READY / RAWE report

READY (2019- 2020) SKUAST .K FOA WADURA SOPORE
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REPORT ON
RURAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP
AWARNESS DEVELOPMENT YOJNA
2019-2020
SUBMITTED BY
ASGAR ALI HYDARI
98/AG/16
BATCH -2016
SUBMITTED TO THE
FACULTY OF THE AGRICULTURE WADURA SOPORE , IN
PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF BSC AGRICULTURE DEGREE
PROGRAMME
SHER-E-KASHMIR UNIVERSITY OF
AGRICULTURE SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY - KASHMIR

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the first instance I would bow down towards Almighty Allah for being so grateful,
merciful, supportive and sympathetic throughout the entire period of this degree, removing all
the hurdles from the path and smoothening the track for me.
I am deeply conscious of the moral and whole-hearted support extended to me by my parents
whose encouragement enabled me to undertake and complete this assignment successfully.
I express my gratitude to Professor Dr A H Hakeem , Dean FOA & RRS, Wadura, Sopore,
and Chairman of READY Programme for his thoughtful suggestions, encouragement, help
and guidance given during my READY programme.
I express my deep sense of gratitude to Prof. Mushtaq Ahmad Dar, Coordinator of
READY Programme for her untiring help and constant encouragement during the entire
course of READY Programme.
I owe my profound gratitude to all the faculty members especially READY Committee
members; Dr Angrej Ali ( Associate professor ,Division of Horticulture), Dr S.H.
Bhat(assistant professor agricultural extension),Dr S.A.Saraf(assistant professor agricultural
economics),Dr amir Hussain(assistant professor soil sciences),Dr Tahir Ahmad
sheikh(assistant professor agronomy),Dr Sajad Hussain Mir (Assistant professor , Division
of Entomology), Dr Manzoor (assistant professor animal husbandry),Dr Shahnaz (assistant
professor post harvest technology),Dr aisha nabi (assistant professor pathology)for their elicit
efficacy, guidance and valuable suggestions given from time to time during the course of
completion of this programme.
I am highly obliged to my host farmer for his cooperative and helpful approach as “in the
winters chill or summer heat farmers work so that world can eat”
I am also thankful to those friends whose mere presence and mere smile evoked countless
thoughts and who provided a shoulder to lean on in tough times. I am also thankful to my
village members for showing their cooperation throughout the course without which it would
not have been possible.
ASGAR ALI HYDARI
98/AG/16

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Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of
Kashmir
Faculty of Agriculture, Wadura, Sopore- 193201
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that ASGAR ALI HYDARI (98/Ag/2016) student of B.Sc.
Agriculture presented his work done on RURAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP
AWARENESS DEVELOPMENT YOJNA (READY) conducted during autumn semester
2019 before the advisory committee on February 2020 as partial fulfillment for
award of B.Sc. Agriculture degree with satisfactory performance.
Advisory committee:
Chairman:
Prof. (Dr.) A.H.Hakeem -----------------
Coordinator:
Associate ProfessorDr Mushtaq AH Dar -----------------
Members: -
1. Dr.Angrej Ali (Div. Of horticulture ----------------------
2. Dr.S.H.Bhat(Div. Agricultural Extension)--------------------
3. Dr.Tahir Ah. Sheikh (Div. Of Agronomy)-----------------------
4. Dr. S.A Saraf (Div. Of Agri. Economics) ------------------------
5. Dr.Aisha Nabi (Div. Of Plant Pathology)------------------------
6. Dr. Sajad Hussain Mir (Div. Of Entomology)----------------------
7. Dr.Amir Hussain (Div. of soil science) ----------------------------
8. Dr. Shahnaz (Div. of postharvest technology) -------------------

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CONTENT
SL,NO PARTICULARS PAGE NO
1 Introduction 5-6
2 Work plan for ready 7-9
3 Allotted village detail 10-11
4 P R A 11- 19
5 Logripura at a glance 20-31
6 Allotted farmer detail 31-35
7 Agronomy 36-39
8 Soil science 40-50
9 Plant pathology 50-56
10 Entomology 56-60
11 Fruit and vegetable intervention 61-65
12 Food processing and storage intervention 65-68
13 Animal production intervention 68-69
14 Extension and transfer of technology 69-70
15 Agricultural economics 71-81
16 Industrial attachment and other visit 82-89
17 Method demonstration 90-91
18 Social activities done in village 92-94

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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
The RURAL ENTRENEURSHIP AWARENESS DEVELOPMENT YOJNA is
a course primarily allotted to the students to understand the rural situations
, status of Agricultural technologies adopted by the farmers , prioritize the
farmers’ problems and to develop skills and attitude of working with farm
families for all-round development in the rural area.
READY OBJECTIVES
• To Acclimatize our selves in rural life
• To develop communication skills
• To develop highly skilled and professional human resource
• To inculcate entrepreneurial aptitude in ourselves
• To espouseourselves to research methodology
• To provide opportunities to the students for studying the rural situations
• To bestow occasions for gaining direct farm experience
• To study and documents the activities of rural entrepreneur / self help
group/ artisans

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INTRODUCTION
India is an agrarian country where more than 56% of population directly or
indirectly depends upon Agriculture & allied activities. The share of agriculture
in GDP was 52% in 1950, 37.9% in 1980`s to 17.32% in 2014 , 15% In 2019.
As of now country has to support 18% of world population on just 2.4% of
world land area (with only 1.8% of world arable land) consequently, puts
immense pressure on the agriculture sector of the state.
{Source: Handbookof Agriculture And economic survey of India}
The state of Jammu and Kashmir is the Northern state of India. It is located
between 32.15’ and 37.05’ north latitude and 72.35’ east and 83.20’ longitude.
Traditionally Jammu and Kashmir is an agrarian state. However, many other
sectors are contributing in the growth of State Gross Domestic Product.
Jammu and Kashmir State GDP agriculture and allied sectors
Agriculture and allied sectors accounts for 16% of GDP of the State which was
slightly lower than what was recorded at the all India level (17%). About 73 %
of population of the state lives in the rural areas and is directly or indirectly
dependent upon this sector for their livelihood. The main cereal crops grown in
the State are rice, maize and wheat. About 84% of the total irrigated area is
under these crops. Barley, Bajra and Jowar are few crops of dry area. Our state
is known to be a leading producer of fruits. The best quality of apple is
produced in the state of Jammu and Kashmir. The other sub-sectors of the
agriculture sectorin the state are forest, fisheries, and livestock.
The state has 1223 thousand hectares of gross area sown of which only 43.09%
is irrigated, and 56.91% is rainfed. Area under Kharif crops: 41.74% is under
Maize, 37.12% under paddy and the remaining 21.14% under pulses, oil seeds,
vegetables, fodder millets etc. while out of total area under Rabi crops 51.84%
under Wheat, 24.41 % under Oil seeds, 9.07% under fodder and of the
remaining area 14.68% under barley, pulses etc. The state has average
landholding of 0.67 hectare. About 94% land holdings fall in the category of
Marginal and small farmers and only 0.04% of the operational holdings fall
under large size of land holdings.

