The document discusses psychrometric charts and their use in analyzing air conditioning processes and calculating air properties. It provides an example problem of calculating properties for an air sample with a dry bulb temperature of 40°C and wet bulb temperature of 28°C. It also discusses sensible and latent heating/cooling, mixing of air streams, and includes sample problems calculating psychrometric properties and air conditioning system design values.
It is basic information about what is critical thickness and why we should we know this. Then there is critical thickness formula for cylindrical pipe and spherical shell.
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning System ComponentsAjaypalsinh Barad
The ppt contains detailed study of all the components used in refrigeration and air conditioning system with neat sketches and description. It is well formed as per the syllabus of GTU
It is basic information about what is critical thickness and why we should we know this. Then there is critical thickness formula for cylindrical pipe and spherical shell.
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning System ComponentsAjaypalsinh Barad
The ppt contains detailed study of all the components used in refrigeration and air conditioning system with neat sketches and description. It is well formed as per the syllabus of GTU
To design any air-conditioning unit, estimation of heating or cooling load is very important. It helps us in design different devices most importantly the humidifier (in case of winter) or de-humidifier (in case of summer).
In the Summer Air Conditioning system, the air is cooled, which is commonly joined by Dehumidification. In Summer, the outside condition is hot. Therefore, there will be a nonstop transfer of sensible heat as well as moisture from outside to the building. It is the sort of cooling, where the air is cooled and by and large dehumidified. The air provided to the adapted space is cooled and dehumidified. Sensible and latent heat loss from outside is an essential aspect of it.
STEAM JET COOLING SYSTEM
Steam jet cooling system is a cooling technique which involves usage of steam and water for cooling purposes. In steam jet refrigeration systems, water can be used as the refrigerant. Like air, it is perfectly safe. These systems were applied successfully to refrigeration.
•Temperatures attained using water as a refrigerant are in the range which may satisfy air conditioning, cooling, or chilling requirements.
•Mostly low-grade energy and relatively small amounts of shaft work.
•This system are the utilization of mostly low-grade energy and relatively small amounts of shaft work.
•Not used when temperatures below 5°C are required.
To design any air-conditioning unit, estimation of heating or cooling load is very important. It helps us in design different devices most importantly the humidifier (in case of winter) or de-humidifier (in case of summer).
In the Summer Air Conditioning system, the air is cooled, which is commonly joined by Dehumidification. In Summer, the outside condition is hot. Therefore, there will be a nonstop transfer of sensible heat as well as moisture from outside to the building. It is the sort of cooling, where the air is cooled and by and large dehumidified. The air provided to the adapted space is cooled and dehumidified. Sensible and latent heat loss from outside is an essential aspect of it.
STEAM JET COOLING SYSTEM
Steam jet cooling system is a cooling technique which involves usage of steam and water for cooling purposes. In steam jet refrigeration systems, water can be used as the refrigerant. Like air, it is perfectly safe. These systems were applied successfully to refrigeration.
•Temperatures attained using water as a refrigerant are in the range which may satisfy air conditioning, cooling, or chilling requirements.
•Mostly low-grade energy and relatively small amounts of shaft work.
•This system are the utilization of mostly low-grade energy and relatively small amounts of shaft work.
•Not used when temperatures below 5°C are required.
EJECTOR REFRIGERATION CYCLE WITH THE INJECTION OF A HIGH DENSITY FLUID INTO A...marijomiljkovic1
Presentation:
EJECTOR REFRIGERATION CYCLE WITH THE INJECTION OF A HIGH DENSITY FLUID INTO A DIFFUSER (A MIXING CHAMBER)
World Engineers Summit (WES)
Climate Change
21-24 July 2015, Singapore
Analysis of the Thermal Efficiency of Condensing Wall-Hung BoilerIJRES Journal
To analyze the impact of the outdoor temperature and humidity on thermal efficiency of the
condensing boiler, the experimental platform is set up based on the condensing boiler and low-temperature
radiantfloor heating system. Using the method of experiment, it’s measured that amount of natural gas, the
temperature of supply and return water, the outdoor temperature and humidity etc. The thermal efficiency is
calculated in different outdoor temperature and humidity. Also it is analyzed that the impact of that the change
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temperature is 8~15℃ and humidity is 30%~70%RH, the impact of the outdoor humidity on thermal efficiency
is very poor. But the impact of outdoor temperature on thermal efficiency is more remarkable. Thermal
efficiency is the higher when the outdoor temperature is the higher.
There are three modes for heat transfer: convection, conduction, and radiation. The convection heat transfer plays an important role in many industrial applications. The convection heat transfer is usually subdivided into free and forced convection. In the forced convection, the fluid is blown or pumped past the heated surface using a pump or a fan, while in the natural (or free) convection, fluid flow is naturally achieved by buoyancy effects, i.e., density variation in the fluid.
