GIS and Remote Sensing in Diagnosis and Management of Problem Soil with audio...KaminiKumari13
GIS and Remote Sensing in Diagnosis and Management of Problem Soil for agriculture, soil science, agronomy, forestry, land management and planning with audio by Dr. Kamini Roy
GIS and Remote Sensing in Diagnosis and Management of Problem Soil with audio...KaminiKumari13
GIS and Remote Sensing in Diagnosis and Management of Problem Soil for agriculture, soil science, agronomy, forestry, land management and planning with audio by Dr. Kamini Roy
this slide includes recent approaches to evaluate cropping system.
It includes system profitability,relative production efficiency,land use efficienct(LUE),Calculation of LUE,energy efficiency,specific energy,Rotational intensity,Cropping intensity,Multiple cropping index(MCI),Land equivalent ratio (LER),Relative yields total (RYT),Crop equivalent yields (CEY),Relative Spread Index
BLAST AND LEAF SPOT OF FINGER MILLET or RAGI or MANDUWA or NAACHNI, प्राचीन काल से ही हमारे देश में पारम्परिक मोटे अनाज जैसे कि ज्वार, जौं, मक्का आदि का सेवन किया जाता रहा है। इन्हीं मोटे अनाजों में से एक है रागी। यह अनाज सेहत के लिए बहुत ही लाभकारी है
In recent years, the talk on Organic Farming is going on. how can we control the weed plants in the field without using the herbicide the question. there are several methods traditionally used and scientifically proved methods are discussed here.
this slide includes recent approaches to evaluate cropping system.
It includes system profitability,relative production efficiency,land use efficienct(LUE),Calculation of LUE,energy efficiency,specific energy,Rotational intensity,Cropping intensity,Multiple cropping index(MCI),Land equivalent ratio (LER),Relative yields total (RYT),Crop equivalent yields (CEY),Relative Spread Index
BLAST AND LEAF SPOT OF FINGER MILLET or RAGI or MANDUWA or NAACHNI, प्राचीन काल से ही हमारे देश में पारम्परिक मोटे अनाज जैसे कि ज्वार, जौं, मक्का आदि का सेवन किया जाता रहा है। इन्हीं मोटे अनाजों में से एक है रागी। यह अनाज सेहत के लिए बहुत ही लाभकारी है
In recent years, the talk on Organic Farming is going on. how can we control the weed plants in the field without using the herbicide the question. there are several methods traditionally used and scientifically proved methods are discussed here.
Remote sensing is the process of detecting and monitoring the physical characteristics of an area by measuring its reflected and emitted radiation at a distance (typically from satellite or aircraft).
Special cameras collect remotely sensed images, which help researchers "sense" things about the Earth.
A STUDY ON WEED DISCRIMINATION THROUGH WAVELET TRANSFORM, TEXTURE FEATURE EXT...ijcsit
Texture based weed classification has played an important role in agricultural applications. In the recent years weed classification based on wavelet transform is an effective method. But the feature extraction is main issue for proper classification of weed species. In this paper, the issue of statistical and texture
classification based on wavelet transform has been analysed. The efficient texture feature extraction
methods are developed for weed discrimination. Three group feature vector can be constructed by the mean
and standard deviation of the wavelet statistical features (WSF), Texture feature as Contrast, Cluster
Shade, Cluster Prominence and Local Homogeneity (WCSPH) and Energy, Correlation, Cluster Shade,
Cluster Prominence and Entropy features (WECSPE) which are derived from the sub-bands of the wavelet
decomposition and are used for classification. Experimental results show that Rbio33 Wavelet with
WECSPE texture feature obtaining high degree of success rate in classification.
Remote Sensing - A tool of plant disease managementAnand Choudhary
Definition, history , type of remote sensing, plateform used in remote sensing, type of resolution used in sensor, objective of remote sensing in plant disease management
High throughput phenotyping are fully automated facilities in greenhouses or growth chambers with robotics, precise environmental control, and remote sensing techniques to assess plant growth and performance
Agriculture plays a dominant role in economies of both developed and undeveloped countries. Agricultural remote sensing is not new, starts in back 1950s, but recent technological advances have made the benefits of remote sensing accessible to most agricultural producers. Pakistan is a country of different agro-climatic regions.
