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Reported speech (Indirect speech)
byThe Shqiprim, Software Developer at Everywhere! onApr 07, 2012

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Reported speech (Indirect speech) Document Transcript

1. Reported Speech (Indirect Speech)What is reported speech?Reported speech is when
you tell somebody else what you or a person said before.Distinction must be made
between direct speech and reported speech.Direct speech vs Reported speech: Direct
speech Reported speechShe says:" she likes tuna fish." She says that she likes tuna
fish.She said: "Im visiting Paris next She said that she was visiting Paris the
followingweekend" weekend.Different types of sentencesWhen you use reported speech,
you either report: Statements questions requests / commands other typesI.
Reporting StatementsWhen transforming statements, check whether you have to change:
pronouns tense place and time expression1-PronounsIn reported speech, you often
have to change the pronoun depending on who says what.Example:She says, “My dad
likes roast chicken.” – She says that her dad likes roast chicken.
2. 2-Tenses If the sentence starts in the present, there is no backshift of tenses in
Reported speech. If the sentence starts in the past, there is often backshift of tenses in
Reported speech. Direct speech Reported speech(no backshift) “I write poems.” He says
that he writes poems. (backshift) “I write poems.” He said that he wrote
poems.NobackshiftDo not change the tense if the introductory clause is in a present tense
(e. g. He says). Note,however, that you might have to change the form of the present
tense verb (3rd person singular).Example:He says, “I write poems.” – He says that he
writes English.BackshiftYou must change the tense if the introductory clause is in a past
tense (e. g. He said).Example:He said, “I am happy.” – He said that he was
happy.Examples of the main changes in tense: Direct Speech Reported Speech Simple
Present Simple Past He said: "I am happy" He said that he was happy Present Progressive
Past Progressive He said: "Im looking for my keys" He said that he was looking for his
keys Simple Past Past Perfect Simple He said: "I visited New York last year" He said that
he had visited New York the previous year. Present Perfect Present Perfect He said: " Ive
lived here for long time " He said that he had lived there for a long time
3. Past Perfect Present Perfect He said: "They had finished the work when He said that
they had finished the work when Iarrived" he had arrived" Past Progressive Past Perfect
Progressive He said: "I was playing football when the He said that he had been playing
football when accidentoccured" the accident had occured Present Perfect Progressive Past
Perfect ProgressiveHesaid:"I have been playing football for two He said that he had been
playing football for two hours." hours Past Perfect Progressive Past Perfect Progressive
He said: "I had been reading a newspaper He said that he had been reading a newspaper
when the light went off" when the light had gone off Future Simple (will+verb)
Conditional (would+verb) He said: "I will open the door." He said that he would open the
door. Conditional (would+verb) Conditional (would+verb)He said: "I would buy
Mercedes if I were rich" He said that he would buy Mercedes if he had been rich"The
verbs could, should, would, might, must, needn‟t, ought to, used todo not normally
change.Example:He said, “She might be right.” – He said that she might be right.3-Place
and time expressionsPlace and time expressions change if the context of the reported
statement (ie the locationand/or the period of time) is different from that of the direct
speech.In the following table, you will find ways of transforming place and time
expressions into reportedspeech. Direct Speech Reported Speech today that day now then
yesterday the day before … days ago … days before last week the week before
4. next year the following year tomorrow the next day / the following day here there this
that these thoseB. Reporting QuestionsWhen transforming questions, check whether you
have to change: pronouns place and time expressions tenses (backshift)Also note
that you have to: transform the question into an indirect question use the question
word (where, when, what, how) or if / whether Types of questions Direct speech
Reported speech With question word (what, "Why" don‟t you He asked me why I didn‟t
why, where, how...) speak English?” speak English.Without question word (yes or “Do
you speak He asked me whether / if I no questions) English?” spoke English.C. Reporting
requests / commandsWhen transforming requests and commands, check whether you
have to change: pronouns place and time expressions Direct speech Reported speech
“Nancy,do the exercise.“ He told nancy to do the exercise. "Nancy, give me your pen,
please." He asked Nancy to give him her pen.