Functions of fuzzy logic based controllers used in smart buildingIJECEIAES
The main aim of this study is to support design and development processes of advanced fuzzy-logic-based controller for smart buildings e.g., heating, ventilation and air conditioning, heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) and indoor lighting control systems. Moreover, the proposed methodology can be used to assess systems energy and environmental performances, also compare energy usages of fuzzy control systems with the performances of conventional on/off and proportional integral derivative controller (PID). The main objective and purpose of using fuzzy-logic-based model and control is to precisely control indoor thermal comfort e.g., temperature, humidity, air quality, air velocity, thermal comfort, and energy balance. Moreover, this article present and highlight mathematical models of indoor temperature and humidity transfer matrix, uncertainties of users’ comfort preference set-points and a fuzzy algorithm.
In this communication, simulation studies of a borehole heat exchanger are worked out through computational
fluid dynamics (CFD) software. A two dimensional ( − ) realizable turbulent model with standard wall function is used to
evaluate the temperature variation along with depth of BHE, pitch optimization and to determine the effect of two
dimensionless parameters as ratio of pitch to borehole diameter and ratio of borehole to pipe diameter. The predicted results are
validated through experimental data; and statistical assessment shows a good agreement between simulated and experimental
results. The tube air temperature is proportional to depth in cooling mode and BHE can decrease the temperature of air by
13-14°C when ambient temperature observed by 41°C. The optimised pitch for 8 inch borehole and 2 inch diameter U-tube is
found to be 4 inch, however two U-tubes are recommended for enhanced performance. The effective borehole to tube diameter
ratio is estimated by 4. The BHE system can be used for heating and cooling of buildings it is a feasible solution for
sustainable development.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
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3. Manoj PJ Associate professor(MECH)3
Psychrometric chart is prepared to represent
graphically all the necessary moist air properties
4. Manoj PJ Associate professor(MECH)4
It gives
Specific humidity.
RH
Specific volume of the air-vapour mixture.
Enthalpy of air-vapour mixture (with datum 0
degree C)
8. Problem
Manoj PJ Associate professor(MECH)8
The sling psychrometer reads 40dgree C DBT
and 28 degree C WBT. Calculate.
Sp humidity , Relative humidity, Dew point
temperature, enthalpy , specific volume / kg of
dry air
Assume atmospheric pressure to be 1.03 bar.
12. Manoj PJ Associate professor(MECH)12
Due point temperature is the saturation
temperature of the water vapour at the existing
pressure of water vapour.
From the steam table, the saturation temperature
at 0.03038 bar is 25 degree C
DPT= 25 degree C (table 2.1 page 2.1)
17. Manoj PJ Associate professor(MECH)17
Using chart
RH= 42%
Specific humidity= 0.019 kg/ kg of dry air
.h= 90 KJ/kg of dry air
Specific volume= 0.9 cu.m/kg
18. Manoj PJ Associate professor(MECH)18
A room contains humid air Tdb = 25 0C and wet
bulb temperature 19 0C . Calculate (a) the relative
humidity, (b) specific humidity, and (c) dew point
Assume standard atmospheric pressure.
20. Manoj PJ Associate professor(MECH)20
Using chart
RH=56%
Specific humidity= 0.012 kg/kg of dry air.
.h= 55 kJ/kg of dry air
Sp vol= 0.85 m3/kg.
21. Sensible heating and Sensible
cooling
Manoj PJ Associate professor(MECH)21
Heating or cooling of air without addition or
subtraction of moisture is termed as sensible
heating or cooling.
Heating the air by a electric heater.
22. Latent heating and latent
cooling
Manoj PJ Associate professor(MECH)22
Heating or cooling of air due to addition or
subtraction of moisture is termed as latent
heating or cooling.
Ex. Steam emitted from a hot food.
37. Manoj PJ Associate professor(MECH)37
The makeup air at rate of 100 m3/min from the
environment having tdb = 40°C and twb = 27°C is
mixed with 600 m3/min of return air from the
conditioned space having state tdb = 23°C and
relative humidity 50%. Compute dry and wet-bulb
temperatures and specific humidity of the mixture.
39. Manoj PJ Associate professor(MECH)39
At state 1
Specific vol= 0.913 cu m / kg
Sp humidity= 0.017 kg/ kg
.h1= 86 KJ/Kg-K
At state 2
Specific vol= 0.852 cu m / kg
Sp humidity= 0.009 kg/ kg
.h2= 67 KJ/Kg-K
41. Manoj PJ Associate professor(MECH)41
Locate the point 3
DBT at point 3= 26 degree C,
Specific humidity at 3=0.0102 Kg/ Kg of dry air
WBT=18 degree C
(point 3 can also be located by dividing the line 1-
2 in m1/m2 ratio)
43. July 2014(10 marks)
Manoj PJ Associate professor(MECH)43
One kg. of air at 40°C DBT and 50 % R.H. is
mixed with two kg. of air at 20°C DBT and 12°C
dew-point temperature. Calculate the temperature
and specific humidity of the mixture.