The soil is a major part of the natural environment and is vital to the existence of life on the planet.
Satellite imagery will provide the visible boundaries of soil types and a shallow penetration of soils.
This presentation covers the principles of remote sensing and reflectance profiling and explains how the concept of spectral signature is utilized in entomology research
Quality Measurements Using NIR/MIR Spectroscopy: A Rotten Apple Could Turn Yo...TechRentals
Light interacts with a product's organic molecules causing variations in light absorption. The transmitted or reflected light can be measured with a spectrometer and the resultant spectral signature used to qualify or quantify properties of the product. The discussion will include - how light interacts with molecules, characteristics of the different electromagnetic spectral bands, in-line hardware required to collect light, and fundamentals of chemometrics.
Presenter -- Gary Brown
Gary Brown is one of the principle engineers with Australian Innovative Engineering and has spent the last 12+ years developing in-line instrumentation using NIR spectroscopy to measure properties of fresh fruit. He is now concentrating his efforts in applying the technology for in-line product authentication for the food and pharmaceutical industries.
Anomaly Detection in Fruits using Hyper Spectral Imagesijtsrd
One of the biggest problems in hyper spectral image analysis is the wavelength selection because of the immense amount of hypercube data. In this paper, we introduce an approach to find out the optimal wavelength selection in predicting the quality of the fruit. Hyper spectral imaging was built with spectral region of 400nm to 1000nm for fruit defect detection. For image acquisition, we used fluorescent light as the light source. Analysis was performed in visible region, which had spectral from 413nm to 642nm it was done because of the low reflectance spectrum found in fluorescent light sources. The captured image in this experiment demonstrates irregular illumination that means half of the fruit has brighter area. Analysis of the hyper spectral image was done in order to select diverse wavelengths that could possibly be used in multispectral imaging system. Selected wavelengths were used to create a separate image and each image went through thresholding. Experiment shows a multispectral imaging system which is able to detect defects in fruits by selecting most contributing wavelengths from the hyper spectral image. Algorithm presented in this paper could be improved with morphology operations so that we could get the actual size of the defect. Sandip Kumar | Parth Kapil | Yatika Bhardwaj | Uday Shankar Acharya | Charu Gupta ""Anomaly Detection in Fruits using Hyper Spectral Images"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-4 , June 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23753.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/23753/anomaly-detection-in-fruits-using-hyper-spectral-images/sandip-kumar
FT-IR is an instrument with abilities of characterization of matters in elemental analysis using wavelength of functional groups. this seminar is based on the instrument FT-IR, describing its purpose, advantage and sailent features.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Comparative structure of adrenal gland in vertebrates
Crop discrimination and yield monitoring
1. Lokesh Kumar Jain
Assistant Professor (Agronomy)
College of Agriculture, Sumerpur
1
Geoinformatics and Nano-technology and
Precision Farming
AGRON 311
3. Crop Discrimination (differentiation/classification)
Crop discrimination is a necessary step for most agricultural
monitoring systems in which differentiate/classification of crops as
per season, phonological stages, pigmentation, spatial
arrangement/architecture as well as spectral features is called as
crop discrimination.
• It is important step for development and management of crop
monitoring systems.
• Remote sensing technology is used for crop discrimination.
• Crop discrimination types using remote sensing techniques (tools
and technology) are based on the characterization and
understanding of the electromagnetic behavior of target
(Wavelength).
4. • This behavior depends on the wavelength at which the crop
observation is performed, due to this, remote sensors for Earth
observation are designed to operate at wavelengths in which the
response of each target (crop type) is characterized and known,
facilitating on this way the target identification in the scene.
