This document discusses reporting speech, including the differences between direct and reported speech. It explains that when changing direct speech to reported speech, you may need to change pronouns, tenses, places, times or other expressions depending on the type of sentence - statement, question, request or command. For statements and questions, pronouns, tenses, places and times may need to change. For requests and commands, pronouns, places and times may change but tense is not relevant. Other transformations like advice are usually reported using 'advise' or 'urge' while suggestions can be reported using a gerund or statement with 'should'.

1. Reported Speech

2. We use reported speech to tell
somebody else what you or a person
said before.

3. We must make a distinction between
direct speech and reported speech.
Direct Speech Reported Speech
She says: “I like tuna fish.” She says that she likes tuna fish.
She said: “I’m visiting Paris next
weekend”.
She said that she was visiting
Paris the following weekend.

4. Different types of sentences
When you use reported speech, you either
report:
● statements
● questions
● requests / commands
● other types

5. Reporting Statements

6. When transforming statements, check
whether you have to change:
1. pronouns
2. tense
3. place and time expression

7. 1- Pronouns
In reported speech, you often have to
change the pronoun depending on who
says what.
Example:
She says, “My dad likes roast chicken.” –
She says that her dad likes roast chicken.

8. 2- Tense
If the sentence starts in the present, there is
the tense remains the same in reported
speech.
If the sentence starts in the past, there is
the tense is always changed in reported
speech.

9. 2- Examples of the main changes in tense:

10. 3- Place, demonstratives and time expressions
Place, demonstratives and time expressions
change if the context of the reported statement
(i.e. the location and/or the period of time) is
different from that of the direct speech.

11. 3- Place, demonstratives
and time expressions
In the following table, you will
find the different changes of
place; demonstratives and
time expressions.

12. Reporting Questions

13. When transforming questions, check
whether you have to change:
1. pronouns
2. place and time expression
3. tenses
Also note that you have to:
● transform the question into an indirect question
● use the question word (where, when, what, how) or if
/ whether

14. Reporting Questions

15. Reporting requests /
commands

16. When transforming requests /
commands, check whether you have
to change:
1. pronouns
2. place and time expression

17. Reporting Requests / Commands
Tenses are not relevant for requests – simply
use to / not to + verb (infinitive without "to")
Example:
She said, “Sit down." - She asked me to sit down.
She said, "don't be lazy" - She asked me not to be lazy
For affirmative use to + infinitive
For negative requests, use not to + infinitive

18. Other Transformations

19. ● Expressions of advice with must, should
and ought are usually reported using
advise / urge.

20. ● The expression let’s is usually reported
using suggest. In this case, there are two
possibilities for reported speech: gerund or
statement with should.
Example:
"Let’s go to the cinema."
1. He suggested going to the cinema.
2. He suggested that we should go to the cinema.

21. Taken and adapted from: https://www.myenglishpages.com/site_php_files/grammar-lesson-reported-speech.php