Research methodology

2.  A citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source (not
always the original source).
 More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric
expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work that
denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the
work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works
of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation
appears.
 Generally, the combination of both the in-body citation and the
bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought of as a
citation.
 Citations relate to the way authors perceive the substance of their
work, their position in the academic system, and the moral
equivalency of their place, substance, and words.
Citation

3. What Is Citation?
• A "citation" is the way you tell your readers that certain material
in your work came from another source.
• It also gives your readers the information necessary to find that
source again, including:
 Information about the author
 The title of the work
 The name and location of the company that published your
copy of the source
 The date your copy was published
 The page numbers of the material you are borrowing

4. Why Should I Cite Sources?
• Giving credit to the original author by citing sources is the only
way to use other people's work without plagiarizing.
But there are a number of other reasons to cite sources:
 Citations are extremely helpful to anyone who wants to find
out more about your ideas and where they came from
 Not all sources are good or right -- your own ideas may often
be more accurate or interesting than those of your sources.
 Proper citation will keep you from taking the rap for someone
else's bad ideas

5. Why Should I Cite Sources?
 Citing sources shows the amount of research you've done
 Citing sources strengthens your work by lending outside support
to your ideas
 To uphold intellectual honesty (or avoiding plagiarism),
 To attribute prior or unoriginal work and ideas to the correct
sources
 To allow the reader to determine independently whether the
referenced material supports the author's argument in the
claimed way, and
 To help the reader gauge the strength and validity of the material
the author has used.

6. Doesn't Citing Sources Make My Work Seem Less Original?
Not at all. On the contrary, citing sources actually helps your
reader distinguish your ideas from those of your sources. This will
actually emphasize the originality of your own work.

7. When Do I Need to Cite?
Whenever you borrow words or ideas, you need to acknowledge
their source. The following situations almost always require citation:
 Whenever you use quotes
 Whenever you paraphrase
 Whenever you use an idea that someone else has already
expressed
 Whenever you make specific reference to the work of another
 Whenever someone else's work has been critical in developing
your own ideas.

8. When Do I Need to Cite?
The forms of citations generally subscribe to one of the generally
accepted citations systems, such as the Oxford, Harvard, Modern
Language Association (MLA), American Sociological Association
(ASA), American Psychological Association (APA), and other
citations systems, because their syntactic conventions are widely
known and easily interpreted by readers.

9. Citation content can vary depending on the type of source
and may include:
 Book: author(s), book title, publisher, date of publication, and
page number(s) if appropriate. Journal: author(s), article title,
journal title, date of publication, and page number(s).
 Newspaper: author(s), article title, name of newspaper, section
title and page number(s) if desired, date of publication.
 Web site: author(s), article and publication title where
appropriate, as well as a URL, and a date when the site was
accessed.

10. Citation content can vary depending on the type of source
and may include:
 Play: inline citations offer part, scene, and line numbers, the latter
separated by periods: 4.452 refers to scene 4, line 452. For
example, "In Eugene Onegin, Onegin rejects Tanya when she is free
to be his, and only decides he wants her when she is already
married" (Pushkin 4.452-53).
 Poem: spaced slashes are normally used to indicate separate lines
of a poem, and parenthetical citations usually include the line
number(s). For example: "For I must love because I live / And life
in me is what you give." (Brennan, lines 15–16).
 Interview: name of interviewer, interview descriptor (ex. personal
interview) and date of interview.

11. Unique identifiers
Along with information such as author(s), date of publication, title
and page numbers, citations may also include unique identifiers
depending on the type of work being referred to.
 Citations of books may include an International Standard Book
Number (ISBN).
 Specific volumes, articles or other identifiable parts of a
periodical, may have an associated Serial Item and Contribution
Identifier (SICI).
 Electronic documents may have a digital object identifier (DOI).
 Biomedical research articles may have a PubMed Identifier
(PMID).

12. Citation Systems
Broadly speaking, there are two types of citation systems - the
Vancouver system and parenthetical referencing.
Vancouver system: The Vancouver system uses sequential
numbers in the text, either bracketed or superscript or both.
The numbers refer to either footnotes (notes at the end of the page)
or endnotes (notes on a page at the end of the paper) that provide
source detail.
The notes system may or may not require a full bibliography,
depending on whether the writer has used a full-note form or a
shortened-note form.

13. Citation Systems - Vancouver system:
For example, an excerpt from the text of a paper using a notes system
without a full bibliography could look like:
"The five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and
acceptance."1
The note, located either at the foot of the page (footnote) or at the
end of the paper (endnote) would look like this:
1. Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, On Death and Dying (New York: Macmillan,
1969) 45–60.
In a paper with a full bibliography, the shortened note might look
like: 1. Kübler-Ross, On Death and Dying 45–60.
The bibliography entry, which is required with a shortened note,
would look like this: Kübler-Ross, Elisabeth. On Death and Dying.
New York: Macmillan, 1969.

14. In the humanities, many authors also use footnotes or endnotes to
supply anecdotal information. In this way, what looks like a citation
is actually supplementary material, or suggestions for further
reading.
Parenthetical referencing, also known as Harvard referencing, has
full or partial, in-text, citations enclosed in circular brackets and
embedded in the paragraph.
Citation Systems - Parenthetical referencing:

15. An example of a parenthetical reference:
"The five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and
acceptance" (Kübler-Ross,1969, p 45–60).
Depending on the choice of style, fully cited parenthetical references
may require no end section. Other styles include a list of the
citations, with complete bibliographical references, in an end section,
sorted alphabetically by author. This section is often called
"References", "Bibliography", "Works cited" or "Works consulted".
Citation Systems - Parenthetical referencing: