The document discusses HVAC systems, their functions, and design considerations. Key points: - HVAC systems control temperature, humidity, air filtration and pressure to provide thermal comfort and indoor air quality. - Proper design considers factors like equipment location and sizing, energy efficiency, sound and vibration control. - Central systems with backup are preferred over smaller individual units. Systems should be configured to tailor to specific space needs.

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HVAC :
Heating, Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) equipment perform heating and/or
cooling for residential, commercial or industrial buildings. The HVAC system may
also be responsible for providing fresh outdoor air to dilute interior airborne
contaminants such as odors from occupants, volatile organic compounds (VOC’s)
emitted from interior furnishings, chemicals used for cleaning, etc. A properly
designed system will provide a comfortable indoor environment year round when
properly maintained.
What can HVAC do?
HVAC system performs four basic functions:
1. Control airborne particles, dust and micro-organisms – Thru air filtration using high
efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters.
2. Maintain room pressure (delta P) – Areas that must remain “cleaner” than
surrounding areas must be kept under a “positive” pressurization, meaning that
air flow must be from the “cleaner” area towards the adjoining space (through
doors or other openings) to reduce the chance of airborne contamination. This is
achieved by the HVAC system providing more air into the “cleaner” space than is
mechanically removed from that same space.
3. Maintain space moisture (Relative Humidity) – Humidity is controlled by cooling air
to dew point temperatures or by using desiccant dehumidifiers. Humidity can
affect the efficacy and stability of drugs and is sometimes important to effectively
mould the tablets.
4. Maintain space temperature - Temperature can affect production directly or
indirectly by fostering the growth of microbial contaminants on workers.
Each of above parameter is controlled and evaluated in light of its potential to impact
product quality.

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What HVAC can’t do?
1. HVAC cannot clean up the surfaces of a contaminated surfaces, room or
equipment.
2. HVAC cannot compensate for workers who do not follow procedures.
We will learn about the specific design aspects later in this course, but first we will
briefly discuss the generic pharmaceutical process.
Pharmaceutical Process
The task of the pharmaceutical manufacturer is to combine the medicinally active
agents provided by a fine chemicals plant, or by extraction from vegetable, animal or
other source, with suitable inactive ingredients so that the end product may be used
in the correct dosage to produce the effect needed.
What are advantages here?
1. Usually less air filter loading = lower filter maintenance and energy cost
2. Opportunity for better air filtration
3. Less challenge to HVAC = better control of parameters (T, RH, etc)
4. Less throw-away air = lower cooling/heating cost
Disadvantages
1. Return air ductwork routing to air handler may complicate above ceiling
2. Chance of cross contamination = requires adequate supply air filtration (an
sometimes return air filtration)
Applications
1. Classified spaces such as sterile manufacture (few airborne materials, very clean
return air)
2. Finished oral solid dosage (OSD) manufacture where product is not airborne with
other products in the facility
3. Final bulk APIs, usually with dedicated air handler for each room .

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Comfort Requirement:
� Temperature
� Humidity
� Air movement
� Fresh air
� Clean air
� Noise levels
� Lighting
� Furniture and work surfaces
A comfortable environment, however, is broader than just temperature and humidity.
Comfort requirements that are typically impacted by the HVAC system include:
• Dry-bulb temperature
• Humidity
• Air movement
• Fresh air
• Cleanliness of the air
• Noise levels
Some HVAC systems address these comfort requirements better than others.
In addition, there are other factors that affect comfort but are not directly related to
the HVAC system. Examples include adequate lighting, and proper furniture and
work surface.

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A-V Stages of HVAC sys:
A. Design Conditions: Following are the temperature/humidity conditions to be
used for the design of HVAC systems that serve “standard” buildings/spaces:
Outdoor Air: 94 Degrees F. DB / 76 Degrees F. WB for cooling
79 Degrees F. WB for evaporative cooling
-10 Degrees F. DB for heating
Indoor Air: 75 Degrees F. DB / 50% RH for cooling
70 Degrees F. DB for heating
When a system that serves a “standard” building/space is provided with positive
humidity control, the space humidity setpoint shall be limited as follows:
Summer: Not less than 50% RH
Winter: Not more than 30% RH
Examples of “nonstandard” spaces are central computer rooms, library rare book
rooms, animal facilities and laboratories with special temperature/humidity
requirements. In order to maintain a space relative humidity outside these limits
specialized HVAC equipment and/or building construction is required.
B. Central Utilities: HVAC systems shall utilize central distributed chilled water,
central distributed steam and central distributed electricity whenever these
utilities are available. Lower pressure “Campus steam”, if available, (as opposed
to higher pressure “Utility Steam”) shall be used as the source of heat for all
HVAC systems within campus buildings that are served with steam from Abbott
Power Plant through the central steam distribution system. If “Campus Steam” is
not available (e.g. at more remote locations such as the Veterinary Medicine
Complex and the furthest north reaches of campus) then “Utility Steam” may be
utilized to serve building HVAC systems. The dedicated utilities that serve a new
building (or portion thereof) shall be sized and configured as appropriate to serve
potential load growth.

