
04
02
03
7. Philosophical Assumptions
Epistemological
What is the relationship between the
researcher and that being researched?
Rhetorical
What is the language of research?
Ontological
What is the nature of reality?.
Axiological
What is the roles of values?
Methodological
What is the process of research?
8. 2. Researcher as key
instrument
The qualitative researchers
collect data themselves
through examining
documents, observing
behavior, and interviewing
participants
Typically gather multipIe
forms of data, such as
interviews, observations,
and documents
TheCharacteristicsof QualitativeResearch
4. Inductivedataanalysis.
Qualitative researchers
tend to collect data in the
field at the site where
participants' experience the
issue or problem under
study
Qualitative researchers
build their patterns,
categories, and themes
from the "bottom-up,"
5. Participants' meanings.
focus on learning the
meaning that the
participants hold about the
problem or issue,
3. Multiplesources of
data.
1. Natural setting
6. Emergentdesign
The initial plan for research
cannot be tightly pre-
scribed, and that all phases
of the process may change
or shift after the
researchers enter the field
and begin to collect data
9. 8. i nterpretive
inquiry.Qualitative
Researchers make an
interpretation of what they
see, hear, and understand.
Qualitative researchers try
to develop a complex
picture of the problem or
issue under study
Concern with process =
Qualitative researchers are
concerned with process
rather than simply with
outcomes or products.
( e.g; what is the natural
history of the activity or
events under study?)
TheCharacteristicsof QualitativeResearch
Use a lens to view their
studies, such as the
concept of culture, central
to ethnography, or
gendered, racial, or class
differences from the
theoretical orientations
discussed
9. Holisticaccount
7.Theoreticallens
10. 10. Descriptive data = Qualitative research is descriptive.
● The data collected take the form of words or
pictures rather than numbers.
● The written results of the research contain
quotations from the data to illustrate and
substantiate the presentation.
● The data include interview transcripts, field notes,
photographs, videotapes, personal documents,
memos and other official records.
TheCharacteristicsof QualitativeResearch
11. 5 COMMON QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
DESIGNS & DISCIPLINES / RELATED
FIELDS
Reka Bentuk Disiplin / Bidang
1. Case study Social Sciences / Education
2. ContentAnalysis Social Sciences (psychology, history, art),
education
3. Phenomenology Social Sciences / Sociology / Psychology /
Nursing
4. Ethnography Social Sciences/ Education/ Psychology/ Nursing
5. GroundedTheory Social Sciences / Sociology / Psychology /
Nursing
12. OTHER QUALITATIVE RESEARCH DESIGNS
& RELATED DISCIPLINES/FIELDS
Reka Bentuk Disiplin / Bidang
6. Contents Analysis Social Sciences /
7. Philosophical Social Sciences /
8. Historical Social Sciences / Education / Sociology / Nursing
9. Descriptive Social Sciences / Education
10. Exploratory Social Sciences/ Education/ Sociology
11. Ecological Psychology Education
12. Cognitive Anthropology Education
13. Holistic Ethnography Education
13. 1. DIMENSION FOR CASE STUDY
Focus Developing an in-depth analysis of a single case or multiple cases
Discipline origin Political science, sociology, evaluation, urban studies, Islamic studies, other social sciences
Data collection Multiple sources :-
documents; archival records; Interviews; observations; physical artifacts
Data analysis Description; /Themes; / Assertions (statements)
Narrative form Method of description - In-depth study of a ‘case’ or ‘cases’
General structure
of study
Entry vignette (essay/ picture/ scene)
Introduction (problem statement; research questions, case study; data collection;
analysis; outcomes)
Description of the case (s) and its (their) contexts
Development of issues
Detail about selected issues
Assertions (state something in strong and definite way, and demand people to
accept, believe or respect)
Closing vignette
(Adapted from Stake, R. 1995. The art of case study research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.)
14. 2. DIMENSION FOR BIOGRAPHY
Focus Exploring the life of an individual
Discipline origin Anthropology; Literature; History; Psychology; Sociology
Data collection Primarily interviews and documents
Data analysis Stories
Epiphanies (true stories of sudden insight to inspire or encourage)
Historical content
Narrative form Method of description - Detailed picture of an individual’s life
General
structure of
study
Introduction (problem statement; research questions)
Research procedures (a biography, significance of individual, data
collection, analysis outcomes)
Report of objective experiences
Individuals theorize about their lives
Narrative segments identified
Patterns of meaning identified (events, processes, epiphanies, themes)
Summary
(Adapted from Denzin, N. K. 1989. Interpretive interactionism. Newbury Park, CA: sage.)
