Core Principles of Academic Writing Clarity and Precision Avoid ambiguity; use clear, concise language. Be specific in your claims and arguments. Objectivity Use evidence rather than personal opinion. Avoid emotional or biased language. Formality Use a professional tone (no slang or contractions). Follow grammatical norms and citation styles. Evidence-Based Argumentation Support claims with data, research, and citations. Demonstrate critical engagement with sources. Cohesion and Structure Use clear paragraphs with topic sentences. Maintain logical flow through transitions and signposting. Proper Referencing and Integrity Acknowledge sources using accepted styles (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.). Avoid plagiarism through correct citation and paraphrasing. Critical Thinking Analyze, synthesize, and evaluate information, rather than just describing it.

1. ACADEMIC
WRITING
DR AMARESH JHA
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR & HEAD,
SCHOOL OF LIBERAL STUDIES AND MEDIA, UPES

2. EVOLUTION OF ACADEMIC
WRITING
Ancient Period (Classical Antiquity):
• Academic writing traces back to Greek philosophers like Plato and
Aristotle, who used structured arguments and logical reasoning in
their texts.
• Roman scholars like Cicero emphasized rhetoric and persuasion,
influencing early scholarly communication.

3. EVOLUTION OF ACADEMIC
WRITING
Medieval Era (5th–15th Century):
Academic writing was largely controlled by religious institutions,
particularly monasteries and the Church.
Latin was the primary language of scholarly work.Writings were copied
by hand and focused on theology, law, and philosophy.

4. EVOLUTION OF ACADEMIC
WRITING
Renaissance and Enlightenment (15th–18th Century):
The printing press (invented in the 15th century) revolutionized the
dissemination of academic texts.
Scholars began writing in vernacular languages, increasing accessibility.
Scientific inquiry grew, and empirical observation began to influence
academic writing styles.

5. EVOLUTION OF ACADEMIC
WRITING
19th Century:
Academic disciplines became more specialized (e.g., physics, biology,
history), requiring more technical writing.
Universities formalized academic standards, including theses and
dissertations.
Citations and references became integral to show evidence and
scholarly rigor.

6. EVOLUTION OF ACADEMIC
WRITING
20th Century:
Academic writing adopted standardized formats (APA, MLA, Chicago,
etc.) for citation and structure.
Rise of peer-reviewed journals elevated the importance of clarity,
objectivity, and reproducibility.
The language of academic writing became increasingly formal and
impersonal.

7. EVOLUTION OF ACADEMIC
WRITING
21st Century (Digital Age):
Growth of digital platforms, open access journals, and online databases
(e.g., JSTOR, Scopus) has democratized access to academic content.
Multimodal academic writing (integration of visuals, hyperlinks, videos)
has emerged.
Use of AI tools, citation managers (e.g., Zotero, Mendeley), and
automated grammar checkers is shaping how academic work is
produced and reviewed.

8. EVOLUTION OF ACADEMIC
WRITING
PresentTrends:
Emphasis on interdisciplinary writing, inclusive language, and ethical
citation practices.
Academic writing is increasingly assessed not just for originality but also
for impact and accessibility beyond scholarly circles.

9. HISTORY OF CITATIONS
•12th Century: Early forms of citation indexing can be traced back to
Hebrew religious literature, marking one of the first known uses of
referencing between texts.
•18th Century: Legal citation indexes emerged, helping to trace judicial
precedents and case law. These became widely adopted in legal
research.
•1873: Shepard's Citations, a legal citator, became a cornerstone in
legal referencing, allowing users to track the history and treatment of
court cases.
•1907: The Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) was established by the
American Chemical Society to provide access to chemical literature. It
later became a foundation for chemical citation databases.

10. HISTORY OF CITATIONS
•1961: Eugene Garfield and the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI)
introduced the Science Citation Index (SCI), revolutionizing academic
citation tracking.
•Later Developments: ISI expanded with the Social Sciences Citation
Index (SSCI) and the Arts and Humanities Citation Index (AHCI) to cover
broader academic disciplines.
•1997: The first automated citation indexing was introduced by CiteSeer,
which was also patented. It represented a shift toward digital citation tools.
•2008: CAS transitioned from print to a digital platform with SciFinder,
offering online access to scientific literature and citation data.
•Modern Platforms: Tools like Google Scholar, Microsoft Academic,
Elsevier's Scopus, and NIH’s iCite now offer comprehensive citation
tracking and bibliometric data.