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C. Central HVAC Systems: Each building shall be served by a minimal number of
central HVAC systems rather than numerous individual/package units such as
fan coil units, window air conditioning units or DX “split systems”. Typically, each
central system shall include an air handling unit, a return and/or exhaust fan or
fans and air distribution/return/exhaust ductwork.
D. Institutional Quality: HVAC equipment/systems shall be institutional as
opposed to commercial grade (i.e. having a 25 year minimum life expectancy for
dynamic system components such as motors, switches, pumps, valves, fans,
dampers, compressors and burners, and a 50 year minimum life expectancy for
static system components such as ductwork, piping, conduit, and wiring).
E. System Size: The number of small systems (i.e. less than 5,000 CFM) shall be
minimized. The installation of a smaller number of larger systems typically
results in higher equipment quality and reduced maintenance requirements while
providing more opportunity for the application of energy conserving features and
control strategies.
F. System Configuration: HVAC systems shall be configured such that spaces
with similar usage are served by a common system. As much as possible,
spaces with dissimilar usage types or schedules shall not be served by the same
system. Large lecture halls / public assembly areas shall be served by a
dedicated HVAC system. The animal facilities within a laboratory building shall
be served by a dedicated HVAC system. Areas that have special temperature
and/or humidity requirements shall be served by dedicated systems. This allows
the design of each system to be tailored to the specific needs of the areas being
served. It also allows the implementation of specific control strategies (such as
occupied/unoccupied modes and temperature resetting) for each system to
conserve energy while satisfying the requirements of all of the spaces served by
that system.
G. Future Requirements: Each HVAC system shall be sized and configured so as
to accommodate anticipated/potential changes in loads, layout, etc. (within
practical limitations) as the use of the areas served changes in the future.

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H. Backup Equipment: A 100% backup or duplex unit shall be provided for each
critical piece of HVAC equipment that is vulnerable to failure.
I. Equipment Location: Each piece of motorized HVAC equipment shall be
located within a mechanical equipment room with the exception of roof mounted
exhaust fans, window air conditioners and specialized unitary equipment such as
“Liebert” computer room units that are specifically designed to be located within
the space being served. Location of motorized HVAC equipment above finished
ceilings shall be avoided.
J. Energy Conservation.
K. Sound Control: Sound control as it relates HVAC systems shall be given
adequate priority. As mentioned elsewhere, the best way to control noise is to
not create it in the first place. When focused attention is given to maximizing the
efficiency of HVAC systems, noise is much less of an issue. The allowable
HVAC-related background noise level for a given type of occupancy shall not
exceed the guideline criteria .
L. Vibration Control: Most floor supported rotating HVAC equipment that is
located within the lowest level of a building , with the exception of air distribution
equipment and reciprocating equipment (e.g. air/refrigeration compressors and
internal combustion engines) may and shall be installed with virtually no special
provisions for vibration isolation between the equipment and its support system or
associated hydronic piping. This equipment shall typically be “hard mounted”
directly to a reinforced concrete housekeeping pad without the use of vibration
isolation devices and “hard connected” to the piping systems they serve without
the use of flexible pipe connectors. The use of flexible pipe connectors shall be
minimized since they have proven to be leak/failure prone. An exception to these
general rules may be necessary in facilities where equipment that is especially
vibration sensitive (e.g. an electron microscope) is located at the lowest level of
the building in close proximity to an equipment area. Rotating HVAC equipment
that is supported from any ceiling or supported by any floor other than the lowest
floor of the building shall be individually evaluated to determine if vibration
isolation devices, inertia bases and/or flexible pipe connectors are needed to
prevent unacceptable levels of vibration from being transmitted into the building
structures.
M. Terminal Zoning: HVAC systems shall be configured such that each occupied
space can be controlled as a separate zone with regard to temperature and/or