5. Tenses are not relevant for requests – simply use to / not to + verb (infinitive without
"to")Example:She said, “Sit down." - She asked me to sit down.She said, "dont be lazy" She asked me not to be lazy For affirmative use to + infinitive (without to) For negative
requests, use not to + infinitive (without to).D. Other transformations Expressions of
advice with must, should and ought are usually reported using advise / urge. Example:
“You must read this book.“ He advised / urged me to read that book. The expression
let‟s is usually reported using suggest. In this case, there are two possibilities for reported
speech: gerund or statement with should. Example: “Let‟s go to the cinema.“= 1. He
suggested going to the cinema. 2. He suggested that we should go to the cinema.Main
clauses connected with and/butIf two complete main clauses are connected with ‚and„ or
‚but„, put ‚that„ after the conjunction.Example:Hesaid,“I saw her but she didn‟t see me.“
– He said that he had seen her but thatshe hadn‟t seenhim.“If the subject is dropped in the
second main clause (the conjunction is followed by a verb), do notuse
‚that„.Example:Shesaid,“I am a nurse and work in a hospital.“ – He said that she was a
nurse andworked in ahospital.“ Powered by: TheShqiprim™

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direct and indirect speech

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  • 7. ‹› 1 /5 Related More Reported speech (indirect speech) 1234 views Like Differences between direct and reported speech 4576 views Like 11° 1350 views Like Direct and indirect speech (1) 532 views Like Direct and indirect speech (1) 676 views Like Reported speech 2665 views Like Reported speech 361 views Like
  • 8. Direct and indirect speech 5447 views Like Reported speech 325 views Like Reported Speech 6038 views Like Reported Speech 2301 views Like Reported Speech 1406 views Like Llint 11.2 reported speech 476 views Like Direct and indirect speech 3377 views Like English grammar 2505 views Like Reported speech statements 4427 views Like
  • 9. Job 1 direct indirect speech-group 5 860 views Like Kalasha dictionary1 2571 views Like THE REPORTED SPEECH SAMSUN FINAL SCHOOLS 552 views Like Summary reported speech 961 views Like Reported speech 983 views Like Nm2 reported speech extended 229 views Like Reported speech 962 views Like Reported speech 1646 views Like FINNISH GRAMMAR 2222 views Like
  • 10. Changing direct statements to reported statements 3392 views Like Reported speech 555 views Like Reported speech carmen 3791 views Like Reported speech part ii 316 views Like Reported speech 2 1135 views Like Reportedspeech 100502114109-phpapp01 882 views Like Indirect speech 1232 views Like Indirect speech 2497 views Like Reported speach-1 1086 views Like
  • 11. Reporting 13831 views Like 0 inShare Pin It Wordpress + Follow Reported speech (Indirect speech) byThe Shqiprim, Software Developer at Everywhere! onApr 07, 2012 1,935 views Powered by: Theshqiprim. No comments yet Subscribe to comments Post Comment Reported speech (Indirect speech) Document Transcript 1. Reported Speech (Indirect Speech)What is reported speech?Reported speech is when you tell somebody else what you or a person said before.Distinction must be made between direct speech and reported speech.Direct speech vs Reported speech: Direct speech Reported speechShe says:" she likes tuna fish." She says that she likes tuna fish.She said: "Im visiting Paris next She said that she was visiting Paris the followingweekend" weekend.Different types of sentencesWhen you use reported speech, you either report: Statements questions requests / commands other typesI.