46. 2013
Manoj PJ Associate professor(MECH)46
A mixture of dry air and water vapour is at a
temperature of 21°C. The dew point temperature
is 15°C.Determine:(a) Partial pressure of water.
(b) Relative humidity. (c) Specific humidity.
Assume atmospheric pressure as 1.03 bar
47. Manoj PJ Associate professor(MECH)47
Ref table 2.1 page 2.1
Partial pressure of water vapour= saturation
pressure at DPT , that is 150C = 0.017 Bar
RH = Pv/ Pvs -------(1)
But Pvs= Saturation pressure at DBT , That is at
210C
= 0.0249 Bar
From (1) RH= 0.017/0.0249 = 68%
49. 2012
Manoj PJ Associate professor(MECH)49
The atmospheric air at 25°C DBT and 12°C WBT
is flowing at the rate of 100 cubic m/minute
through the duct. Dry saturated steam at 100°C is
injected into air stream at the rate of 72 kg/hr.
Calculate specific humidity and enthalpy of
leaving air. Also determine dry bulb temperature,
wet bulb temperature and relative humidity of
leaving air.
53. 2012
Manoj PJ Associate professor(MECH)53
800 cubic m /minute of re-circulated air at 22°C
DBT and l0°C dew point temperature is to be
mixed with 300 cubic m/minute of fresh air at
30°C DBT and 50% RH. Determine enthalpy,
specific volume, humidity ratio and dew point
temperature of the mixture
55. Sensible heat load of the room
Manoj PJ Associate professor(MECH)55
I. Heat flows through the exterior walls, ceilings,
floors, windows and doors due to the temperature
difference between their two sides.
2. Load due to solar radiation (sun load) is
divided into two forms.
(a) Heat transmitted directly by radiation through
glass of windows and ventilators.
b) Heat from sun will be absorbed by the walls
and roof and later on transferred to room by
conduction.
3. Heat received from the occupants.
56. Manoj PJ Associate professor(MECH)56
4. Heat received from different equipments which
are commonly used in the air-conditioned
building.
5. Heat received from the infiltrated air from
outside through cracks in doors, windows and
ventilators and through their frequent openings.
6. Miscellaneous heat sources which include the
followings
(a) Heat gain by the ducts carrying the
conditioned air and passing through
unconditioned space.
(b) Heat transferred through interior partition of
57. The latent heat load of the room.
Manoj PJ Associate professor(MECH)57
1. The latent heat load from the air entering into
the air-conditioned space by infiltration.
2. The latent heat load from the occupants.
3. The latent heat load from cooking foods and
from stored materials.
4. Moisture passing directly into the air-
conditioned space through permeable walls
where the water vapour pressure is higher.
63. Grand(gross) Sensible Heat Factor
(GSHF)
Manoj PJ Associate professor(MECH)63
Grand total heat load = room heating load +
outdoor load on the air conditioning unit due to
mixing of fresh air
Line joining mixture condition(after mixing with
fresh air) to ADP.
65. Manoj PJ Associate professor(MECH)65
GSHF line indicates the condition of air as it
moves through the cooling coil.
66. apparatus dew point (coil ADP)
Manoj PJ Associate professor(MECH)66
If the GSHF line is extended, it strikes the
saturation curve known as apparatus dew point
(ADP)
67. Infiltration load
Manoj PJ Associate professor(MECH)67
The load on the air conditioning unit due to air
leak through doors ,windows etc.
Infiltration load is considered as room heating
load.
68. Effective sensible heat factor(ESHF)
Manoj PJ Associate professor(MECH)68
It is the line connecting room desired condition to
ADP(coil ADP)
Effective sensible heat= room sensible heat +
portion of the out door air sensible heat which is
considered as being bypassed through the
conditioning coil.
75. Manoj PJ Associate professor(MECH)75
An office for seating 30 occupants is to be maintained
at 22°C DBTand55% RH. The outdoor conditions are
36°C DBT and 27°C WBT.
76. Manoj PJ Associate professor(MECH)76
The various loads In the office are:
Solar heat gain 8500W,
Sensible heat gain per occupant 83W,
Latent heat gain per occupant 100W,
Lighting load 2500W,
77. Manoj PJ Associate professor(MECH)77
Sensible heat load from other sources 12000W,
infiltration load 15 cubic meter/minute .