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CHAPTER 2.
WORK PLAN FOR READY
PERIOD PROGRAMME PROGRAM INCHARGES
1 Day ORIENTATION Dr M.A.Dar(associate professor
agri.extension)
1 Week EXTENSION Dr Shujat Bhat ( Assistant professor ,
Extension)
1Week SOIL SCIENCE Dr Amir hassan( Assistant professor,soil
science)
1Week HORTICULTURE Dr Nazir Ganai ( Assistant
professor,horticulture)
1 Week PATHOLOGY Dr Aisha Nabi( Associate professor,plant
pathology )
1 Week AGRONOMY Dr Tahir Ah Sheikh ( Assistant professor
Agronomy)
1Week ECONOMICS Dr S.A.Saraf ( Asst.prof,Aricultural
Economics)
1 Week ENTOMOLOGY Dr Sajad ( Assistant professor,Entomology)
1 Week ANIMAL HUSBANDRY Dr Manzoor ( Assistant professor,animal
husbandry)
1Week POST HARVEST
TECHNOLOGY
Dr Shahnaz (asst.prof.horticulture)
1 Week INDUSTRIAL AND
INSTITUTIONAL
ATTACHMENT
Dr S.A.Saraf
1 Weeks DATA COMPLETION
REPORT WRITING
Dr M.A.Dar
Mid March VIVA AND
PRESENTATION
All faculty members
PLAN OF ACTIVITIES
 Identifaction of village
 Transect walk
 Meeting with village head
 Meeting with patawari
 Meeting with BDO
 Meeting with AEO
 Meeting with HDO
 Meeting with contactfarmer
 Collection of village data

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 Collection of allotted farmer data
 Soil sampling and testing
Industrial attachment and visits
 Fruit mandi sopore
 CA storage sopore
 Kisan mela 2020
Visit inside campus
 IFS Unit
 Dairy farm
 Biofertilizer unit
 Seed processing unkit
 Mushroom unit
In this manuscript an attempt has been made to present the report on
activities conducted and experiences gained by GROUP-M which
comprises of the following students.
 S.NO  NAME  REG. NO
 01  IFLA MANZOOR  65/Ag/16
 02  RUFAIDAH SIRAJ  90/Ag/16
 03  KHUSHBOO NAZNEEN  114/Ag/16
 04  MOAZUM MASOOD  72/Ag/16
 05  IRAM BASHIR  93/Ag/16
 06  SYED SUHAIL  117/Ag/16
 07  LIYAKAT ALI  126/Ag/16

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 08  ASGAR ALI HYDARI  98/Ag/16
 09  RASHID AMIN  77/Ag/16
 10  MOHD. TAHIR  60/Ag/16
 11  ABRAR WANI  55/Ag/16
 12  ARFAN MANNAWAR  78/Ag/16
We are highly thankful to our Dean and dept of extension and communication
for arranging this orientation programme which built confidence amoung us to
deal with the farmer in village

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CHAPTER 3
ALLOTED VILLAGE DETAIL
 Logripura village is located in soporethesil of Buramula district in J&K
.it is situated 12 km away from sub district headquarter sopore and 26
km from district headquarter baramulla and 2 km from FOA wadura
 The geographical area of village is 124.2 ha with a population of 1441
peoples
 Attempts were made to survey for different institutions, facilities, &
amenities present in the logripura village. During the survey, it was
observed that the Facilities like Horticulture, Agriculture, veterinary,
post office, banking, marketing of produce are availed by the villagers
from nearby areas like bomai , sopore, FOA wadura
 The residential area mostly comprises of pucca houses, however there
are few kuccha houses as well. The village has ONE ICDS centers, one
Primary school, one Middle school
……………..MEET WITH VILLAGE HEAD

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……………WITH OURCOURSE CO-CORDINATORSAT VILLAGE
CHAPTER . 4
PLACEMENT AND SURVEY OF VILLAGE
PRA is performed to ensure the participation of the rural people in their
respective villages
WHY PRA?
 To understand the village environment
 To know and learn indigenous technologies from the farmers
 To get first hand knowledge from the farmers
 To develop communicative skills in the students to perform extension
activities
 To develop confidence level in the students

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 To gain the confidence of the farmers
 To collect data with minimum cost
DO’S AND DON’TS IN PRA
DO’S
 Introduce yourself to the farmers
 Develop good rapport with the farmers
 Clarify the purposeof your presence
 Use local and comprehensive language ( it must be simple not academic)
 Behave like a student not like an authority which may indicate your
superiority
 Give a patient ear to the farmer’s words
DON’TS
 Don,t give promises to the villagers
 Don’t be loud with the farmers
 Don’t look down upon the villagers
 Don’t insult the villagers even if they make a mistake
PRA TOOLS:
 SOCIAL MAP
 MOBILITY MAP
 VENN DIAGRAM
 TRANSECT WALK
1 ) TRANSECT WALK

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A transect walk is a useful method for knowing rural ecological condition . it is
a systematic walk along a defined path across the village area which is
undertaken by the team along with local people to explore the agro-ecosystem
of the village and by observing , asking , listening, looking and producea
transect diagram

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Type of issue coveredduring transect walk
 Food storage
 Credit sources
 Crop and other food production
 Land use pattern
 Village infrastructure
 Agriculture production and constraints
 Livelihood strategies
 Difference in house hold and their assets
 Helath assets and hazards
 Water resources and hazards
2 )SOCIAL MAP OF THE VILLAGE
Social maps is used to study social structure , stratifaction and availability social
facilities and also help the facilitators to understand the basic situation and
social dynamic of village .It is used to present information on village layout ,
social infrastructure , demography health , wealth etc
3 ) MOBILITY MAP
It depicts the spatial mobility of the local inhabitants. It helps to know about the
outside contactof the villagers

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WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OFMOBILITY MAP?
 To know where the villagers go for different purposes
 to know what these purposes are
 Distance from the village
 Mode of transport
WHAT WE CONCLUDED
 Postoffice ( Seelu)
 Household purchase ( Sopore)
 Implement purchase( Sopore)
 Health facility ( Soporeor Seelu)
 Veterinary checkup ( Seelu)
 Productsale( Sopore)
 Pesticides, fertilizers and insecticides ( Sopore)
 Schools (Seelu ,Soporeand Village )
 Railway facility (sopore)
 DHO AEO Office ( Sopore)
4 )RESOURSE MAP
Resourcemap can be used as an effective ice breaking exercise as well as a tool
to investigate the knowledge of the people about their own locality , their
resources and their spatial distribution

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Resourcemapping can help communities ;
 Identify valuable resources
 Ensure that everyone has access to the resource they need
 Avoid duplication of services and resources
 Enhance services and identify flexible funding strategies
 Cultivate new partnerships and relationship

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5 ) VENN DIAGRAM
HORTICULTURE
SECTOR
AGRICULTURE
SECTOR
BUSINESS
SECTOR
POULTRY
SECTOR

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These diagrams are used to depict the contribution of various sectors towards
the development of village economy.The key institutions are represented by
circles and the size of each circle shows its relative importance and power in
the village and the degree of overlapping shows their interaction with each
other.This diagram also shows the role played by different institutions in the
village and to see how different organizations and groups relate to each other in
terms of proximity of services contactco-operation and flow of information.
WHY VENN DIAGRAM ?
 To know about the contribution of different sectors towards village
economy
 To know about the intervention of different organizations functional in
the village for its development
 To find out the quality of the services done by these organizations
 RANKINGS
S.No DEPARTMENTS
BLUE HORTICULTURAL SECTOR
GREEN AGRICULTURAL SECTOR
LIGHT
GREEN
BUSINESS SECTOR
ORANGE POULTRY SECTOR
WHAT WE CONCLUDED ?
From the Venn diagram it is clearly depicted that horticultural sectoris the
leading sectortowards the village economy followed by agricultural and
business sector

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CHAPTER .5
LOGRIPURA AT A GLANCE
VILLAGE INFORMATION
 Name of village : Logripora
 Panchayat Halka: Tujjar sharief
 Block : Tujjar Sharief
 Tehsil : Bomai
 District :Baramulla
 Pin code : 193201
LAND USE PATTERN
 Total geographic area = 124.2 ha
 Irrigated = 55 ha
 Unirrigated =75ha

