its all about respiratory system of insects, arrangement and position of spiracles system. Types of different respiratory systems in aquatic insects.
Contact Email: mzeeshan_93@yahoo.com
its all about respiratory system of insects, arrangement and position of spiracles system. Types of different respiratory systems in aquatic insects.
Contact Email: mzeeshan_93@yahoo.com
The human reproductive system includes the male reproductive system which functions to produce and deposit sperms; and the female reproductive system which functions to produce egg cells, and to protect egg cells, and to protect and nourish the fetus until birth.
Human reproduction - A detailed study ( medical information)martinshaji
Human reproduction is any form of sexual reproduction resulting in human fertilization. It typically involves sexual intercourse between a man and a woman. During sexual intercourse, the interaction between the male and female reproductive systems results in fertilization of the woman's ovum by the man's sperm.
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Describe human male and female reproductive anatomies
Describe spermatogenesis and oogenesis and discuss their differences and similarities
Describe the role of hormones in human reproduction
Describe the roles of male and female reproductive hormone
The reproductive events in humans include formation of gametes (gametogenesis), i.e., sperms in males and ovum in females, transfer of sperms into the female genital tract (insemination) and fusion of male and female gametes (fertilisation) leading to formation of zygote.
this is a long study on all aspects of human reproduction & most asked questions about human reproductive system ( medical information ).
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Fertilization: Sperm and the egg—collectively called the gametes—fuse togethe...D. B. S. College Kanpur
The process where the sperm and the egg—collectively called the gametes—fuse to begin the creation of a new individual whose genome is derived from both parents
Fertilization accomplishes
Sex (the combining of genes derived from two parents)
Reproduction (Creation of a new organism)
First function
to transmit genes from parent to offspring
Second function
is to initiate in the egg cytoplasm those reactions that permit development to proceed
Four Major Events
Contact and recognition between sperm and egg. In most cases, this ensures that the sperm and egg are of the same species
Regulation of sperm entry into the egg. Only one sperm nucleus can ultimately unite with the egg nucleus. This is usually accomplished by allowing only one sperm to enter the egg and actively inhibiting any others from entering.
Fusion of the genetic material of sperm and egg
Activation of egg metabolism to start development
The egg activates the sperm metabolism that is essential for fertilization, and the sperm reciprocates by activating the egg metabolism needed for the onset of development
Anton van Leeuwenhoek, the Dutch microscopist who co-discovered sperm in the 1670s, first believed them to be parasitic animals living within the semen (hence the term spermatozoa, meaning "seed animals“)
The following power point discusses about how the process of sexual reproduction takes place in Humans. In it, we discuss about the male and female reproductive systems, then we discuss about how the process of fertilisation occurs in humans. Thereafter we discuss about pregnancy. Menstrual Cycle, Ways to control Population growth, STDs etc
Effect of Zinc on yield & production of tomatoSazib akan
Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) is one of the widespread and extensively used vegetables. It is grown as a perennial crop, but it is cultivated as an annual crop for commercial purpose. It is a good source of carotenoids, in particular lycopene and phenolic compounds, and lessen the risks of cardiovascular disease and certain types of cancer, such as cancers of prostate, lung and stomach
Mechanical weed control is any physical activity that inhibits unwanted plant growth. Mechanical, or manual, weed control techniques manage weed populations through physical methods that remove, injure, kill, or make the growing conditions unfavorable.
Young brahmaputra floodplain(shingair upazilla)Sazib akan
This area is occupied by permeable silt loam to silty clay loam soils on the ridges and impermeable clays in the basins, neutral to slightly acid in reaction. General soil types include predominantly grey floodplain soils. Organic matter content is low in ridges and moderate in basins. Soils are deficient in N, P, and S but the status of K and Zn are reasonable.
Primary & Secondary tillage Implements and their usesSazib akan
Tillage is the manipulation of the soil into a desired condition by mechanical means; tools are employed to achieve some desired effect (such as pulverization, cutting, or movement). cultivator. agricultural technology: Fallow system and tillage techniques. cereal farming: Seedbed preparation.
Pesticide formulation & available form of organo -chlorinate , carbamate & c...Sazib akan
A carbamate is an organic compound derived from carbamic acid (NH2COOH). A carbamate group, carbamate ester (e.g., ethyl carbamate), and carbamic acids are functional groups that are inter-related structurally and often are interconverted chemically.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
2. STRUCTURE OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
The basic component of the
male reproductive system is
the testis (Fig. 1A), suspended
in the body cavity by tracheae
and fat body. The more
primitive apterygote insects
have a single testis, and in
some lepidopterans the two
maturing testes are
secondarily fused into one
structure during the later
stages of larval development,
although the ducts leading
from them remain separate.
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3. STRUCTURE OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
However, most male insects have a pair of testes, inside
of which are sperm tubes or follicles that are enclosed
within a membranous sac. The follicles connect to the
vas deferens by the vas efferens (Fig. 1B), and the two
tubular vasa deferentia connect to a median
ejaculatory duct that leads to the outside.
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4. STRUCTURE OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
A portion of the vas deferens is often enlarged to form
the seminal vesicle, which stores the sperm before they
are discharged into the female. The seminal vesicles
have glandular linings that secrete nutrients for
nourishment and A portion of the vas deferens is often
enlarged to form the seminal vesicle, which stores the
sperm before they are discharged into the female. The
seminal vesicles have glandular linings that secrete
nutrients for nourishment and maintenance of the
sperm.
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5. Female reproductive system
The female reproductive system
consists of a pair of ovaries which
are subdivided into smaller units
called ovarioles, where the eggs are
produced. During egg production
(called oogenesis), the germ cells in
the germarium divide by mitosis to
form oocytes(eggs). The oocytes
undergo meiosis and continue to
increase in size by absorbing yolk
produced by adjacent cells. As the
oocytes grow they are pushed
downward by the continual cell
division in the germarium. Thus the
oocytes form chains, with the
youngest/smallest cells at the top
and mature/large cells at the
bottom.
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6. Female reproductive system
Once mature, an egg leaves the ovary via the lateral
oviduct and continues through the common
oviduct which opens into agenital chamber (called
the bursa copulatrix). This is where the male deposits
his spermatophore during copulation. The female uses
peristaltic contractions to move the spermatophore
into the spermatheca, where it is stored until it is
needed. Thespermathecal gland produces nutrients
in order to keep the sperm alive in the spermatheca,
where sperm can survive for weeks, months or even
years.
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7. Female reproductive system
When the egg enters the genital chamber it passes across the
spermatheca and stimulates the release of sperm cells onto the
egg surface. The sperm cells enter the egg through the micropyle,
a small opening on the egg surface, and when the nuclei of
sperm and egg fuse, the egg is fertilised. Oviposition (egg laying)
soon takes place following fertilisation.
Once mature, an egg leaves the ovary via the lateral
oviduct and continues through the common oviduct which
opens into agenital chamber (called the bursa copulatrix). This
is where the male deposits his spermatophore during copulation.
The female uses peristaltic contractions to move the
spermatophore into the spermatheca, where it is stored until it
is needed.
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8. Female reproductive system
When the egg enters the genital chamber it passes
across the spermatheca and stimulates the release of
sperm cells onto the egg surface. The sperm cells enter
the egg through the micropyle, a small opening on the
egg surface, and when the nuclei of sperm and egg
fuse, the egg is fertilised. Oviposition (egg laying)
soon takes place following fertilisa
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