Research design is a plan or blueprint that outlines how research will be conducted to answer the research question. It specifies the methods and procedures for collecting and analyzing needed information. A good research design is appropriate, efficient, economical, and flexible. It minimizes bias and experimental error while maximizing reliability and the information obtained. Research design can be exploratory, descriptive, or causal. Exploratory research aims to gain background information through methods like secondary data analysis or focus groups. Descriptive research describes situations through structured data collection and analysis. Causal research studies hypotheses about relationships between variables through experiments that reduce bias and rule out alternative explanations.

1. RESEARCH
DESIGN

2. Research design is a set of advance
decisions that make up the master
plan specifying the methods and
procedures for collecting and
analyzing the needed information.

3. A research design is an
arrangement of condition for collection
and analysis of data in a manner that
aims to combine relevance to research
purpose with an economy in procedure
In fact research design is a
conceptual structure with in which the
research is conducted

4. Blueprint
Blueprint
Plan
Plan
Guide
Guide
Framework
Framework

5. FACTOR DEFINING RESEARCH
DESIGN
 What is the study about
 Why is the study being made
 Where will be the study carried out
 What type of data is to be collected
 Where can be require data found
 What period of time would the will the study include

6. FACTOR DEFINING RESEARCH
DESIGN (cont…)
 Which technique of data collection to be used
 How will be the data anlyse
 In what style will the report prepred
 What will be the sample side

7. PARTS
 The sample design
 The observational design
 The statistical design
 The operational design

8. FEATURE
 Specifies the source and type of information relevant to
the research problem
 Specifies the approach to be used to gather & analyze the
data
 It include the time and cust budgeting
(the boundry for everything )

9. NEED
 To have an efficient research operation
 To be economical
 To have an plan in advance
 To have a back up idea

10. FEAURE OF A GOOD DESIGN
Good is usually characterised by the adjective like
 Appropriate
 Efficient
 Economical
 Flexible

11. FEAURE OF A GOOD DESIGN
(cont…)
 The design must minimize bias and maximize the
reliability
 The design providing less experimental error
 The design which yield maximum information
 The design provide an opportunity to consider many
different aspect of problem

12. RELATING CONCEPT
 Dependent & Independent variable
 Extraneous variable
 Control
 Confounded relationship
 Reseach hypothesis
 Experimental & non-experimental hypothesis-testing
research

13. RELATING CONCEPT (cont..)
 Experimental & control group
 Treatment
 Experiment
 Experimental unit

14. DIFFERENT RESEARCH DESIGN
 Exploratory
 Descriptive/Diagnostic
 Causal
 Please note that research does not necessarily follow the order
(1) exploratory, (2) descriptive, and (3) causal designs.

15. EXPLAATORY RESEARCH
• Exploratory research is unstructured, informal
research undertaken to gain background
information about the general nature of the
research problem.
• Uses of exploratory research include:
1. Gain background information.
2. Define terms.
3. Clarify problems and hypotheses.
4. Establish research priorities.

16. METHOD USED
• Secondary data analysis. Secondary data refers to the process of
searching for and interpreting existing info relevant to the
research problem (e.g., census data, articles in journals,
newspapers, etc.).
• Experience (Expert) surveys. Refers to gathering info from those
thought to be knowledgeable on the issues relevant to the
problem (i.e., ask experts).
• Case Analysis. Uses past situations that are similar to the present
research problem.
• Focus groups. Involves small (8-12) groups of people brought
together and guided by a moderator through unstructured,
spontaneous discussion.

17. IN SUCH CASES
 The sample size is small
 Non probability sampling design are used
 Data requirement are vague
 The objective is general rather than specific
 No definite recommendation are there as a result of
analysis
 There is inbuilt flexibility in the design

18. DESCIPTIVE OR DIAGNOSTIC
RESEARCH
 Descriptive research provides answers to the
questions of who, what, when, where, and how.
 Note that we cannot conclusively ascertain
answers to WHY using descriptive studies.
 Diagnostic research determine the frequency
with which somethingn occur or its association
with something else

19. IN SUCH CASES
 Formulating objective of the study
 Designing mythos of data collection
 Selecting the sample
 Collecting the data
 Processing and analyzing the data
 Reporting the finding
 The design is rigid

20. COMPARISION
Research Design
Exploratory Studies
Descriptive/diagnostic
studies
i.
Sampling design
Non-probability
Probability sampling design
sampling design
i.
Pre-planned design for
analysis
Observational
Unstructured
Structured or well
design
instruments for
throughout instruments for
collection of data
i.
No pre-planned design
for analysis
i.
Statistical design
collection of data
Operational design
No fixed decisions about Advanced decisions about
the operational
procedure.
operational procedure.

21. CASUAL RESEARCH
• Causality may be thought of as understanding a
phenomenon in terms of conditional statements of the
form, “If X, then Y.” Conditions for Causality are:
• Concomitant Variation: For variable X to cause a
change in variable Y, the two must be highly related in
that changes in Y are always associated with changes in
X.
• Temporal Precedence: Refers to the time sequence of
occurrence. For variable X to cause Y, it must always
occur before or precede Y.
• Absence of Competing Explanations: For X to cause Y,
other possible causes must be ruled out.

22. Here the researcher studies the hypothesis of casual
relationship between variable
It require procedure of
 Reduce bias
 Increased reliability
 Relationship between variable
 One or more extraneous variable of dependent variable

23. PRINCIPLE OF EXPERIMENTAL
RESEARCH
 Principle of accuracy
 Principle of randomization
 Principle of local control

24. THANK YOU