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 Forest area = 0
 Barren = 60 ha
 Net area sown = 55ha
 Area sown more than once = 0
 Grazing Land = 60ha
AREA UNDER DIFFERENT CROPS
TYPE OF CROPS AREA
(hectare)
FOODCROPS
(RICE,MAIZE,PULSE
51.79
HORTICULTURAL CROPS
(APPLE,PEAR)
33.18
FODDER CROPS 5.66
OTHERS 2.48
…source = AEO

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CROPS VARIETIES GROWN IN LOGRIPURA
S.No Crop Varieties
01 Rice K-39
China
02 Apple American
Red Delicious
03 Beans local
…source = ADO
DISTRIBUTION OF LAND HOLDING
Farm Size[ha] Number
Upto 1 225
1 to 2 16
2 to 4 5
4 to 10 1
10 and above Nil
Source.. Patawari

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FARM MACHINERY AND VECHILES
 No. OF TRACTORS : 6
 POWER TILLERS : 20
 THRESHER : 10
 TRUCKS : nil
 CARS : 30
 LOAD CARRIERS : 11
 OTHERS : 18
….source = villagehead
OCCUPATIONAL STATUS
OCCUPATION No. of Families PERCENTAGE (%)
Farming 190 87.1 %
Bussiness 05 2.2 %
Employees 13 5.9%
Landless Agricultural
labourers
10

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POPULATION DYNAMICS OF LOGRIPURA
 Total Population : 2445
 Total households : 218
 Total Male : 1385
 Total Female : 1060
 Total Literacy Rate : 71.6%
 Male Literacy Rate : 84.9%
 Female Literacy Rate : 59.5%
 Number of cultivators : 90.2%
 Number of agricultural labours : 40.6%
…..source - Patawari
POPULATION BREAKUP
S.NO Age
group(yrs)
(Average)
No. of
individuals
(total=
2445)
% of total
population
1 0-20 901 36.85
2 20-40 758 31.00
3 40-60 645 26.78
4 ABOVE 60 141 05.76

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LITERACY
 MALES : 664 (47.94%)
 FEMALES : 412 (38.86%)
 LITERACY RATE (average) : 44.08%
EDUCATIONAL STATUS IN VARIOUS AGE GROUP
AGE GROUP LITERACY RATE
0-20 69.23%
20-40 63.38%
40-60 23.68%
60 & above 21.10%
AGRO BASED PROCESSING UNITS/ CENTRES
S.No. Mill No. Place Distance
(Km)
01 Rice Mill 01 Logripora 0
02 Flour Mill 01 Logripora 0
03 Saw Mill 03 Logripora 0
STATUS OF PLANT NURSERIES:
The services like plant material, seeds, expert advices etc. are availed
from town (Sopore), where concerned department are located

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Status of electric facilities:
 Fully electrified village
 No gobar gas plant present
 242 LPG Connection
MARKET FACILITIES
….source= village head
ANIMAL RESOURCES
 Total draught animals = 10
 Goat/ sheep = 575
 Milch animals = 283
 Calves = 269
 POULTRY = 4000
COMMUNICATION FACILITIES AT LOGRIPURA VILLAGE
Facility Place
 Nearest railway station : Sopore
 Post office : Sellu
 Mobile tower : Within village
 Irrigation source. :Badsaha canal
 Water tank : Within village
 Bank : Wadura
S no. Inputs Available within the village Distance
1. Food grains Ration store Within village
2. Vegetables Retail shop Within village/SO[PORE
3. Fruits Retail shop Within village/SOPORE
4. Poultry Local Farm Within village/ SOPORE

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INSTITUTION
S.N
o
FACILITY PLACE DISTANCE(Km
)
01 Govt. Primary School Logripora 0
02 Private Middle School Wadura 1.5
03 Govt. High School Bomai 01
04 Govt. Boys Higher
Secondary
Bomai 01
05 College Sopore 11
06 ITI Sopore 11
07 SKUAST-K College Wadura 02

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CREDIT FACILITIES
S.No Institution Place Distance (Km)
01 J&K Grameen Bank Tujjar 1.5
02 J&K Bank Tujjar 1.7
03 J&K Bank Seelo 4.0
04 Baramulla
Central Cooperative
Bank
Bomai 02
IRRIGATION SOURCE
 KUPWARA CANAL
 BANDIPORA CANAL
 BADSHAH CANAL

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MARKETING FACILITIES:
Most of the farmers in the village are small growers & thus they sell their
produce to pre-harvest contractors. There are few big orchardists in the village.
Apple produce of the village is sold in Sopore fruit Mandi or is exported to
other parts of the country like Delhi, Kolkata, etc. Farmers of the Village also
producesurplus paddy grains.
INTERPRETATION OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DATA
1. There are not good number of educated youths which may facilitate easy
adoption of technologies and better decision-making regarding farming,
and have better access to new schemes, subsidies and other Govt.
policies. They can also make judicious use of available resource
2. Youth are zealous and very passionate to set up their own agriculture
enterprises.
3. Women are very cooperative, skillful and take agriculture as their
passion.
4. There are opportunities to develop mixed farming system to decrease the
factor of crop failure.
CONSTRAINTS
1. Inadequate availability of quality seeds.
2. Unawareness about scientific technologies.
3. Lack of training to farmers about improved technologies.

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4. Unawareness about recommendation of pesticides, fertilizers and
fungicides.
5. Animal waste is not properly used.
6. Lack of trust on agriculture technocrats.
7. Women are not involved in off farming activities.
8. During Rabi season, land is kept fallow.
9. Marketing channel is not good.
10.Roads are not macadamized.
11.Soil testing is not done
12.Diseases encountered every year which increases costof cultivation
SCHOOL
DETAIL REGARDING SCHOOL
 Area under school= 3 kanal
 No of building= 3
 No of classroom= 8
 No of washroom= 2
 No of teacher= 6
 No pof students = 25

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AANGAWADI CENTER
Function of Aanganwadicenter
 To provide non formal education to children
 To improve health and nutritional status of children
 To provide health care facilities
Detailof Aanganwadicenter
 no of teacher = 1
 no of students = 15
 helper = 1
CHAPTER 6
ADOPTED FARMER DETAIL
NAME OF FARMER = MOHD MAQBOOL MIR
CONTACT NUMBER = 6006167405

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VILLAGE = LONGIPURA
BLOCK = TUJJAR
THESIL = BOMAI
DISTRICT = BARAMULLA
OCCUPATION =a) AGRICULTURE
=b)BUSINESS
FAMILY MEMBERS
S.NO NAME AGE EDUCATION RELATION
WITH
HEAD
OCCUPATION
1 LATEEF
AHMED
40 SECONDARY SON AGRI+
BUSINESS
2 SHAMIMA 37 MIDDLE DAUGHTER IN
LAW
HOUSEWIFE

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3 MIR BAKIR 18 SECONDARY GRANDSON
4 ABRAR UL
ISLAM
14 SECONDARY GRANDSON
5 MIR ZAKIR 10 PRIMARY GRAND SON
LIVESTOCK POSITION
S NO PARTICULR TYPE OF ANIMALS (GOAT)
1 NUMBER OF ANIMAL TWO
2 BREED OF ANIMALS BEETUL

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RESIDENTIAL AND FARM BUILDING
S
NO
TYPE OF
BUILDING
YEAR OF
CONSTRUCTION
TYPES OF
CONSTRUCTION
PRESENT
VALUE
1 RESIDENTIAL 2007 KACCHA
HOUSE
5 LAKH
2 CATTLE
SHED
2018 ..,, 1 LAKH
LAND HOLDING
TOTAL LAND = 13 KANAL