• It is important to note that the electromagnetic response of the
different parts of a crop cover not only depend on the wavelength
used for observation, it also shows variations depending on the
season, angle of incidence of the sensor, crop’s features,
illumination intensity, weather phenomenon and topography
among other external factors.
• Role of GIS and RST to discriminate different crops at various levels
of classification, monitoring crop growth and prediction of the crop
yield.
• Crop suitability studies and site specific resource allocation
5. Technologies used for Crop Discrimination
1. Remote sensing (RS) :-
• Remote sensing (RS) can capture images of reasonably large area on
the earth.
• The sensor technologies helped in high spatial as well as spectral
resolutions imageries and also non-imaging spectroradiometer.
• With the use of these imaging and non-imaging data, we can easily
characterize the different species.
• Different crops shows distinct phonological characteristics (plant life
cycle events) and timings according to their nature of germination,
tillering, flowering, boll formation (cotton), ripening etc.
• Even for the same crop and growing season, the duration and
magnitude of each phonological stage can differ between the
varieties which introduce data variability for crop type
discrimination.
• Agricultural crops are significantly better characterized, classified,
modelled and mapped using hyper spectral data.
6. 2. Feature Extraction:-
• It is the process of defining image characteristics or features
which effectively provides meaningful information for image
interpretation or classification called as feature extraction.
Goals of Feature extraction are :-
a) Effectiveness and efficiency in classification
b) Avoiding redundancy/extra space of data
c) Identifying useful spatial as well as spectral features
d) Maximizing the pattern of crop discrimination
• For crop discrimination, spatial features are useful.
• Crops are planted in rows, either multiple or single rows as per
crop type to maximize yield.
• Different spatial arrangement of the crops gives better spatial
information but it requires high spatial resolution images.
• In spatial image classification, spatial image elements are
combined with spectral properties in crop classification
decision.
7. 3. Role of Texture in Classification:-
• Texture means information in spatial (space) arrangement of
colors/intensity of images
• In general, it is possible to distinguish between the regular textures
manifested by manmade objects from the irregular manner that natural
objects exhibit texture.
• Hence, the texture characteristics/classification can be used for
discriminate crops.
• For crop discrimination, remotely sensed data, conventional texture
analysis and grey level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) methods are used.
a. Grey Level Co-Occurrence Matrix (GLCM) :-
• In GLCM method describing the grey value relationships.
• GLCM is a statistical method of examining texture.
• GLCM can be viewed as a two dimensional histogram (rectangles) of the
frequency with which pairs of grey level pixels/images occur in a given
spatial relationship.
• GLCM method is a way of extracting texture features
• Image composed of pixels each with an intensity (a specific gray level), the
GLCM is a tabulation of how often different combinations of gray levels co-
occur in an image or image section.
8. b. Local Binary Pattern (LBP) :-
• LBP is powerful feature for texture classification.
• Local Binary Pattern (LBP) is an effective texture
which thresholds (applied for all pixels of the
image) the neighboring pixels (smallest unit of
image) descriptor for images based on the value
of the current pixel and considers the result as a
binary number.
• Due to discriminative power, LBP texture
operator has become a popular approach in
various applications.
9. Steps in LBP
Divide image
into a series of
cells of 16 x 16
pixels
Consider 3 x 3
neighbourhoods
around each
pixels
Obtain binary
code via
thresholding
Convert binary
to integer and
compute
histogram
Normalized
histogram
Construct
normalized
histogram of
all cells across
the images
10. Spectral features for crop classification/discrimination
• Spectral characteristics of green vegetation have very noticeable
features.
• Visible portion of the spectrum are determined by the pigments
contained in the plant.
• Chlorophyll absorbs strongly in the blue (0.4-0.5 nm) and red
(0.68 nm) regions also known as the chlorophyll absorption
bands.
• Chlorophyll is the primary photosynthetic pigment in green
plants.
• The spectral reflectance signature has a dramatic increase in the
reflection for healthy vegetation at around 0.7 nm.