11. RESEARCH DATABASES
1. Multidisciplinary Databases
These cover a broad range of subjects.
• Google Scholar – https://scholar.google.com
• Web of Science (WoS) – https://www.webofscience.com
• Scopus – https://www.scopus.com
• Microsoft Academic (discontinued but archived) –
https://academic.microsoft.com
• Dimensions – https://app.dimensions.ai
• Semantic Scholar – https://www.semanticscholar.org

12. RESEARCH DATABASES
2. Social Sciences & Humanities
• JSTOR – https://www.jstor.org
• ERIC (Education) – https://eric.ed.gov
• PsycINFO (Psychology) –
https://www.apa.org/pubs/databases/psycinfo
• SSRN (Social Science Research Network) –
https://www.ssrn.com
• Project MUSE (Humanities) – https://muse.jhu.edu

13. RESEARCH DATABASES
3. Business & Economics
• EconLit – https://www.aeaweb.org/econlit
• RePEc (Economics) – https://repec.org
• Business Source Complete (EBSCO) –
https://www.ebsco.com/products/research-databases/busin
ess-source-complete

14. RESEARCH DATABASES
4. Open Access & Institutional Repositories
• Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) – https://doaj.org
• CORE (Aggregator of OA papers) – https://core.ac.uk
• Zenodo (Open Research Repository) – https://zenodo.org
• OpenAIRE (EU-funded research) – https://www.openaire.eu
• ResearchGate (Academic Social Network) –
https://www.researchgate.net
• Academia.edu – https://www.academia.edu

15. RESEARCH DATABASES
5. Government & Public Data
• Data.gov (US Government Open Data) – https://data.gov
• World Bank Open Data – https://data.worldbank.org
• UN Data – http://data.un.org
• Eurostat (EU Statistics) – https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat

16. RESEARCH DATABASES
6. Patent & Legal Databases
• Google Patents – https://patents.google.com
• USPTO (US Patents) – https://www.uspto.gov
• EPO (European Patent Office) – https://www.epo.org
• WIPO (World Intellectual Property Org) –
https://www.wipo.int

17. ACADEMIC WRITINGTOOLS
• Google Docs / MS Word – Offers built-in grammar suggestions
and collaboration features.
• Grammarly – Checks grammar, punctuation, and clarity.
• Hemingway Editor – Improves readability by highlighting complex
sentences and passive voice.
• LaTeX – Ideal for writing scientific papers with complex equations
and formatting.
• Scrivener – Useful for organizing long-form academic content like
theses or dissertations.

18. EDITING &
REFERENCINGTOOLS
• Zotero / Mendeley / EndNote – Reference managers that help cite and
organize sources.
• Turnitin / iThenticate – Plagiarism detection tools used to ensure originality.
• Ref-N-Write – Assists with academic phrase templates and writing
improvement.
• QuillBot – AI-based paraphrasing and summarizing tool.
• PerfectIt – Proofreading software for consistent grammar, spelling, and style
usage.

19. WHAT IS REFERENCING?
• Referencing is how you acknowledge the source of the information
you have used (referred to) in your work.
• It helps to make clear to the reader how you have used the work of
others to develop your own ideas and arguments.

20. TYPES OF CITATIONS
In-text Citations
• Appear within the body of the text, directly after the
referenced material.
• Include brief information (author, year, page) to lead the
reader to the full reference.
• Styles:
• APA: (Smith, 2020)
• MLA: (Smith 23)
• Chicago Author-Date: (Smith 2020, 23)
• IEEE: [1]

21. TYPES OF CITATIONS
Footnote Citation
• Details appear as numbered notes at the bottom of the page.
• Common in Chicago Notes-Bibliography and Oxford styles.
• Example (Chicago):¹ John Smith, History of Media (NewYork:
Academic Press, 2020), 45.

22. TYPES OF CITATIONS
Endnote Citations
• Similar to footnotes but listed at the end of the chapter or
document.
• Preferred when many notes are used to avoid page clutter.
• Used in styles like Chicago NB or when specified by publishers.

23. TYPES OF CITATIONS
Parenthetical Citations
• A type of in-text citation placed in parentheses.
• Contains brief source information (author and date/page).
• Common in APA and Chicago Author-Date styles.

24. TYPES OF CITATIONS
Narrative Citations
• Author’s name is included in the sentence; only the date is in
parentheses.
• Common in APA: Smith (2020) argues that media influences
perception

25. TYPES OF CITATIONS
Bibliographic Citations (Reference List /Works Cited /
Bibliography)
• Complete details of all sources, listed at the end of the paper.
• Formats vary:
• APA: "References"
• MLA: "Works Cited"
• Chicago: "Bibliography"

26. FOOTNOTESVS.
ENDNOTES
• Footnotes appear at the bottom of the page where the reference is made.
• Endnotes appear at the end of a chapter or document.
• Both are used to cite sources or add explanatory comments without disrupting
the main text.