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airflow. In other words, one terminal control unit (e.g. constant volume reheat coil
or VAV unit with reheat coil) shall be provided for each occupied space.
N. Multi zone Units: When a multi zone air handling unit is utilized it shall be
configured such that 100% of the airstream passes through the cooling coil prior
to entering the reheat coil / bypass area in order to provide adequate humidity
control.
O. Fan Coil Units: Fan coil units shall not be installed, except as a last resort when
it is not possible to serve an area by means of one or more central air distribution
systems. In those instances where heating/cooling fan coil units are installed,
they shall be “four pipe” units.
P. Disallowed Equipment: The following types of HVAC equipment/systems shall
not be installed in campus facilities:
1. “Rooftop” or similar packaged heating and/or cooling units
2. Residential furnaces / air conditioning systems
3. Heat pump type heating/cooling units
4. “Two-pipe” combination hydronic heating/cooling systems
Q. Control Systems: (See the Energy Management / Environmental Control
Systems section within these General Guidelines for specific control system
guidelines and requirements.)
R. Freeze Protection: Water, steam and condensate piping systems shall not be
installed in locations where they could potentially become vulnerable to freezing
(e.g. outdoors without sufficient earth cover, within unheated spaces, within
building exterior walls or wall cavities, within exposed overhangs, within exposed
exterior walkways, etc.)
S. Humidification: Space humidification shall be avoided as much as possible due
to the energy and maintenance costs as well as the indoor air quality problems
associated with it. When required, it typically be provided by means of a steam
reboiler type humidifier installed at the central station air handling unit that serves

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the area to be humidified. The makeup water to each humidifier shall be
softened to reduce scaling within the humidifier. Steam from the campus wide
central steam distribution system shall not be used in conjunction with a direct
steam injection type humidifier. All steam from this system shall be condensed
and the condensate returned to Abbott Power Plant through the central
condensate return system.
T. Animal Facilities.
U. Wet Laboratories: General Guidelines for specific HVAC system requirements related to wet
laboratories.
V. Finalizing.

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HVAC industry and standards
International
ISO 16813:2006 is one of the ISO building environment standards.It establishes the
general principles of building environment design. It takes into account the need to
provide a healthy indoor environment for the occupants as well as the need to
protect the environment for future generations and promote collaboration among the
various parties involved in building environmental design for sustainability. ISO16813
is applicable to new construction and the retrofit of existing buildings.
The building environmental design standard aims to:
 provide the constraints concerning sustainability issues from the initial stage of
the design process, with building and plant life cycle to be considered together
with owning and operating costs from the beginning of the design process;
 assess the proposed design with rational criteria for indoor air quality, thermal
comfort, acoustical comfort, visual comfort, energy efficiency and HVAC system
controls at every stage of the design process;
 it erate decisions and evaluations of the design throughout the design process.
North America
United States
In the United States, HVAC engineers generally are members of the American
Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers, EPA Universal
CFC certified, or locally engineer certified such as a Special to Chief Boilers License
issued by the state or, in some jurisdictions, the city. ASHRAE is an international
technical society for all individuals and organizations interested in HVAC. The
Society, organized into regions, chapters, and student branches, allows exchange of
HVAC knowledge and experiences for the benefit of the field's practitioners and the
public. ASHRAE provides many opportunities to participate in the development of
new knowledge via, for example, research and its many technical committees. These
committees typically meet twice per year at the ASHRAE Annual and Winter
Meetings. A popular product show, the AHR Expo, is held in conjunction with each
winter meeting. The Society has approximately 50,000 members and has
headquarters in Atlanta, Georgia.
The most recognized standards for HVAC design are based on ASHRAE data. The
most general of four volumes of the ASHRAE Handbook is Fundamentals; it includes
heating and cooling calculations. Each volume of the ASHRAE Handbook is updated
every four years. The design professional must consult ASHRAE data for the