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1)HORTICULTURE
• Area under fruit trees – 6 kanal
• Varieties of apple-,Delicious,American, Ambri
PRACTICE FOLLOWED BY FARMER RECOMMENDED PRACTICES
FERTILIZER APPLICATION – N : P : K=
25:5:5 kg
N : P :K = 1.5 : 0.75 : 2.5 Kg
ALL FERTILIZER APPLY AT ONCE UREA APPLY IN SPLIT DOSE
MANURE = 50 kg/ TREE APPLY 40-60 Kg OF FYM/TREE
PLANTING MATERIAL FROM LOCAL
MARKET
TAKE PLANTING MATERIAL FROM
SKUAST K
PRODUCTION
• Patty(Box) – 500 boxes/ kanal
• 1 box – Rs. 500
• TOTAL INCOME - 250,000/ annum
LABOUR
• HIRED LABOUR– 2Person
• RATE – Rs.700 per /head
• FAMILY LABOUR-3 Person
AGRICULTURE
Area under paddy =5 kanal
• Main crop grown
CROP VARIETY SEED RATE AREA
Rice K39 4kg/kanal 5 kanal

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Cropping pattern = Rice - Fallow
Production = 20 qt
Productivity = 4 qt
HEALTH AND SANITATION
• Source of drinking water-Tap
• Washroom Facilities available –Inside Desi Pattern

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CHAPTER .7
AGRONOMY
Agronomy is a branch of agricultural science which deals with principles
and practices of soil, water and crop management. The term is derived
from two Greek word‘agros’meaning field and ‘nomos’ means to manage.
It is branch of agricultural science that deals with methods which provide
favorable environment to the crop for higher productively.
It is the study of planet in relation to soil and climate. It deals essentially with
all aspects of soil, crop and water management to increase productively of
crops.
Keeping in view the above facts; the READY agronomy programme has been
taken to identify the constraints faced by the farmer and to find out the

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technological gaps between the two stakeholders who are farmers and
the researchers.
Mostly the farmers of our village grow paddyunder the varietal name of K39 .
Most of the farmers go for cultivation of paddyin kharif season and fallow in
rabi seasondue to water logging problem . Therfore the cropping intensity is
100%.
OBJECTIVES OF READY AGRONOMY PROGRAMME:
1. To find out the constraints faced by the farming community of LOGRIPURA VILLAGE.
 Water logging
 Lack of drainage and irrigation facilities.
 Use of traditional varieties
 Not following package of practices recommended by SKUAST.
 Improper storage of compost
2. To find out the production potential of different varieties of crops especially paddy.
3. To acquaint the farmers regarding the various practices in mitigating the adverse weather
conditions via drought, chilly temperatures. Via GKMS, (AD-KISAAN).
4. To equip the farming community regarding the package of practices of different crops
5. Proper recommendation of nutrition
SOLUTIONS FOR THE PROBLEMS
 Maximization of rice production in order to have a breakthrough in rice
production.
 The focus should be on increasing production and productivity, both
horizontally and vertically.
 Use of HYVs and the local varieties recommended by the SKUAST.ie
SR1
 Water harvesting during rainy season so that they can use it as
supplement irrigation when there is scarcity of irrigation.
 Mulching can be done for soil water conservation.

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 Properdrainage facilities.
 Visiting various agriculture related programmes for acquiring more
knowledge about the agricultural problems.
 Spreading awareness among the farmers on the preparation of composts
and also their storage.
PRACTICE FOLLOWED BY FARMER FOR PADDY CULTIVATION
AREA = 0.252 ha
CROPPING PATTERN= RICE- FALLOW
PRODUCTION= 20 Qt
BY PRODUCT = 300 KHURU
PRODUCTIVITY = 4 Qt
CULTIVATION PRACTICES
FOLLOWED BY FARMER
SKUAST K RECOMMENDED
PRACTICES
VARIETY = K -39 VARIETY = SR4 , SR2 ,SR3,
JEHLUM
NURSERY PREPARTION BY
TRADITIONAL METHOD
NURSERY PREPRATION ON
1Ha . Seedling prepared in 30
days
FERTILIZER APPLICATION = N
: P : K kg/ha 60 : 50 : 40
FERTILIZER APPLICATION =
N : P : K ,120:60:40 kg
TIME OF SOWING = APRIL TO
MAY
TIME OF SOWING = 1
ST
WEEK
OF MAY
SEEDLING PER HILL = 10 -11 SEEDLING/HILL = 2-3 seedling
TIME OF TRANSPLINTING =
JUNE
TRANSPLANT 30 DAYS OLD
SEEDLING
YIELD = 20 Q YIELD = 65-70 qt/ha
PROBLEMS FOUND IN PADDY IN THE FIELD OF ABOVE-
MENTIONEDFARMERS:-
 In village LOGRIPURA we came across the massive problem of absence
of irrigation facilities in all the fields which has resulted in the heavy

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decline of their crop yields especially that of paddy crop since it is more
dependent on water in its initial stages.
 Also the inefficient drainage facilities have resulted in the accumulation
of water in the fields giving rise to the water stagnation which has an
adverse effect on the yield of the crops.
 Lack of capital.
 Non availability of quality seeds.
 Lacking of access to knowledge and information that would help them
achieve maximum agricultural yield.
 Lack of mechanization.
 Scarcity of HYV inputs.
 Pooragricultural marketing facilities
SOLUTIONS WHICH CAN BE SUGGESTED TO OVERCOME THESE
CONSTRAINTS:-
 Providing essential knowledge to all the farming community.
 Providing training among the farmers in order to know the use of
machinery and the scientific methods of cultivation of crops.
 Supply of HYV seeds through Agricultural Department.
 Providing adequate agricultural bank loan system.
 Establishing well agriculture market system.
 Make them aware of the rain water harvesting practice by which the
irrigation constraint can be eliminated.
 By means of our Agricultural University SKUAST-K we can make the
Government aware of the irrigation and drainage problems faced by our
farmers so that these problems can be solved

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CHAPTER .8
SOIL SCIENCE
Activities performed during our RAWE programme for soil character analysis
are as follows: -
Soil testing: -Soil testing is referred to as one or more of the procedures of
soil analysis to determine the nutrient status of the soil for fertilizer
recommendation in agriculture which also includes horticulture.
It defines the growth potential of the soil, the toxic effect of the excess nutrient
concentration and growth inhibition by the lack of essential nutrient.
Soil testing is of great importance for evaluating soil fertility.it enables the
farmer to make the most suitable use of the costly inputs that is the fertilizers
and the other amendments.
OBJECTIVES OF SOIL TESTING: -
1. The prime objective of soil testing is to determine the nutrient status of
the soil and to diagnose the variabilities concerned with the nutrient
content of the soil.

