The document provides an overview of reported speech, also known as indirect speech. It discusses how reported speech is used to convey what other people have said without using exact or "quoted" words. It outlines the main changes that are typically made in reported speech, such as changing verb tenses, pronouns, words referring to time and place, and the type of sentence. Examples are given to illustrate direct speech versus reported speech and the rules for changing different types of sentences like statements, questions, imperatives, optatives and exclamations into reported speech. Exceptions for facts, truths and historical events are also noted.

1. PRESENTATION ON:
REPORTED SPEECH
Kazi Sazed Salman
Daffodil International University
ID No: 111-23-130

2. Introduction:
We often have to give information about what people say or think. In order to do this we can use
direct or quoted speech, or indirect or reported speech.
But in communicative language it can be said that we use direct speech rarely or very often.
Because in the time of talking or communicating with others we don’t use that thing one has said
particularly. Rather we express it in our words as it’s reference.
As example, suppose Rean is my friend. Rean said me, “I am going to Chittagong now.”
So, as when I have to express it to someone, I wont tell it as like just a copy of Rean’s word.
Rather than I will say to some one like that:
Rean told(or said to) me that she was going to Chittagong then.
So, then it listens good and clear for my listener and seems comfortable for me.
And that’s why indirect speech is a important part of grammar to apply
someone’s word properly by a speaker.

3. I am taking a
photo of you
The photographer said to me that
he was taking a photo of me
this is the process and use of
reported speech in communication

4. Direct Speech / Quoted Speech: Saying exactly what someone
has said is called direct speech .It appears within quotation
marks ("...") and should be word for word.
Indirect Speech / Reported Speech: Indirect speech doesn't
use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it
doesn't have to be word for word.
As a example:
"I'm going to the cinema", he said. (Q.S.)
He said that he was going to the cinema. (R.S)

5. Main Changes Necessary to Know of Reported Speech:

6. Tense Change:

7. Change of Modal Verbs:
Example:
“I might go to the cinema", he said.
He said that he might go to the cinema.

8. Pronoun Change
In reported speech, the pronoun changes according to the
speaker. It is important that changing of pronoun mainly keeps
the correct meaning of a reported sentence. A little pronoun
mistake can change the whole meaning of reported speech.
Example:
“My sister, her friend, my cousin and I am going to picnic.” he said to his
friend.
He said to his friend that his sister, her friend, his cousin and he was going
to picnic.

9. Time and Place change
this › that
these › those
now › then
today › that day
yesterday › the previous day
last weekend › the previous weekend
here › there
next (week) › the following (week)
tomorrow › the next/following day
In reported speech, some kinds of word which indicates time,
being changed.As:

10. Changing into Reported Speech:
Assertive Sentence: It is changed as rules those are described above and with just using told
or said to (someone) .
Example:
He said to me, “ I didn't go there.”
He told me that he had not gone there.
Interrogative Sentence: in interrogative sentence, if there is anyWH question word, then it
will be as it is, just it have to be made assertive and asked (someone) in change of said. But,
if there is a question starting with Be verb, then there will be ‘if’ after ‘asked’ and the
sentence into assertive.
Example:
*He said, “where will you go?”
He asked me where I would go.
*He said to himself, “am I right?”
He asked himself if he was right.

11. Imperative Sentence: In the time of changing imperative sentence, according to meaning of
sentence, verb is used; as: advise, order, request, command etc. And to is used before the
verb of Direct speech. No more change is necessary.
Example:
I said to her, “shut the door.”
I ordered her to shut the door.
Optative Sentence: In changing into optative sentence the reporting verb ‘say’ is changed
into ‘pray’ or ‘wish’.And the reported speech changes as assertive sentence rule.
Example:
Mother said, “may your dreams come true.”
Mother wished that my dreams might come true.
Exclamatory Sentence: Reporting verb Changes into ‘exclaim, wish, cried out, etc’ and other
part changes as assertive sentence. Sometimes additional words is being added according
to meaning.
Example:
He said me, “Good morning , Sir! How are you?”
Addressing me as sir he wished good morning and asked how I was.

12. Miscellaneous and Exceptional Rule: Scientific fact, universal truth and past historical
matters are unchangeable. Here just only ‘that’ is added before reported speech, nothing
else.
Example:
*Teacher said to the students, “Air is the mixture of many gases.”
Teacher said to the students air is the mixture of many gases.
*Teacher said, “ Akbar was one of the greatest king if India.”
Teacher told that Akbar was one of the greatest king if India.
*He said to his son, "Honesty is the best policy.”
He said to his son that honesty is the best policy.
Note: sometimes where the reporter and reporting verb both are absent, there we can use
a reporter and verb according to the meaning of reported speech.
Example:
“The earthquake happened at 7 pm.”
Radio said that the earthquake had happened at & pm.

13. Hope you have enjoyed the presentation.
Thank you...