A brilliant presentation on types of batteries and it's working mechanism

2. I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to the ICSE Council for giving me this
opportunity to do the project on my own innovative idea which helped me to broaden my
insight
I am highly indebted to our respected Principal and our Chemistry Teacher for guiding me
and providing me with valuable advice and suggestions during the course of the project.
While doing the research I came across many facts and amazing aspects that enriched my
knowledge and helped me to enhance my understanding of the matter and content so that
I could work better.
Last but not the least I would like to thank my parents who stayed with me althrough and
for being supportive. They helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the limited time
frame.

3. 1.Introduction
2.History of batteries
3.Types of battery
4.Working mechanism of
batteries- i. Alkaline batteries
ii. Lithium-ion batteries
iii. Lead acid batteries
5.Uses of batteries
6.Conclusion
7.Bibliography

4. What is battery?
 In simple terms, battery is a device that stores chemical
energy and converts it to electrical energy through chemical
reactions.
 It consist of one or more electrochemical cells with external
connections for powering electrical devices.
 A battery is made up of an anode, a cathode, and electrolyte
and a separator.

5. A zinc-copper voltaic pile
Previously Leyden Jars were used to store electrical energy which stored
the charge physically and would release it at once. The American scientist,
Benjamin Franklin took several Leyden jars together to create a stronger
charge and was the first man to call his grouping and electrical battery.
Based on some findings by Luigi Galvani, Alessandro Volta, a friend and
fellow scientist, believed observed electrical phenomena were caused by
two different metals joined together by a moist intermediary. In 1800
Alessandro Volta invented the first true battery, storing and releasing a
charge through a chemical reaction instead of physically, which came to be
known as the voltaic pile.

6. Batteries
Primary
Batteries
Secondary
Batteries

7. Primary batteries
1. Chemical reaction is
irreversible.
2. Chemical energy is
converted into electrical
energy when current is
drawn from it.
3. It cannot be recharged.
4. Its internal resistance is
high.
5. It is capable of giving
weak current only.
6. It is light and cheap.
Secondary batteries
1. Chemical reaction is
reversible.
2. Electrical energy converts into
chemical energy when current is
passed in it (i.e., during
charging), while chemical energy
converts into electrical energy
when current is drawn from it
(i.e., during discharging).
3. It can be recharged.
4. Its internal resistance is low.
5. It can provide low as well as
high current.
6. It is heavy and costly.
Following are some differences between primary batteries and
secondary batteries-

8. As already discussed, there are various types of batteries.
Obviously these batteries have different working mechanism of
producing electricity from chemical reactions occurring it. But
for convenience, I am going to discuss the working mechanism
of three batteries which are very commonly used in our daily
life. Those are-
• Alkaline batteries
• Lithium-ion batteries
• Lead acid batteries

9. Alkaline batteries
Internal structure of an alkaline batteries
 An alkaline battery is a type of primary battery.
 In an alkaline battery, the anode is zinc and the cathode
is manganese dioxide. The electrolyte is potassium hydroxide.
 The anode reaction is-
Zn (s) + 2HO– (aq) → ZnO(s) + H2O (l) + 2e– (e° = – 1.28 V)
[oxidation]
 The cathode reaction is
2MnO2 (s) + H2O (l) + 2e– → Mn2O3 (s) + 2HO– (aq) (e° = +
0.15V) [reduction]
 The full discharge reaction for a alkaline battery is
Zn (s) + 2MnO2 (s) ⇌ Mn2O3 + ZnO (s) (e° = 1.43 V)
 As alkaline batteries are primary batteries, they are not
rechargeable.

10. Lithium-ion batteries
 Lithium-ion batteries are secondary batteries.
 In a lithium-ion battery the anode is graphite, the cathode is Lithium cobalt
oxide. The electrolyte varies from one battery to another.
 The anode reaction for the graphite is-
LiC6 ⇌ C6 + Li+ + e-
 The cathode reaction for the lithium doped cobalt oxide is-
CoO2+ Li+ + e- ⇌ LiCoO2
 The full discharge reaction for a lithium-ion battery is-
LiC6 + CoO2 ⇌ C6 + LiCoO2
 During charging, an external electrical power source applies an over-voltage,
forcing a charging current to flow within each cell from the positive to the
negative electrode, that is in the reverse direction of a discharge current under
normal conditions. The cathode releases lithium ions and anode receives them.
C6 + LiCoO2 ⇌ LiC6 + CoO2

11. Lead Acid Batteries
 Lead acid battery are secondary batteries.
 In a lead acid battery, the cathode is Lead, the anode is lead
oxide and the electrolyte is dilute sulphuric acid.
 The anode reaction in a lead acid battery is-
Pb(s) + HSO-
4(aq) → PbSO4(s) + H+(aq) + 2e-
 The cathode reaction is-
PbO2(s) + HSO-
4(aq) + 3H+(aq) + 2e- → PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
 The total reaction can be written as
Pb(s) + PbO2(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) → 2PbSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) Eo
cell =
2.05 V
 During charging, the external power source applies an over
voltage. The sulphuric acid breaks into SO4
- and H+ .
 The hydrogen exchange electrons with the cathode and become
hydrogen, this hydrogen reacts with the PbSO4 in cathode and
form Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) and Lead (Pb).

12.  On the other hand, SO4
- exchange electrons with anode and become
radical SO4. This SO4 reacts with PbSO4 of anode and create the lead
peroxide PbO2 and sulfuric acid (H2SO4).
 The electrolyte solution now has a higher concentration of aqueous
sulfuric acid, which stores most of the chemical energy.

13. There are a huge application of batteries. Some of the uses of batteries are-
• It is used in domestic purpose It is used in different health instrument.
• Solar power plants uses a battery to store the electrical energy
• It is used medical environments.
• It is used in many electronic devices .
• It is used in vehicle

14. As we are coming to the end of the presentation, let me conclude this
presentation by saying that batteries are actually very useful in todays
modern life. Almost every electronic devices around us have different types
of batteries installed it. In the last few years, the use of batteries has
become more prominent. The large scale usage of battery is due to its
negligible disadvantages. The scientists are trying to increase the efficiency
of batteries. New battery technology breakthrough is happening
rapidly. Advanced new batteries are currently being developed, with some
already on the market.

15. These are the websites that I have used to gather information about this
project-
 www.Wikipedia.com
 www.byjus.com
 www.spglobal.com
 www.sciencedirect.com