This PPT is very useful to the students of literature pursuing their research degree. It can give them an overview of various styles of referencing and citation.

1. Citation in
Research
Prin. Dr. Manisha Shah
GES Class-I
Government Arts & Science College, Harij

2. What is citation?
• It is an abbreviated
alphanumerical expression
embedded in the literary text
• A way of indicating the
source of information/idea
• Any reference to a quotation,
theory, prediction, statistics,
data etc. of other author
requires a citation

3. Importance of citation
in Research
•To avoid plagiarism
•For better research
•To enhance the
creditability of research
•To provide the reader
access for further
research

4. Plagiarism
Committing a
literary theft
Incompetent:
Incapable to express
his own ideas
Dishonest:
Willing to deceive
for personal gain
Relationship
between the
teacher and student
It is a moral and
ethical offence

5. Citation and references
• Including the name of the author, date of publication or
name of the author and page number or any numerical in
the body of the text is called citation
• The list of all the details about the source at the end of the
paper/chapter is called references. It includes everything the
name, title, journal, volume no, date, publisher, source
name, url (web)- long

6. Styles of Citation: Vancouver style
Used mostly in Medical Sciences
In-text Citation: Numbers only either bracketed or superscripted or both. Eg. (1)
With footnotes or endnotes
References are arranged in numbers 1,2,3…..
Format: Author(s). Title. Edition, Place of Publication: Publisher, Year.

7. APA Style of Citation

8. Chicago style( Turabian Style)
-by University of Chicago
-History, Business occasionally in humanities and social sciences
In-text format (author’s last name, year, page no.)
eg. (Bhabha, 1994, p 87)
Reference list format
Author last name, first name. Year. Title of Book. Place of
publication: publisher.

9. MLA Style
Modern Language Association (9th edition)
In Humanities
• In text citation- author’s name and page number
e.g. (Eliot, 20)
Title of the book and page number
e.g.(Eliot, Notes, 20)
• Works Cited:
Author’s surname, first name, title. Place: Publisher,
year, reprinted Year. Print.
E.g. Eliot, T.S. A Notes Towards Definition of Culture.
London: Faber, 1948, Reprinted 1967. Print.

10. In-text
Citation
Type of Citation
In-text Citation
Parenthetical
Format
1 work by one author (Jain 27)
1 work by Two authors ( Jain and Mukherjee, 23)
1 work by three or more
authors
(Jain et al, 23)
Corporate author Indian English
Association
Unknown author Name of the book

11. An article
from a Journal
In text Citation: Author’s name and page number
eg. (Nancy,375)
• Work Cited: Author’s name, “title of the article.”
Journal, Magazine, Newpaper Title, Publication
detail( Volume, issue/ number, year, Pages) DOI,
URL
• Example
Foner, Nancy. "What's New About
Transnationalism?: New York Immigrants Today and
at the Turn of the Century." Diaspora: A Journal of
Transnational Studies, vol. 6 no. 3, 1997, p. 355-
375. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/dsp.1997.0013.

12. E-Book
• Format:
Author's Last Name, First
Name. Title. Edition if given and is not
first edition, Publisher Name often
shortened, Year of publication. Name
of Library Database, Permalink URL.
• Example:
• Rushdie, Salman & West, Elizabeth:
Mirrorwork: 50 years of Indian English
Writing, 1947-1997, H. Holt & Co., New
York, 1997, eBook,
https://archive.org/details/mirrorwork50yea
r00rush/page/n9/mode/2up

13. Website
• Format
Author Last Name, First Name. "Title of Page or
Article." Title of Site, Sponsor or Publisher [include
only if different from website title or author], Date
of Publication or Update Date, URL. Accessed Date
[optional; include date you accessed source if it is
likely to help readers].
• In-text: (Author Last Name or page title)
• Examples
Andaya, Barbara. "Introduction to Southeast
Asia." Center for Global Education, Asia Society,
2017, asiasociety.org/education/introduction-
southeast-asia. Accessed 17 Dec. 2021.
• In-text citation: (Andaya)

14. Works Cited in
another Source
• Format
Sometimes an author will mention work by another author by using a
quotation or paraphrased idea. For example, in Nancy Foner’s article you
are reading includes a quotation by Edward Said. The basic rule is that in
both the works-cited list and in-text citation, cite Foner Use the words
“qtd. in” for the in-text citation.
• Example
Foner, Nancy"What's New About Transnationalism?: New York
at the Turn of the Century." Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies,
1997, p. 355-375. Project MUSE, doi:10.1353/dsp.1997.0013.
• In-text citation: Said (qtd. In Foner) is of the opinion that “…….”
(Foner, 355)