In this PPt i disclose the meaning of research design and the different type of research design.

1. BY-Tushar vishnoi (PSIT college of engineering)

2. CONTENTS
Research design: Concept, Features of good research design,
Qualitative & Quantitative approaches, Pro & cons of both
approaches.
Exploratory research design: Concept, Types: Qualitative
techniques – Projective Techniques, Depth Interview, Experience
Survey, Focus Groups, Observation.
Descriptive Research design: Concept, Types & Uses
Concept of Cross-sectional & longitudinal Research
Experimental Design: Concept of causes, Causal relationships,
Concept of independent & Dependent variables, Concomitant
variable, Extraneous variable, Treatment, Control group

3. RESEARCH DESIGN
Research in the plan, structure and strategy of study conceived
in order to get answers to research questions and also to control
variance.
Kerlinger
 Arrangement of conditions.
 Overall framework of the projects.
 Specific master plan or model.
 Blueprint.
 Guides the investigators.
 Measurement and analysis of data.
 Plan for collecting and utilizing data.

4. FEATURES OF A GOOD RESEARCH DESIGN
 The nature of the problem
 The availability of time & money for the research
 The availability & skills of the researcher & his staff
 The means of obtaining information
 The objective of the problem to be studied
 Freedom from bias
 Freedom from confusing
 Control of extraneous variables

5. NEED & IMPORTANCE
Helps to give directions.
Helps in decision making.
Stands for advance planning of the methods.
Great bearing on reliability of the results.
Helps researchers to anticipate potential
problems in collecting data.
A clear statement of the research problem.
Approach to be utilized in processing and
analyzing data.

6. TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN
 Descriptive research
 Experimental Research Design
 Historical Research Design
 Case Study
 Causal Design
 Longitudinal Research Design
 Cross-Sectional Design
 Correlation or Prospective Research Design
 Cohort Design
 Observational Design
 Philosophical Design

7. TYPES OF RESEARCH DESIGN
Research
Design
Conclusive
Research
Design
CausalDescriptive
Longitudinal
Cross-
Sectional
Multiple
Cross-Section
Single Cross
Section
Exploratory
Research
Design

8. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
Exploratory research tries to understand a subject of study in a
preliminary way. Research designs for exploratory work usually
depend on direct observation of a small selection of what is to
be studied.
Example- drinking behavior.
 Experimenting refers to the process of research where one or
more variables.
 This research is flexible in approach.
 Purpose of the Study
Carried out when not much is known about the problem at
hand, or no details are available on how similar problems or
research issues have been solved in the past.

9. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
OBJECTIVE
 Major emphasis is on discovery of ideas & insights.
IN SUCH STUDIES
 The sample size is small
 Data requirement are vague.
 The objective is general rather then specific.
 Non-Probability sampling designs are used.
RESULT
 Tentative
 Generally used by further exploratory or conclusive research.

10. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
USES
 Formulate problems more precisely
 Develop Hypotheses
 Establish priorities for research
 Clarify concepts
TYPES OF DATA
 Secondary data
 Focus groups
 Key informant
 Observation studies
 Case studies

11. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
EXAMPLE
 Crime Patrol
 In 1979, Xerox researched Japanese competitors to
understand how they could sell mid-size copy machines for
less than what it cost Xerox to make them. Today, a lot of
companies frequently use benchmarking as a standard
research tool.

12. CONCLUSIVE RESEARCH
conclusive research is meant to provide information that is
useful in reaching conclusions or decision-making.
It tends to be quantitative in nature.
It relies on both secondary & primary data.
The purpose of conclusive research is to provide a reliable or
representative picture of the population.
Conclusive research can be sub-divided into two major categories
 Descriptive or statistical research
 Causal research

13. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
 Is the most widely-used research design as indicated by the
Theses, dissertation and research report of institutions.
 It common means of obtaining information include the use of
The questionnaire, personal interview with the aid of study
guide or interview schedule, and observation, either
participatory or not.
 It describe a given state of affairs as fully and carefully as
possible
 Purpose of the Study
 Descriptive research seeks to tell what exists or what is about
a certain educational phenomenon.
 A descriptive research design can serve as a first step that
identifies important factor, laying a foundation for more-
rigorous research.

14. DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
OBJECTIVE
 Describing characteristics of individual or group.
 To test specific hypotheses and examine relationship.
IN SUCH STUDIES
 Data collected may relate to the respondents under study.
 Research has specific objective.
 Findings are definite.
RESULT
 Conclusive
 Finding used as input into decision-making.

15. CAUSAL RESEARCH
 Known as “ex post facto” research. (Latin “after the fact”)
 Attempt to determine the cause or consequences of
differences that already exist between or among groups of
individuals.
 At least two different groups are compared on a dependent
variable or measure of performance (called the effect)
because the independent variable (called the cause) has
already occurred or cannot be manipulated.
 DEPENDENT VARIABLE- The change or difference occurring
as a result of the independent variable.
 INDEPENDENT VARIABLE- An activity of characteristic
believed to make a difference with respect to some behavior.

16. NEED & IMPORTANCE
• The researcher attempts to determine the cause, or reason,
for pre existing differences in group of individuals.
• Attempts to identify cause and effect relationships.
• Involve two or more group variables.
• Involve making comparison.
• Individuals are not randomly selected and assigned to two or
more group.
• Cannot manipulate the independent variable
• Less costly and time consuming