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2. To recommend the fertilizer dose
3. To study the soil problems.
4. To study the optimum fertilizer use and to reduce the environmental
impacts of the excess use of fertilizer and this leads to increased yield,
and reduced costand helps to work with the ecology of the crop.
There are four phases in soil testing and soil sampling is the most important
because any error in this phase shall directly impact the soil analysis and will
give wrong results.
Orchard soil sampling: -
1. Survey of the area from where the sample is to be collected.
2. Observe the physical features like the slope, color of the soil, cropping
history and the variety of the crop sown.
3. If the area is homogenous the traverse in a zig zag manner and mark the
sites at several points and collect the sample.
Procedure for sample collection: -
1. Select a suitable place and mark the drip line of the fruit tree which should
be well exposed.
2. Scrap the surface to remove the litter.
3. Dig a pit of (3)(3) dimension.
4. Mark the pit with three equal compartment each at 30cm depth, hence
0-30cm, 30-60cm,60-90cm.
5. Collect the sample from each depth and make the compositeof each
6. Mix the soil, grind it and break the clods if any.
7. Reduce the quantity of the soil to ½ a kg that is 500 gm by quartering
method.
8. Pack the sample in bags along with the information sheets which should
contain the various information like name of the farmer, location, date of
collection, age of the tree, irrigated or unirrigated, fertilizer details.
9. After drying the samples in shade take it to the lab for further procedures.
Precautions while sampling: -

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1. Soil samples should not be collected from or near or along the irrigation
or drainage channel, bunds, compostpits, threshing floors and rat
burrows.
2. Samples bags should be well sanitized.
3. Samples should be well labeled
Processing of the samples: -
Soil processingincludes the procedures of making the soil suitable for the
laboratory tests, it is the most crucial step since without processingwe shall
notbe able work with the soil for the lab tests. It includes the following the
following:-
 Drying : -samples are air dried on sheets of paper.
 Grinding : -it is done to make a fine powderof the soil sample and is
done with a pestle and mortar.
 Sieving :-it is done with a 2mm sieve.
 Storing : -store the samples ion a soil sample box using a polythene sheet
as inner lining. The carton (soil sample box) should be properly labelled.

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SOIL ANALYSIS
SOIL TESTING AND ANALYSIS

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DETERMINATION OFSOILPH
Procedure
 Take 1 g of processed soilin 100 ml beaker.
 Add 25 ml distilled water and stir it with the help of a stirrer.
 Switch on the Ph meter and set the temperature of compensation
knob.After warming the pH meter for 10-15 minutes bring the
galvanometer pointer.
 Dip the electrodes in a buffer of known pH and adjust the pH meter
accordingly.
 Take reading of the soil suspension on the pH meter after adjusting it to a
desired pH with the buffer of suitable pH
OBSERVATION
 The pH of the soil samplewas found to be 7.7

pH ratings
INFERENCE : The sample is neutral
DETERMINATION OFORGANIC CARBON
Reagents: -
 1N potassium dichromate.
Class Soil pH ratings
Strongly acidic <4.5
Moderately acidic 4.5-5.5
Slightly acidic 5.5-6.5
Neutral 6.5-7.8
Slightly alkaline 7.8-8.5
Moderately alkaline 8.5-9.5
Strongly alkaline >9.5

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 0.5N ferrous sulphate.
 0.25N O-phenanthroline ferrous complex indicator.
 Concentrated sulphuric acid.
 Concentrated phosphoric acid.
Sodium fluoride
PROCEDURE
 Weigh 2g soil from each sample
 Add 10 ml 1N K2Cr2O7
 Add 10 ml concentrated H2SO4 and keep it as such for 30 minutes
 Add 10 ml distilled water and add 10 ml of orthophosphoric acid
 Add 1ml diphenyl amine as indicator
 Titrate this solution against Ferrous ammonium sulphate till the colour
changes to Teal green.
 Prepare a blank which should contains all ingredients except soil sample.
OBSERVATIONS
Readingof the blank solution -18
CALCULATIONS :
Percentage of organic carbon=(Blank –Sample reading)0.5 x (.003) x 100
Weight of soil sample
= (18.5-12) x 0.15
2
= 1.2 %
INTERPRETATION :
Range (%) Status
< 0.5 Low
0.5 -0.7 Medium
> 0.7 High
INFERENCE:

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Soil organic carbon content is HIGH
DETERMINATION OF SOIL POTASSIUM
PROCEDURE
1. Take 5 g processed soilin a flask
2. Add 25 ml of 1N Ammonium acetate.
3. Shake the flask for 10 minutes
4. Filter the solution using filter paper.
5. Prepare the standards of 20ppm ,40ppm,60ppm,80ppmand then record
their readings for calibration of the instrument and adjust the setup for
soil samples as per the concentration of standards.
6. Prepare a standard curve and record the ppm readings of each sample
against a given concentration.
Standard curve shows the relationship between concentration of element in a
solutionand intensity of its colour
OBSERVATIONS
13.51ppm
CALCULATIONS
Weight of the sample – 5g
Volume of ammonium acetate added – 25ml
1st dilution – 25/5 =5 times
Readings from flame photometer –k
Ppm recorded from standard curve- y
Ppm of available potassium in soil- y( D.F)-z
Therefore ,
13.51 (12.5) = 168 Kg/ha
INTERPRETATION
Result Soil potassium

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Low < 125 kg /ha
Medium 125-250kg/ha
High > 250
INFERENCE
The soil has medium potassium content
DETERMINATION OF NITROGEN
Preparationof reagents
 0.32%KMnO4 Solution : Dissolve 3.2 g KMnO4 in 1000ml distilled
water
2.5 % NaOH Solution : 12.5 g of NaOH in 500ml distilled water
 4% Boric acid: Dissolve 40 g of Boric acid in 1000 ml distilled water.
PROCEDURE
 Take 2 g of soil sample
 Add 25ml KMnO4 solution to it.
 Add 25ml NaOH solution to the above solution and keep it in Kjeltec for
10 minutes.
 Keep Boric acid at the receiving end for the collection of Ammonical
nitrogen from sample.
 The boric acid sample turns from wine red to blue after 10 minutes.
 Titrate the solutiom containing ammonical nitrogen against 0.02 N H2SO4
solution to estimate the amount of ammonical nitrogen present in it. Add
1N H2SO4 dropwise till the solution turns brownish orange in colour.
OBSERVATIONS
1..4
CALCULATIONS
Blank – 0.8ml
(Sample –Blank)(0.024)(14)(2.24)106

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2 x103
= (1.4-0.8)(0.024)(14)(2.24)106
2 x 103
= 225.79 Kg/ha
INTERPRETATION
Result Soil Nitrogen
Low < 272
Medium 272 -554
High >554
INFERENCE
The soil has low nitrogen content
DETERMINATION OF PHOSPHORUS
Preparationof reagents
 0.5 N NaHCO3 : Dissolve 42g of NaHCO3 and make the volume to
1L
 1.5% Ammonium molybdate : Dissolve 15 g of Ammonium
molybdate in 300 ml of warm water and then add 342ml of
concentrated H2SO4 to it. After cooling make the volume to 1L.
 40% Stannous chloride : Dissolve 10g of stannous chloride crystals
in 25 ml of concentrated HCl and store it.
 Working solution of stannous chloride : Take 0.5 ml of 40 %
stannous chloride solution and make the volume upto 60 ml with
distilled water.
PROCEDURE
 Weigh 2 g of soil
 Add 1 teaspoonfull of Darco-G-Charcoal and 50 ml of 0.5 N sodium
bicarbonate solution
 Mix and shake in an electric shaker for 30 minutes.
 Prepare a blank using all reagents except soil sample

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 Take 5 ml of filterate in 50 ml conical flask and add 5 ml ammonium
molybdate.
 Add 1ml of working solution of stannous chloride and make the volume
to 50 ml by distilled water
 Read the colour of the solution in spectrophotometerat 660nm and record
the percentage transmittance/ absorbanceon spectrophotometer.
 Prepare 100ppm solution of Potassium orthophosphate(KH2PO4) by
dissolving 0.11 g KH2PO4 in 250 ml of distilled water.
 Prepare 0.2, 0.4 , 0.6 , 0.8 ppm from 100ppm.
Add every reagent to these except soil solution and note the absorbance
on spectrophotometer.
Standards Readings/ Absorbance
0.2ppm 0.122%
0.4ppm 0.142%
0.6ppm 0.322%
0.8ppm 0.405%
OBSERVATIONS
Sample readings :
Prepare a standard curve and note the actual concentration of samples from
standard curve.
CALCULATIONS
Weight of soil sample -2g
1st dilution factor – 50/2.5=20
2nd dilution factor – 50/5 = 12.5
Total dilution – 25 x 10 =312.5
P (kg/ha)= Sample reading ( D.F) 2.24
Sample = (0.040 ) (200) (2.24)
= 18 kg/ha
INTERPRETATION