27. HOWTO CREATE FOOTNOTES
AND ENDNOTES (MANUALLY OR
IN MS WORD)
1. In Microsoft Word:
• Place the cursor where you want the note reference number.
• Go to the "References" tab.
• Click “Insert Footnote” or “Insert Endnote”.
• Type your citation or explanation in the note field that appears.

28. CITATION FORMAT EXAMPLES
(CHICAGO STYLE):
• Footnote (Book):
¹ John Smith, The Art ofWriting (NewYork:Academic Press, 2020), 45.
• Endnote (Journal Article):
² Jane Doe, "Climate Change and Media," Environmental Studies Review 12, no. 3
(2019): 102–105.

29. WHAT DOYOU NEED TO
REFERENCE?
• Whatever the information source: website, textbook,
journal article, magazine, newspaper, YouTube Video, or
social media site, if you have quoted, paraphrased or
summarized another person’s work, you need to reference
it.

30. WHY DO YOU NEED TO REFERENCE?
• gives authority to your work by showing the breadth of your
reading
• shows the reader how you have developed your arguments and
engaged with the ideas of others
• enables a reader to see the original sources that you've used; they
can follow up on your references so they can learn more about
the ideas you’ve discussed in your work or check any facts and
figures
• allows others to use your work as a research source (for which
you should be cited!)
• makes clear which ideas are your own and those inspired by
others; this enables you to avoid plagiarism

31. HOW TO REFERENCE
Referencing is a two-step process.
• Whenever you refer to another source of
information, you need to firstly insert a citation in your text,
and secondly,
• expand on that citation in a full reference at the
end of your work.

32. REFERENCE MANAGEMENT
TOOLS
• EndNote
• Mendeley
• Zotero

33. REFERENCING STYLES
• Referencing styles are a set of instructions.
• They tell you what information you need to include in your
reference, the order that information should appear, and
the way it should be formatted in your work.

34. MAJOR CITATION STYLES
• APA (American Psychological Association)
Used in: Psychology, Education, Social Sciences
Format: (Author,Year) – e.g., (Smith, 2020)
• MLA (Modern Language Association)
Used in: Literature,Arts, Humanities
Format: (Author Page Number) – e.g., (Smith 23)
• Chicago/Turabian Style
Used in: History, Fine Arts, Business
Two systems: Notes-Bibliography & Author-Date
• IEEE
Used in: Engineering, Computer Science
Format: Numbered references in brackets – e.g., [1]

35. WHY CITATION STYLES
MATTER
• Maintains academic integrity and credibility.
• Ensures consistency and clarity in research communication.
• Allows easy source verification by readers.
• Helps avoid plagiarism and uphold ethical writing standards.
• Citation tools (e.g., Zotero, Mendeley, EndNote) simplify formatting.

36. INTRODUCTIONTO COPE
• COPE: Committee on Publication Ethics, established in 1997.
• Provides guidance to editors and publishers on publication ethics.
• Mission:To promote integrity in scholarly research and its
publication.
• Offers flowcharts, guidelines, and case studies to handle ethical issues.

37. CORE PRINCIPLES OF COPE
• Integrity: Honest reporting and proper attribution.
• Transparency: Full disclosure of funding, conflicts of interest.
• Accountability:Authors, editors, and reviewers are all responsible
for ethical standards.
• Fairness: Objective peer review and editorial decisions without bias.
• Confidentiality: Protecting information during submission and
review.

38. COMMON ETHICAL ISSUES IN PUBLICATION
• Plagiarism: Presenting others’ work without attribution.
• Data Fabrication/Falsification: Manipulating research results.
• Duplicate Submission: Submitting the same manuscript to multiple
journals.
• Authorship Disputes: Misrepresentation of contributors.
• Conflict of Interest: Financial or personal biases influencing work.

39. COPE GUIDELINES FOR
EDITORS AND AUTHORS
• For Editors: Ensure fair peer review, respond to misconduct, publish
corrections/retractions.
• For Authors: Originality, accurate reporting, acknowledgment of
sources.
• Retraction Policy:When and how to retract a paper.
• Handling Misconduct: Step-by-step procedures via COPE
flowcharts.

40. IMPORTANCE AND IMPACT
OF COPE ETHICS
• Enhances credibility and trust in scholarly publishing.
• Protects the rights and reputations of all parties.
• Supports responsible research conduct.
• Contributes to the global standardization of ethical publishing
practices.

41. Q & A

42. THANKYOU