• In the near infrared (NIR) between 0.7 nm and 1.3 nm, a plant
leaf will naturally reflect between 40 and 60 %, the rest is
transmitted with only about 5 % being absorbed.
• Three strong water absorption bands are noted at around 1.4,
1.9 and 2.7 nm can be used for plant-water estimation.
11.
12. 1. Band selection
• Band selection is one of the important steps in hyper spectral
remote sensing.
• There are two types of spectral bands (make only pass desired
wavelength) viz., multispectral i.e. 3 to 10 bands and hyper
spectral i.e. 100 or 1000 bands remote sensing
• There are two conceptually different approaches of band
selection like unsupervised and supervised.
• Due to availability of hundreds of spectral bands, there may be
same values in several bands which increases the data
redundancy (additional space).
• To avoid the data redundancy and get distinct features from
available hundreds of bands, we have to choose the specific
bands by studying the reflectance behavior of crops.
13. 2. Narrowband Vegetation Indices
Spectral indices :- Assume that the combined interaction between a small numbers of
wavelengths is adequate to describe the biochemical or biophysical interaction between
light and matter.
Hyper spectral system:- is their ability to create new indices that integrate wavelengths not
sampled by any broadband system and to quantify absorptions that are specific to
important biochemical and biophysical quantities of vegetation.
Vegetation properties measured with hyperspectral vegetation indices (HVI).
HVI can be divided into four main categories
1. Structural properties :- These properties include green leaf biomass, LAI (Leaf Area
Index) and Fraction absorbed Photo synthetically Active Radiation (FPAR)
2. Biochemical properties :- It includes water, pigments (Chlorophyll, carotenoides,
amthocyanins), other nitrogen rich compounds (protein) and plant structural materials
(Lignin and cellulose)
3. Physiological and stress indices:- It measure delicate changes due to a stress induced
change in the state of xanthophylls changes in chlorophyll content, change in soil moisture.
4. Narrowband vegetation indices :-
• Can be used as potential variables for crop type discrimination.
• Best vegetation indices of different category to discriminate the crop types which are
greenness/leaf pigment indices, Chlorophyll red edge indices, light use efficiency indices
and leaf water indices
14.
15. Importance of hyper spectral Remote sensing
• HRS is an advanced tool that provides high spatial/spectral resolution data from
a distance, with the aim of providing near-laboratory-quality radiance for each
picture element (pixel) from a distance.
• Recent advances in remote sensing and geographic information has led the way
for the development of hyper spectral sensors.
• Hyper spectral remote sensing, also known as imaging spectroscopy (study of
visible light), is a relatively new technology that is currently being investigated
by researchers and scientists with regard to the detection and identification of
minerals, terrestrial vegetation, and man-made materials and backgrounds.
• Hyper spectral remote sensing combines imaging and spectroscopy in a single
system which often includes large data sets and require new processing
methods.
• Hyper spectral data sets are generally composed of about 100 to 200 spectral
bands of relatively narrow bandwidths (5-10 nm), whereas, multispectral data
sets are usually composed of about 5 to 10 bands of relatively large bandwidths
(70-400 nm).
• Hyper spectral Remote Sensing (HRS) and Imaging Spectroscopy (IS), are two
technologies that can provide detailed spectral information from every pixel in
an image.
16. Applications of HRS
There are many applications which can take advantage of
hyperspectral remote sensing.
• Atmosphere: water vapor, cloud properties, aerosols
• Ecology: chlorophyll, leaf water, cellulose, pigmemts,
lignin
• Geology: mineral and soil types
• Coastal Waters: chlorophyll, phytoplankton, dissolved
organic materials, suspended sediments
• Snow/Ice: snow cover fraction, grainsize, melting
• Biomass Burning: subpixel temperatures, smoke
• Commercial: mineral exploration, agriculture and forest
production
17.
18. Yield Monitoring (YM)
• Yield monitoring is an aspect of precision agriculture that helps
to provide farmers with adequate information to make
educated decisions about their fields.