Assuming 40% fresh air and 60% of re-circulated air
passing through the evapourator coil and
ADP of the coil is 8 0C.
Find capacity of the plant and
mass flow rate of air
80. Manoj PJ Associate professor(MECH)80
The flow diagram for the given air-conditioning
system is shown in Fig.
• Locate point I at the intersection of 36°C DBT
and 27°C WBT lines.
• Locale point 2 at the intersection of 22°C DBT
line and 55% RH curve.
• Locate point A by drawing vertical and horizontal
lines through points I and 2 respectively.
83. Manoj PJ Associate professor(MECH)83
Since bypass factor is 0.15, and ADP is8 degree
Divide line 1-2 in 4: 6
Mark point 3 near to 2
Since ADP is 8 0Cdegree c, draw line 3-6 . Find
intersection 4.
86. problem
Manoj PJ Associate professor(MECH)86
An air conditioned space is maintained at 260 C
DBT and 50% RH. When out side air conditions
are 350C DBT and 280C WBT.
(a) if the space has a sensible heat gain of 17.6
kW and air is supplied to the room at a condition
of 80C saturated, calculate
87. Manoj PJ Associate professor(MECH)87
1. the mass and volume flow rate of air supplied
to the room.
2. the latent heat gain of the space
3. the cooling load of the refrigeration plant if 25%
of total weight of the air supplied to the space is
fresh air and the reminder is recalculated air
94. Problem
Manoj PJ Associate professor(MECH)94
An air-conditioned plant is to be designed for a
small office room for winter conditions.
Out-door conditions = 10°C DBT and 8°C WBT.
Required indoor-conditions = 20°C DBT and 60%
R.H.
Amount of free air circulation = 0.3
m3/min/person.
Seating capacity of the office = 50.
The required condition is achieved first by heating
and then by adiabatic humidifying. Find the
followings:
95. Manoj PJ Associate professor(MECH)95
(a) Heating capacity of the coil in kW and the
surface temperature required if the bypass factor
of the coil is 0.32.
(b) The moisture added per kg of dry air in the
humidifer.
97. Manoj PJ Associate professor(MECH)97
Locate the points ‘a’ and ‘c’ on the psychrometric
chart as their conditions are known and then draw
a constant enthalpy line through ‘c’ and constant
specific humidity line through a. The point b is
located as an intersection of the above two
mentioned lines.
103. Effective temperature.
Manoj PJ Associate professor(MECH)103
is a measure of feeling warmth or cold to the
human body in response to the -air temperature,
moisture content and-air motion.
104. Effective temperature.
Manoj PJ Associate professor(MECH)104
It is the dry bulb temperature of a sample of
saturated air which will give a particular feeling of
comfort to the same percentage of people as any
other combination of dry bulb temperature and
relative humidity.
106. Manoj PJ Associate professor(MECH)106
Effective temperature is effected by clothing, age
, sex, and degree of work.
107. Comfort chart.
Manoj PJ Associate professor(MECH)107
The chart which gives different percentages of
people ,feeling comfort at different - effective
temperatures is known as comfort chart.
110. 1. Climatic and Seasonal
Differences.
Manoj PJ Associate professor(MECH)110
The people living in colder climates feel
comfortable at lower effective than the people
living in warmer regions.
The comfort chart shows that the optimum
effective temperature in winter is 19°C is shifted
to 22°C optimum effective temperature in
summer.
111. 2. Clothing.
Manoj PJ Associate professor(MECH)111
Light clothing requires less optimum effective
temperature compared with heavy clothing.
112. 3.Age and Sex.
Manoj PJ Associate professor(MECH)112
The metabolic rate of women is less than man by
nature itself. So the women require greater
effective temperature (1°C) than the man.
Similar, case exists for young and old people
also,
The children require higher effective temperature
compared with adults.
113. 4. Activity.
Manoj PJ Associate professor(MECH)113
The dancing people require lower effective
temperature whereas the visitors seating in the
dancing room require higher effective
temperature than the dancers.
114. 5. Duration of stay.
Manoj PJ Associate professor(MECH)114
For longer duration use indoor effective
temperature.
Short duration –use - out-door effective
temperature .
The thermal shock
115. 6. Air velocity.
Manoj PJ Associate professor(MECH)115
Higher air velocities less effective temperature.
116. Industrial application.
Manoj PJ Associate professor(MECH)116
manufacturing chemicals,
petroleum refinery - crystallize wax and separate it
out, fractional distillation of the lighter hydrocarbons .
Rubber industries
paper and pulp industries,
where one of the main purposes is to It is also
needed. It has also applications in many heat
treatment.
Ice plants.
food preservation.
Transport refrigeration.
Marine application