1) Reported or indirect speech is used to report what another person has said without using their exact words. 2) When transforming direct speech into reported speech, certain changes may need to be made depending on if it is a statement, question, or request. Specifically, pronouns, verbs, place/time expressions, and tenses may need to be changed. 3) For questions, the question must be changed into an indirect question and use "whether" or "if".

1. Reported Speech (Indirect Speech)

4. Type Example direct speech “ I speak English.” reported speech (no backshift) He says that he speaks English. reported speech (backshift) He said that he spoke English.

6. Type Example with interrogative direct speech “ Why don’t you speak English?” reported speech He asked me why I didn’t speak English. without interrogative direct speech “ Do you speak English?” reported speech He asked me whether / if I spoke English.

8. Type Example direct speech “ Carol, speak English.“ reported speech He told Carol to speak English.