• Yield monitors are a rather recent development and allow farm
equipment such as combine harvesters or tractors to gather a
huge amount of information, including grain yield, moisture
levels, soil properties, and much more.
• Due to the fact that yield monitors provide farmers with so
much information, they are much more able to assess things
such as when to harvest, fertilize or sow seeds, the effects of
weather, and much more.
• Yield monitors work in three very simple steps: the grain is
harvested and fed into the grain elevator which has sensors
that read moisture content of the grain.
19. Yield Monitoring and Mapping
Yield monitoring: - is the estimation of crop yield well
before the harvest at regional and national scale is
imperative for planning at micro-level and predominantly
the demand for crop insurance.
• Crop yield estimation is plays a significant role in
economy development.
• Currently, it is being done by extensive field surveys and
crop experimentation.
Yield monitoring equipment was introduced in the early
1990s and is increasingly considered a conventional
practice in modern agriculture.
20. Different approaches and technologies used for
yield monitoring (crop inventory)
1. Aerial Photography (AP) :-
• There are two distinct aspects of yield estimation a) forecast of yield based on
characteristics of the plant or crop b) Estimates of the crop yield based actual
weight of the harvest crop
• After World War II, various researchers used the emerged concept of Aerial
Photography for optimized use of resources for agriculture and crop inventory.
• Black and white photography has been used for crop identification, primarily
based on ground appearance, photographs of selected fields and growing
seasons of crops.
2. Multispectral Scanners (MSS) :-
• MSS – have 0.3-14 nm or more bands
• MSS have ability to differentiate wheat from other agricultural crops using MSS
data in a computer format as compared to photography.
• An important consideration in the task of species identification is the any stage
of growth of the crop.
21. 3. Radar (Radio Detection and Ranging):-
• Radar sensors are able to capture plant structure and soil moisture
content.
• Radar sensors can contribute to measuring crop condition at
different phonological stages that are useful to estimation of crop
yields.
• Air borne or space borne Radar are used crop
identification/discrimination.
• Radar studies have concentrated on seasonal yield data estimation
of crops.
4. Satellite Data/Remote sensing data:-
• Has been proved effective in predicting crop yields and provide
reprehensive and spatially information of crop yield estimation.
• In India remarkable in the remote sensing activities has started
with the launch of IRS (Indian Remote Sensing Satellite) in year
1988.
• India launched variety of satellites such as ResourceSat, CartoSat,
OceanSat
22. Yield Mapping
Yield mapping refers to the process of collecting georeferenced data on crop yield
and characteristics, such as moisture content, while the crop is being harvested.
• Yield mapping is one of the most widely used precision farming technologies.
• Yield monitor data contain systematic and random sources of measured yield
variation, including
i) more stable yield variability related to climate and soil-landscape features,
ii) variable management-induced yield variability, and
iii) measurement errors associated with the yield mapping process itself .
Various methods, using a range of sensors, have been developed for mapping crop
yields.
The basic components of a grain yield mapping system include:
a. Grain flow sensor - determines grain volume harvested
b. Grain moisture sensor - compensates for grain moisture variability
c. Clean grain elevator speed sensor-used by some mapping systems to improve
accuracy of grain flow measurements
d. GPS antenna - receives satellite signal
e. Yield monitor display with a GPS receiver - georeference and record data
f. Header position sensor - distinguishes measurements logged during turns
g. Travel speed sensor - determines the distance the combine travels during a
certain logging interval (Sometimes travel speed is measured with a GPS receiver or
a radar or ultrasonic sensor.)
23.
24. Processing of Yield Maps
• The yield calculated at each field location can be
displayed on a map using a Geographic Information System
(GIS) software package.
• Steps for processing of yield maps
1. Raw data screening
2. Standardization of data
3. Interpretation of data
4. Classification of multi-year yield maps
5. Statistical evaluation of classification results.
25. Potential Applications of Yield maps/mapping
1. Yield maps represent the output of crop production.
2. On one hand this information can be used to
investigate the existence of spatially variable yield
limiting factors.