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Ratings Status
<10 Low
10-24.5 Medium
>24.5 High
INFERENCE
The soil has medium phosphorus content
CHAPTER .9
PLANT PATHOLOGY
DISESES IDENTIFIED
 CANKER ON APPLE
 APPLE SCAB
 BLAST OF RICE
1 )Apple canker
CausalOrganism: Botryosphaeria spp.
Apple Canker is among the most destructive and hard to manage problems of
woody plants.Branches die when canker fungi girdle them.Canker also creates

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openings for other fungi, bacteria and insects which can speed up tree decline
and death.
Symptoms:
1. Initially bark splits and rolls like paper.
2. Splitted bark blackens.
3. Affected tissue becomes crocky.
4. Die back of branches from tip to downwards.
Management Recommended by SKUAST-K:
Scrapping off the tree bark till healthy portion of tree is exposed.
1. Fungicide that can be applied are
 Carbendazim 50WP + Mancozeb75WP + Linseed oil
 Carbendazim 50WP + Captan50WP + Linseed oil
 Carbendazim 50WP + Copperoxychloride 50WP + Linseed oil
 Bordeaux mixture (copper+lime+ linseed oil 1:2:3)
 Chaubhatia Paste (1:1:1.25)
2. Repeat paint after 3 months
3. It is also recommended to graft the tree at lesser height, almost at 3-4 feet, so
that trunk is not exposed to sun.
REMEDIAL MEASURES TAKEN BY FARMER:
Farmer covers the canker wounds by mud and cloth only.
DEVIATION:
1. The farmer does not apply any paste on canker wound.
2. He uses mud and clothes to cover the wound.
3. Farmer also does not scrap the dead tissue properly.
REASONS:
1. Unawareness about the actual recommendation practices.
2. Unwillingness of farmer to seek help from extension services or much
relevant to traditional method.

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2 .Apple Scab
Causalorganism:Venturia inequalis.
1. The disease negatively affects fruits size and quality.
2. Over time, repeated defoliation occurs which reduces tree vigor, growth
& yield.
3. Apple Scab produces lesions that are most commonly observed on leaves,
may also find on sepals, petioles, pedicles and fruits.
4. On leaves, lesions first appear on the underside of young leaves in the
spring as unfold and are exposed to infection, these lesions have poorly
defined margins and can be mistaken for sooty mold, or even leaf fuzz.
As leaves matures, the lesions become brown to Olive-green spots.
Infected leaves become yellow.
5. Same lesion appear on fruits, as infected fruits matures, lesions become
brown and crocky these lesion often smaller, have distinct border and
enlarge more slowly than foliar lesions.
Late summer fruits infection may not be visible until the fruits is in storage
Management Recommended by SKUAST-K
STAGE FUNGICIDE /100LT OF WATER
1 Green Tip Mancozeb75WP (300gm), Captan50WP

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2 Pink Bud Mancozeb74WP, Dodin65WP, Ziram80WP
3 Petal fall Difenconazole25EC (30ML) 12 -15 Days after
second spray
4 Fruit set Penconazole 10EC (50ML)
5 (Pea size) Mancozeb, Captan(70%) +Hexaconazol(5%)10
-14 days after third spray
6 Fruit development Dodine65WP (60gm), Captan+Hexaconazole
, Ziram75WP (300gm), Mycobutanil
7 Pre harvest* Need based for longer term storage 25 days
before harvest.
* Mancozeb75WP (300g), Zineb75WP
(300g),
Ziram27SC (600ML)
REMEDIAL MEASURE TAKEN BY FARMER
STAGE FUNGICIDES
Green tip Captan
Pink bud Mancozeb
Petal fall Mancozeb

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Fruit let Score
Fruit development Mancozeb
DEVIATIONS:
 Not concerned with the sanitation of field.
 He does not use cultural management practices for
disease management.
 Farmer does not use SKUAST-K recommended
chemical.
REASONS;
 Farmer is not educated.
 Theydo not seek the help of extension service.
 He is not interested in adapting management practices and techniques of
integrated management practices by SKUAST-K
3 )BLAST DISEASE OF RICE

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Causalorganism:Pyriculariaoryzae
Symptoms: Symptoms appears on leaves,leaf sheath, rachis, nodes and on
glumes. The lesions appear on leaves as small, water-soaked flecks of about 1-
3mm diameter. The lesions are spindle shaped,the centre appears dull grayish
green and periphery has dark brown colour. An early seedling infection may
give burnt appearance in field. The disease reduces the number of mature
panicles, grain weight. Culm may break at the infection node.
Rotten neck or neck blast:when flower emerges, the pathogen attacks the
peduncle,which are engirdle and lesion may become brownish-black.
Causalorganism:
 The mycelium intracellular, the hyphae are septate, multicellular and
branched.
 Conidia are pyriform to obligate 2 septate.
 Conidia are dew, rain or wind disseminated. Ascospores are hyaline,
fusiform, curved & septate.
Diseasecycle:Sourceofprimary inoculum are rice straw residues and weed
hosts. Pathogen overwinters as mycelium and lodged on leaves and germinates
in presence of thin film water. Germ tube develops into an apersorium and
infection peg develops penetrates cuticle /epidermis through stomata.
Management:
 Field Sanitation: Remove and destroy the stubbles and crop residues soon
after harvesting.
 Use optimum seed rate, seedling per hill and nitrogen dosage
 Seed treatment with mancozeb @ 3g/kg of seed or Agrosan-GN@2g/kg
seed or tricyclazole @0.06% or Hexaconazole @ 0.03%.

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 Spray the crop with Tricyclazole@ 0.06% or Ediphenphos @ 0.1% or
Hexaconazole @0.03% or Carbendazim@ 0.05%.
 Use of resistant varieties such as,Shalimar Rice 1.
CHAPTER 10
ENTOMOLOGY
The most common pests seen in our respondent farmers’
orchard
Stem Borer ( Aeolesthes sarta)

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Sanjose Scale (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus)
1.Sanjose Scale (Quadraspidiotus perniciosus
Symptom –
1)infested region on bark turn into pink color
2)Pink color encrustation on apple fruit
MANAGEMENT TAKEN BY FARMER
Farmer sprays Chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 1lit. /1000
lit. of water. ( Difenoconazole 25 EC) @ 100 ml
/100 lit. of water.

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SPRAY TREEE MANAGEMENT
IST DELAY DORMANCY HMO (Horticultural
mineral oil) @ 2 lit. per
100 lit. of water
2ND PETAL FALL When 6-12
crawlers/sq. cm of SJS
are observed, apply any
of the insecticide ;
Dimethoate 30 EC @
100 ml/100 lit. of water
3RD FRUIT
DEVELOPMENT
Need based :Spray of
the above insecticides
is repeated
2.Apple stem bore( Aeolesthes sarta)
SYMPTOM
1) The pest mostly affects old trees boring tunnels in the trunk there by
decrease the vitality & productivity of trees.