15. 3. DIMENSION FOR PHENOMENOLOGY
Focus Understanding the essence of experiences about a phenomenon
Discipline origin Philosophy; sociology; psychology
Data collection Long interviews with up to 10 people
Data analysis Statements
Meanings
Meaning themes
General description of the experience
Narrative form Method of description - Description of the “essence” (real meaning) of the
experience
General structure
of study
Introduction (problem statement; research questions)
Research procedures (a phenomenology and philosophical assumptions, data
collection, analysis, outcomes)
Significant statement
Meanings of statements
Themes of meanings
Exhaustive description of phenomenon
(Adapted from Moustakas, C. 1994. Phenomenological research methods. Thousand Oaks, C.A.: Sage.)
16. 4. DIMENSION FOR ETHNOGRAPHY
Focus Describing and interpreting a cultural and social group
Discipline origin Cultural ethnography; sociology
Data collection Primarily observations and interviews with additional artifacts during extended time
in the field (e.g. 6 month to a year)
Data analysis Description
Analysis
Interpretation
Narrative form Description of the cultural behavior of a group or an individual
General structure
of study
Introduction (problem statement; research questions)
Research procedures (ethnography, data collection, analysis, outcomes)
Description of culture
Analysis of cultural themes
Interpretation, lessons learned, questions raised
(Adapted from Wolcott, H.F.1994. Transforming qualitative data : Description, analysis, and interpretation. Thousand Oaks: Sage.)
17. 5. DIMENSION FOR GROUNDEDTHEORY
Focus Developing a theory grounded in data from the field
Discipline origin Sociology
Data collection Interviews with 20-30 individuals to “saturate” categories and detail a theory
Data analysis Open coding
Axial coding
Selective coding
Conditional matrix
Narrative form Method of description -Theory or theoretical model
General structure
of study
Introduction (problem statement; research questions)
Research procedures (grounded theory, data collection, analysis, outcomes)
Open coding
Axial coding
Selective coding and theoretical propositions and models
Discussion of theory and contrasts with extant literature.
(Adapted from Strauss & Corbin. 1990. Basics of qualitative research: Grounded theory procedures and techniques. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.)
18. 6. DIMENSION FOR CONTENT ANALYSIS
Focus Developing an in-depth analysis of texts
Discipline origin Education,Communication, Islamic studies, other social sciences
Data collection Multiple sources :-
documents; archival records; Interviews; social media
Data analysis Description; /Themes; / Assertions (statements)
Narrative form Method of description - In-depth study of large bodies of texts
General
structure of
study
Entry vignette (essay/ article/ book / transcription of interview)
Introduction (problem statement; research questions; data collection; analysis; outcomes)
Description of the texts and its contexts
Description of texts
Analysis of textual themes
Establish pattern of texts (themes)
Summary
(Hsieh, H.F. & Shannon, S. E. 2005. Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 15
(9):1277-1288)
19. Content Analysis
Typically performed on forms of human communication
Content Analysis is a detailed systematic examination of
the content of a particular body of material for the
purpose of identifying patterns, themes, or biases.
Content Analysis are found in a wide variety of disciplines,
including psychology, history, art, education, journalism
and political science
Books Newspaper. Films Television
Leedy & Ormrod (2005)
22. Data Collection Process
(Cresswell, 1998)
(Cresswell,
1998)
1. Identify sites / individuals
2. Get Access and
build rapport
3. Sampling e.g Purposive Sampling
4. Collecting data
5. Recording data
6. Resolve field
issues
7. Store the data
23.
24.
25. TYPES OF QUALITATIVE DATA
Interview
Picture
File/Records
Social Media
Web pages
Video
Map
Field notes
Check List
26. ANALYSIS APPROACH FOR QUALITATIVE
DATA
Thematics Analysis
Narrative Analysis
Chronological-Historical Analysis
Comparative Analysis
Domain Analysis
Tools or software used for qualitative data analysis : eg. Nvivo, Atlas.ti, QDA Miner