3. On the other hand, the yield history can be used to
define spatially variable yield goals that may allow
varying inputs according to expected field
productivity.
4. Yield maps are one of the most valuable sources of
spatial data for precision agriculture.
5. In developing these maps it is essential to identifying
the points/locations where get the higher and lower
crop yields.
26.
27.
28. Soil mapping
• Remote sensing technology has emerged as a powerful tool in providing reliable spatial
information on various natural resources.
• The current state-of-the-art space-borne sensors provide repetitive and synoptic coverage
of any part of the earth, amenable to various projection and scales.
• Not only this, the remotely sensed data provide an opportunity to ‘look back in time’ for
any comparison of the resources positioned between past and present.
• The advent of GIS has added a new dimension to resources survey and information
integration.
• Remote sensing and GIS together provide geoinformatic support in terms of relevant,
reliable and timely information needed for economic development and environmental
protection.
• For depicting the soil variability, soil surveyors consider the topographic variation as a
base.
• Hence, the focus of image interpretation should be primarily on identifying significant
landform variations.
• It demands all round knowledge of geomorphology supported by field survey experience.
• Satellite data in conjunction with toposheets are used for characterizing physiographic
variation in terms of slope, aspects and land cover for delineating the soil boundary.
• The major problem faced in conventional soil survey and soil cartography is the accurate
delineation of boundary.
• Field observations based on conventional soil survey are tedious and time consuming.
• The remote sensing data in conjunction with ancillary data provide the best alternative for
delineation of soil mapping units.
30. Selection of optimal time satellite data for soil mapping
• For mapping soils through remote sensing, it is important that
considerable part of the land surface is exposed to direct solar
radiation (cloud-free), so that reflection from the surface soils
could be recorded by the satellite sensor.
• For better visual interpretation of satellite image, it is also
important that the image should have good contrast so that
different land features could be delineated more precisely.
• It was found that most optimal season for satellite data
acquisition is between mid March to April for Peninsular region,
February to March for Eastern Himalyan mountain region and
March- April for the Indo-Gangetic plains for soil mapping.
• The satellite data acquired between the period 1st March to 1st
week of April is most appropriate as it provides better contrast
between salt-affected soils and crop.
31. Scale of soil mapping
• The soil maps are required on different scales varying from 1:1 million to 1:4,000
because the scale of a soil map has direct correlation with the information content and
field investigations.
• Small scale soil maps of 1:1 million are needed for macro level planning at national
level.
• The soil maps at 1:250,000 scale provide information for planning at regional or state
level (soil information for determining the suitability and limitations for several
agricultural uses).
• The soil maps at 1:50,000 scale where association of soil series are depicted, serve the
purpose for planning resources conservation and optimum land use at district level and
require moderate intensity of observations in the field.
• The large scale soil maps at 1:8,000 or 1:4,000 scale are specific purpose maps which can
be generated through high intensity of field observations using large scale aerial
photographs or very high resolution satellite data.
• The spatial and spectral resolution of remote sensing data plays an important role in
determining the scale of mapping.
• The coarse resolution data (spatial resolution 70m or higher) from IRS LISS-I, WiFS,
AWiFs and LANDSAT-MSS sensors were found to be useful to prepare soil maps on 1:
250,000 scale or smaller.
• To map soils on 1: 50,000 scale, medium resolution remote sensing data from LANDSAT-
TM, IRS LISS-II/LISS-III and SPOT- MLA are employed.
• Satellite data from IRS-P6 (LISS-IV sensor), Cartosat-1 and Cartosat-2 and IKONOS are
now being employed for detailed characterization of soils on 1:10,000 scale and larger.
32. Image interpretation for physiography-soil mapping
• Among the two methods of remote sensing data interpretation viz.
visual and digital, the visual approach is predominantly used in soil
mapping.
• This has the advantage of being relatively simple and inexpensive.