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standards of design and care as the typical building codes provide little to no
information on HVAC design practices; codes such as the UMC and IMC do include
much detail on installation requirements, however. Other useful reference materials
include items from SMACNA, ACGIH, and technical trade journals.
American design standards are legislated in the Uniform Mechanical Code or
International Mechanical Code. In certain states, counties, or cities, either of these
codes may be adopted and amended via various legislative processes. These codes
are updated and published by the International Association of Plumbing and
Mechanical Officials (IAPMO) or the International Code Council (ICC) respectively,
on a 3-year code development cycle. Typically, local building permit departments are
charged with enforcement of these standards on private and certain public
properties.
In the United States and Canada, as well as throughout the world, HVAC contractors
and Air Duct Cleaning companies are members ofNADCA, the National Air Duct
Cleaners Association. NADCA was formed in 1989 as a non-profit association of
companies engaged in the cleaning of HVAC air duct systems. Its mission was to
promote source removal as the only acceptable method of cleaning and to establish
industry standards for the association. NADCA has expanded its mission to include
the representation of qualified member companies engaged in the assessment,
cleaning, and restoration of HVAC systems, and to assist its members in providing
high quality service to their customers. The goal of the association is to be the
number one source for the HVAC air duct cleaning and restoration services. NADCA
has experienced large membership growth in the United States, Canada and
overseas and has been extremely successful with the training and certification of Air
Systems Cleaning Specialists (ASCS)and Certified Ventilation Inspectors (CVI). The
association has also published important standards and guidelines, educational
materials, and other useful information for the consumers and members of NADCA.
Standards include the Assessment, Cleaning and Restoration (ACR), Certified
Ventilation Inspector (CVI) and other important guidelines.
HVAC professionals in the US can receive training through formal training
institutions, where most earn associate's degrees. Training for HVAC technicians
includes classroom lectures and hands-on tasks, and can be followed by an
apprenticeship wherein the recent graduate works alongside a professional HVAC
technician for a temporary period.HVAC techs who have been trained can also be
certified in areas such as air conditioning, heat pumps, gas heating, and commercial
refrigeration.

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Europe
United Kingdom
The Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers is a body that covers the
essential Service (systems architecture) that allow buildings to operate. It includes
the electro-technical, heating, ventilating, air
conditioning, refrigeration and plumbing industries. To train as a building services
engineer, the academic requirements are GCSEs (A-C) / Standard Grades (1-3) in
Maths and Science, which are important in measurements, planning and theory.
Employers will often want a degree in a branch of engineering, such as building
environment engineering, electrical engineering or mechanical engineering. To
become a full member of CIBSE, and so also to be registered by the Engineering
Council UK as a chartered engineer, engineers must also attain an Honours Degree
and a Masters Degree in a relevant engineering subject.
CIBSE publishes several guides to HVAC design relevant to the UK market, and also
the Republic of Ireland, Australia, New Zealand and Hong Kong. These guides
include various recommended design criteria and standards, some of which are cited
within the UK building regulations, and therefore form a legislative requirement for
major building services works. The main guides are:
 Guide A: Environmental Design
 Guide B: Heating, Ventilating, Air Conditioning and Refrigeration
 Guide C: Reference Data
 Guide D: Transportation systems in Buildings
 Guide E: Fire Safety Engineering
 Guide F: Energy Efficiency in Buildings
 Guide G: Public Health Engineering
 Guide H: Building Control Systems
 Guide J: Weather, Solar and Illuminance Data
 Guide K: Electricity in Buildings
 Guide L: Sustainability
 Guide M: Maintenance Engineering and Management
Within the construction sector, it is the job of the building services engineer
to design and oversee the installation and maintenance of the essential services
such as gas, electricity, water, heating and lighting, as well as many others. These
all help to make buildings comfortable and healthy places to live and work in.
Building Services is part of a sector that has over 51,000 businesses and employs
represents 2%-3% of the GDP.

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Australia
The Air Conditioning and Mechanical Contractors Association of Australia (AMCA),
Australian Institute of Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heating (AIRAH), and
CIBSE are responsible.
Asia
Asian architectural temperature-control have different priorities than European
methods. For example, Asian heating traditionally focuses on
maintaining temperatures of objects such as the floor or furnishings such
as Kotatsu tables and directly warming people, as opposed to the Western focus, in
modern periods, on designing air systems.
Philippines
The Philippine Society of Ventilating, Air Conditioning and Refrigerating Engineers
(PSVARE) along with Philippine Society of Mechanical Engineers (PSME) govern on
the codes and standards for HVAC / MVAC in the Philippines.
India
The Indian Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers
(ISHRAE) was established to promote the HVAC industry in India. ISHRAE is an
associate of ASHRAE. ISHRAE was started at Delhi in 1981 and a chapter was
started in Bangalore in 1989. Between 1989 & 1993, ISHRAE chapters were formed
in all major cities in India and also in the Middle East.