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2)The Grubs of the pest cause damage by boring in the trunk of trees
feeding internally on parenchymatous tissues of plant
3 The adult beetle feed on the bark of the tree.
FARMER MANAGEMENT PRACTICE
1) Farmers usually put petrol in the holes on the trunk.
2) Also they apply lime to the holes.
4) farmers simply plug the hole with mud and then cover it with
gunny bags
MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDED BY SKUAST KASHMIR
1) Pruning of affected branch

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2) Identification of live holes
3) Take a matallic wire and clear saw dust from hole
4) Clean the hole and plug it with cotton dipped in Dichlorvos 76EC @
3ml/lit. of water.
CHAPTER .11
FRUIT AND VEGETABLE PRODUCTION INTERVENTION
HORTICULTURE SECTOR OF J&K
 Horticulture sectorcontributes immensely to strengthen the financial
conditions of Jammu and Kashmir.
 About 20% area of the state is under horticulture crops.
 Horticulture sectorof Jammu and Kashmir contributes around 5000
crores to annual income of state.
 Among the horticulture crops in the state, apple occupies the predominant
position constituting around 45% of total area under fruit crops.
 Others include almonds, walnuts, pears, cherries and apricots.
Horticultural activities during READY.
 Demonstration on traning and pruning
 Demonstration on cultivation practices
 Domenstration on application of fertilizer
Among all horticulture crops apple are mainly grown by farmer

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 AREA = 0.303
 Age of tree= 24 years
 APPLE VARIETY = DELICIOUS , AMBRI
 QUANTITY PRODUCED = 500 B0XES
 PRICE FOR ONE BOX = 500 RP
TOTAL INCOME = 250000 RP
Cultivation practices in Apple
PRACTICE FOLLOWED BY
FARMER
RECOMMENDED
PRACTICES
FERTILIZER APPLICATION – N :
P : K= 25:5:5
N : P :K = 1.5 : 0.75 : 2.5 Kg
ALL FERTILIZER APPLY AT
ONCE
UREA APPLY IN SPLIT DOSE
MANURE = 50 kg/ TREE APPLY 40-60 Kg OF FYM/TREE
PLANTING MATERIAL FROM
LOCAL MARKET
TAKE PLANTING MATERIAL
FROM SKUAST K
PROBLEMS FACED BY FARMERS
Many problems were faced by farmers regarding the cultivation of these crops,
which are mentioned below:
1. Lack of high yielding varieties in vegetable crops. Farmers are unaware
of these HYV’s so they grow the local varieties which give them low
yield.
2. Improper spacing: The average number of plants in an area of one hectare
can range between 200-2500.
3. Fruit drop is one of the major problems in the orchards.
4. Field sanitation is very poorin the orchards as well as nurseries.

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5. Lack of proper irrigation facility. They don’thave a reliable sourceof
irrigation.
6. Lack of scientific knowledge and spray schedule by agricultural
universities isn't followed properly.

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TRAINING AND PRUNING
Training is a practice in which tree growth is directed into a desired shape and
form. The goal of training is to direct tree growth and minimize cutting. The
main objectives of training are:
 To admit more sunlight and air to the centre of the tree and to expose
maximum leaf surface to the sunlight.
 To protect the tree from sunburn and wind damage.
 To secure a balanced distribution of fruit bearing parts on the limbs of the
plant.
Pruning is the proper and judicious removal of plant parts such as shoots, spurs,
leaves, roots or nipping away of terminal parts etc. to correct or maintain tree
structure and increase its usefulness.
It is done to:
 Make the plant more productive and bear quality fruits.
 Increase longevity of the tree.

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 Make it into manageable shape.
 To get maximum returns from the orchard.
 Removal of branches removes not only stored carbohydrates but reduces
the potential leaf surface as well.
 Pruning increases fruit size, nitrogen per growing point and stimulates
growth near the cut.
Most of the farmers don’t do proper training and pruning as they are unaware of
the importance of training and pruning. Some of them whose primary
occupation is not farming, they don’t spend more time on orchard and doesn’t
follow the package of practices properly.
Chapter 12
Food processing and storage intervention
Food processing is the transformation of agriculture products into different
form
OBJECTIVES
 To prevent food contamination
 To increase shelf life of food
 To turn raw material into attractive and marketable products
1
• Primary food processing
• drying , winnowing , milling
2
• Secondary food processing
• creating food from ingredients that are ready to use
3
• Tertiary food processing
• commercial production like processed food

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 Reduce the incidence of food borne disease
PICKLE MAKING
 Time of pickle making = October – November
 Types of pickle made
 Knol-khol
 Carrot and raddish
Ingredients used
 Garlic , onion, salt, red chilli, zeera , vinegar , oil, coriander,
seeds , mustard seeds
Process ofd pickle making
METHOD
DRYING OF
VEGETABLES
TOMATO
BRINJAL
PICKLES
MAKING
1
• garlic and onion paste
• roasting spices
2
• vegetables > cleaning >
cuttingblanching > keeping overnight
3
• mixing all ingredients and filling
tightly container

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Drying of vegetables
The vegetables mare dried mainly to consumed during winter due to shortage of
vegetables in winter season
1 )Drying of tomato
Suggestion to farmer
1 ) pickle making
 Use ginger in spices
 Mixing of different vegetables
2) drying of vegetables
 Don’t dry tomatoes in open sunlightfor first 1 day
 After drying tomatoes keep in close container
Storage pattern followed by farmer
 Use of nylon bags for storing pulses, corn grains
 For storing paddyhe use tin sheets
1
• washing the tomatoes
• removing the green calyx
2
• cut into small pieces
• place on flat structure
3
• keeping a thin breathable cloth over it
• then keeping at suitable place upto drying

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Suggestion for storage
 Productshould be stored at propermoisture levels for safe storage
 Roomfor storage should be properly ventilated
 Container use for storing should be properly sterilized
 Productshould be stored in air tight container to avoid oxidation
Chapter 13
ANIMAL PRODUCTION INTERVENTION
Animal husbandry is the branch of agriculture where animals are reared and
raised for meat , milk, fibre, egg and other products
Livestockdetail of my contact farmer
Particular Number Breed
Cow 2 Cross breed jersey
Feeding in cow
Concentrates Roughages Grazing
3 kg wheat bran +rice
bran given 2 times a day
rice straw , oat straw
and mixed hay used in
alternate pattern 3 times
a day
Grazing in orchard and
open field during 5
month and remaning in
cow shed
Detail regarding cow
No breed Age vaccination Milk
yield
Method
of
milking
Fym
generated
Cow jersey 8 yr Done in 2
times in yr
6 liter/
day
stripping 2tractor/yr

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CHAPTER 14
EXTENSION AND TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY
Agriculture extension services are very important in the development of rural
knowledge and innovative system for farmers
1 )Source of information used by farmers
 Radio and TV mostly used but not on daily basis
 Information from neighbours, local dealer , relatives
 From agriculture department in melas
2) Adoption of farm technology for rice and apple
Technology adopted Name of crop/varieties
Improved varieties Nil
Seed treastment Nil
Recommended dose of fertilizer Nil
Use of weedicidies Rice
Insecticide Apple

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Gaps between farmer practices and recommended
package of practices of Apple
Particular Farmer practices Recommended practices
Variety Red delicious,ambri Add new varieties
Source of planting Local dealer From authorised sources
Pollinizers Red delicious Red velox,golden
delicious
FYM Randomly applied 10-25 according to age
of tree
Fertilizer dose 1.5 :2:1kg
Urea;DAP:MOP
1.5kg urea
0.75kg DAP
2.5 kg MOP/tree
Spray schedule 1 HMO spary followed
by 10 spray fungicides
Should follow the spray
schedule of Skuast
kashmir
Problem identified Suggestion
Lack of awarenss / information
regarding new technology
Keep updated about latest technology
by visiting kvk and watching
programmes
Doesn’t follow recommended package
and practices
Should follow recommended package
of practices from authorized sources
Feel unsafe in adopting new
technology
Result demonstration can be solution
here
Schemes ongoing in village
Agricultural
development
programmes
Poverty alleviation
programme
Women development
programme
ATMA ( agricultural
technology management
agency
MG NREGA Integrated child
development scheme
SMAM (sub mission on
agricultural
mechanization
Back to village