• The basic approach for mapping soils using remote sensing data
comprises pre-field interpretation of satellite data in conjunction
with toposheets for delineation of various physiographic units,
ground truth collection (soil profile study and laboratory
characterization of soils) and verification of physiographic units,
developing physiography- soil relationship and extrapolation of this
relationship to other similar areas
• A step-wise operational procedure for soil mapping is depicted in
flow chart (Fig 1).
33. Flow chart depicting the methodology for soil mapping using satellite
data
Satellite data
Finalization of Soil Map and legend
Ancillary data
(Topomaps/reports)
Pre-field physiographic unit
Selection of sample areas
Ground truth collection
Soil Map
Visual interpretation
• Soil profile study
• Collection of soil samples &
analysis
• Soil classification
Physiography-soil relationship
Satellite data
Finalization of Soil Map and legend
Ancillary data
(Topomaps/reports)
Pre-field physiographic unit
Selection of sample areas
Ground truth collection
Soil Map
Visual interpretation
• Soil profile study
• Collection of soil samples &
analysis
• Soil classification
Physiography-soil relationship
Satellite data
Finalization of Soil Map and legend
Ancillary data
(Topomaps/reports)
Pre-field physiographic unit
Selection of sample areas
Ground truth collection
Soil Map
Visual interpretation
• Soil profile study
• Collection of soil samples &
analysis
• Soil classification
Physiography-soil relationship
34. Organic Matter
Soil Mapping: RS-MSS
34
Index Formula Index
Saturation Index, SI (R-B)/(R+B)
Coloration Index, CI (R-G)/(R+G)
RVI NIR/Red
NDVI NIR-Red/NIR + Red
Indices Spectral Model R
NIR Y(oc) = -0.047x + 3.614 -0.569
RVI Y(oc) = -5.726x + 5.883 -0.558
CI Y(oc) = -19.21x - 0.140 -0.683
SI Y(oc) = -9.406x - 0.241 -0.62
NDVI Y(p) = -38.74x + 28.15 -0.488
Available Phosphorous
35. Soil Mapping: RS-Hyperspectral
35
Spectral Parameters OC N P K
BI -.420* -0.355 -.406* 0.09
CI 0.045 -0.253 -0.011 0.074
HI 0.037 -.408* -0.05 0.308
RI -0.043 -0.322 -.431* 0.105
SI -0.041 -0.382 -0.082 0.194
RVI -0.1 -0.103 0.014 0.101
NDVI -0.033 -0.124 0.004 0.2
CDI 0.05 .400* -0.023 0.171
Blue (487.86) -0.374 -0.306 -0.309 -0.012
Green (569.27) -0.346 -.464* -0.356 0.133
Red (681.19) -0.287 -.546** -0.362 0.13
BAND 97 (1114.2) -0.08 -.437* -0.18 0.27
BAND 143 (1578.3) -0.382 -.437* -0.284 0.105
BAND 201 (2163.43) -0.382 -0.155 -0.178 -0.131
BAND 215 (2304.7) -0.384 -0.16 -0.251 -0.234
BAND 216 (2314.8) -0.254 -0.264 0.119 -0.084
Sr
No.
Soil
Property
Spectral Model R2
1 OC O.C. (%) = 4.55-1.36*Band219-2.20*Band97+0.29*Band33-
20.07*
BI+162.46*RI+0.68*RVI+1.86*Band215+0.24*CDI+.002*HI-
2.35* NDVI
0.83
2 Nitrogen Available N (kg/ha)= 128.09+253.52*NDVI-47.69*RVI-
337.88* RI+309.33*Band 14-286.89*BI+41.03*Band 219
0.66
3 Phosphoro
us
Available P (kg/ha)= 20.13-1391.35*RI-3.92*CDI-22.66*Band
219+38.06*Band216+161.49*BI-37.87*Band215-
47.43*Band14-24.04*Band97
0.61
4 Potash Available K (kg/ha)= 177.24-226.32* Band 219+765.62*Band
143+26.42* CDI+0.23* HI-676.66*Band97-316.77*Band215
+390.49*BI +199.86*CI
0.51
OC
Available N
Available P Available K