  • 12. Reporting StatementsWhen transforming statements, check whether you have to change: pronouns tense place and time expression1-PronounsIn reported speech, you often have to change the pronoun depending on who says what.Example:She says, “My dad likes roast chicken.” – She says that her dad likes roast chicken. 2. 2-Tenses If the sentence starts in the present, there is no backshift of tenses in Reported speech. If the sentence starts in the past, there is often backshift of tenses in Reported speech. Direct speech Reported speech(no backshift) “I write poems.” He says that he writes poems. (backshift) “I write poems.” He said that he wrote poems.NobackshiftDo not change the tense if the introductory clause is in a present tense (e. g. He says). Note,however, that you might have to change the form of the present tense verb (3rd person singular).Example:He says, “I write poems.” – He says that he writes English.BackshiftYou must change the tense if the introductory clause is in a past tense (e. g. He said).Example:He said, “I am happy.” – He said that he was happy.Examples of the main changes in tense: Direct Speech Reported Speech Simple Present Simple Past He said: "I am happy" He said that he was happy Present Progressive Past Progressive He said: "Im looking for my keys" He said that he was looking for his keys Simple Past Past Perfect Simple He said: "I visited New York last year" He said that he had visited New York the previous year. Present Perfect Present Perfect He said: " Ive lived here for long time " He said that he had lived there for a long time 3. Past Perfect Present Perfect He said: "They had finished the work when He said that they had finished the work when Iarrived" he had arrived" Past Progressive Past Perfect Progressive He said: "I was playing football when the He said that he had been playing football when accidentoccured" the accident had occured Present Perfect Progressive Past Perfect ProgressiveHesaid:"I have been playing football for two He said that he had been playing football for two hours." hours Past Perfect Progressive Past Perfect Progressive He said: "I had been reading a newspaper He said that he had been reading a newspaper when the light went off" when the light had gone off Future Simple (will+verb) Conditional (would+verb) He said: "I will open the door." He said that he would open the door. Conditional (would+verb) Conditional (would+verb)He said: "I would buy Mercedes if I were rich" He said that he would buy Mercedes if he had been rich"The verbs could, should, would, might, must, needn‟t, ought to, used todo not normally change.Example:He said, “She might be right.” – He said that she might be right.3-Place and time expressionsPlace and time expressions change if the context of the reported statement (ie the locationand/or the period of time) is different from that of the direct speech.In the following table, you will find ways of transforming place and time expressions into reportedspeech. Direct Speech Reported Speech today that day now then yesterday the day before … days ago … days before last week the week before 4. next year the following year tomorrow the next day / the following day here there this that these thoseB. Reporting QuestionsWhen transforming questions, check whether you have to change: pronouns place and time expressions tenses (backshift)Also note that you have to: transform the question into an indirect question use the question word (where, when, what, how) or if / whether Types of questions Direct speech Reported speech With question word (what, "Why" don‟t you He asked me why I didn‟t why, where, how...) speak English?” speak English.Without question word (yes or “Do you speak He asked me whether / if I no questions) English?” spoke English.C. Reporting requests / commandsWhen transforming requests and commands, check whether you
  • 13. have to change: pronouns place and time expressions Direct speech Reported speech “Nancy,do the exercise.“ He told nancy to do the exercise. "Nancy, give me your pen, please." He asked Nancy to give him her pen. 5. Tenses are not relevant for requests – simply use to / not to + verb (infinitive without "to")Example:She said, “Sit down." - She asked me to sit down.She said, "dont be lazy" She asked me not to be lazy For affirmative use to + infinitive (without to) For negative requests, use not to + infinitive (without to).D. Other transformations Expressions of advice with must, should and ought are usually reported using advise / urge. Example: “You must read this book.“ He advised / urged me to read that book. The expression let‟s is usually reported using suggest. In this case, there are two possibilities for reported speech: gerund or statement with should. Example: “Let‟s go to the cinema.“= 1. He suggested going to the cinema. 2. He suggested that we should go to the cinema.Main clauses connected with and/butIf two complete main clauses are connected with ‚and„ or ‚but„, put ‚that„ after the conjunction.Example:Hesaid,“I saw her but she didn‟t see me.“ – He said that he had seen her but thatshe hadn‟t seenhim.“If the subject is dropped in the second main clause (the conjunction is followed by a verb), do notuse ‚that„.Example:Shesaid,“I am a nurse and work in a hospital.“ – He said that she was a nurse andworked in ahospital.“ Powered by: TheShqiprim™ Follow us on LinkedIn Follow us on Twitter Find us on Facebook Find us on Google+ Learn About Us About Careers Our Blog Press Contact Us Help & Support Using SlideShare SlideShare 101 Terms of Use Privacy Policy Copyright & DMCA Community Guidelines SlideShare on Mobile Pro & more Go PRO Enterprise Sales PRO Features
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