70 | P a g e
NHM (national
horticultural mission
Beti bachao beti padhao
CHAPTER 15
AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS
IMPORTANCE OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
 Socio economic study of respondentfarmer.
 Working out the costof cultivation or costof establishment of the
important crop (apple) of the host farmer.
 Working out the measures of farm profitability and efficiency.
 Analyzing the existing farm plan and suggest location specific
alternative farm plan.
CALCULATION OF COST OF
CULTIVATION OF APPLE ORCHARD AND
PADDY OF THE ALLOTED FARMERS
COST OF CULTIVATION:-The term ‘cost of cultivation’ and cost of production’
is used as synonyms for the purpose of cost study. The cost of cultivation
includes factor costs up to the stage of gathering the harvest and the cost of
production to include factor costs up to the stage of marketing the produce.
FIXED COST :- It remains the same irrespective of level of production. Fixed
costs include cost items like taxes, insurance, cess, depreciation on machinery,
implements, tools, buildings, salaries of personnel working in the firm, etc.
These are also known as indirect costs, sunk costs and overhead costs. The
summation of all these costs is called total fixed costs (TFC)
VARIABLE COST :-It varies with the level of output. These include costs of raw
materials, labour, power, repairs, maintenance charges of machinery, etc. These
are also known as working costs, operating costs, direct costs, prime costs,
circulating costs and running costs. These are second phase costs. The
summation of these costs refers to total variable costs (TVC).

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TOTAL COSTS :- These include total fixed costs as well as total variable costs.
BENEFIT – COST RATIO :- A BCR is an indicator used in cost benefit analysis
that attempt to summarize the overall value for money of a project or proposal.
General rule of thumb is that if the benefit is higher than the cost then the
project is a good investment.
DISCOUNTING FACTOR :- The key number needed to determine NPW is the
discount factor, the factor by which money is received are multiplied to obtain
NPW. The discount rate refers to the interest rate used in discounted cash
flowanalysis to determine the time value of money (present value of future cash
flows) for perennial enterprises. It is calculated by:
D.f = 1
(1 + r) n
Where, r = rate of interest
n= number of years
NET PRESENT WORTH :- It is a measurement of profit calculated by subtracting
the present value of cash out flows(including initial costs) from the present
value of cash inflows over a period of time.
INTERNAL RATE OF RETURNS (IRR) :-IRR is a method of calculating rate of
return. The term internal refer to fact that its calculation doesn’tinvolve
external factor, such as inflation or costof capital. It is calculated by :
NPWa
IRR = ra+ (rb– ra) NPWa - NPWb
NPW
DISCOUNT RATE
IRR

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PAYBACK PERIOD :-It is the length of time requiredto recover the
cost of an investment.
PP = Costs ofproject/ investment
Annual cashinflows
1.COST OF CULTIVATION OF APPLE FOR 6
Kanal (0.303 ha)
Variable cost
Particulars 1
st
2
nd
3
rd
4
th
5
th
6
th
7
th
8
th
9
th
10
th
Planting material
160 plants @rs
20/plant
3000 600 200 -- -- --
Family labour 600 900 1100 1200 1250 1300 1400 1800 2000 2500
Hired Labour 700 1000 1500 2000 5500 7000 7500 9000 2000 3500
Manures 2000 2400 2400 2600 3000 3600 3800 6000 6900 7600
Plant protection -- 2000 2500 4000 5000 5200 5600 6000 6500 7500
Fertilisers
UREA
DAP
MOP
250
380
600
290
480
750
300
800
1490
380
1150
1800
450
1400
2200
500
1600
2700
600
1900
3000
650
2000
3300
Boxes/nails -- -- -- -- 1100
0
15000 20000 32000 35200 35200

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Transportation -- -- -- -- 320
0
3500 3800 4000 4200 4500
Total variable cost 6300 6900 8930 1132
0
1725
0
20630 26150 34800 62300 66750
Interest @6% 378 414 535.
8
679.
2
1035 1237.8 1569 2088 3738 4005
Grand Total of
variable cost
6678 7314 9465
.8
1199
9.2
1828
5
21867.8 27719 36888 66038 70755
Rental value of own
land @600/kanal
400
0
430
0
500
0
580
0
600
0
7000 7300 7500 8300 9000
Land revenue
@120/hectare
48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48 48
Depreciation
Foot sprayer 300 227.5
4
179.7 124.6 63.9
Motor sprayer 0 0 0 0 0 818.2 749.7 677.3 601.3 521.9
Farm implements
(spade tungroo
sickle)
266.7 227.6 179.8 124.6 63.9 400 343.3 269.6 186.9 95.9
Total cost 1014.
7
5883.
14
6215.
5
6172.
6
7139.
58
8996.6
5
9644.4
9
10348.
73
11125.
4
11983.92
Interest @12% 121.7
6
705.9
7
745.8
6
740.7
1
856.7 1079.5 1157.3 1241.8 1335.0
4
1438.07

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Total fixed cost 1136.
46
6589.
11
6961.
36
6913.
31
7996.
28
10076.
15
10801.
79
11590.
53
12460.
44
13421.99
TOTAL COST OF CULTIVATION
FIXED COST + VARIABLE COST
1
st
Yr.
(Rs)
2
nd
Yr.
(Rs)
3
rd
Yr.
(Rs)
4
th
Yr.
(Rs)
5
th
Yr.
(Rs)
6
th
Yr
(Rs)
7
th
Yr.
(Rs)
8
th
Yr.
(Rs)
9
th
Yr.
(Rs)
10
th
Yr.
(Rs)
7814.
46
13903
.11
16427
.16
18912
.51
26281
.28
31943
.95
38520
.79
48478
.53
78498
.44
84176
.99
RETURNS
RETURNS 1st
Yr.
(Rs)
2nd
Yr.
(Rs)
3rd
Yr.
(Rs)
4th Yr.
(Rs)
5th Yr.
(Rs)
6th Yr
(Rs)
7th Yr.
(Rs)
8th Yr.
(Rs)
9th Yr.
(Rs)
10th Yr.
(Rs)
Wood
200 350 500 750 800 1000 1300 2000
Fruit
85000
90000 100000 126000 128000 145000

75 | P a g e
Total
Returns
200 350 70000 75000 85000 100000 110000 120000
Estimation of present value of money
Year Cost Returns Discounting
factor @12%
Present value
of cost
Present value
of returns
1
st 7814.46 0.89 6954.86
2
nd 13903.11 079 10983.45
3
rd 16427.16 200 0.71 11663.28 142
4
th 18912.51 350 0.63 11914.88 220.5
5
th 26281.28 70000 0.56 14717.51 39200
6
th 31943.95 75000 0.50 15971.97 37500
7
th 3820.79 85000 0.45 1719.35 38250
8
th 48478.53 100000 0.40 19391.41 400000
9
th 78498.44 110000 0.36 28259.43 39600
10
th 84176.9 120000 0.32 26936.60 38400
Total 148512.74 283365.5
Profit 139596.26
BC Ratio is total present value of returns 233312.5
Total present value of cost 148512.74
=1.52
CONCLUSION : The BCR ratio for is greater than unity. If he invests 1
rupeehe gets a profit of 52%
Net present worth
Year Cost Returns Net income Discounting
factor @12%
NPW
1
st 7814.46 - 0.89
2
nd 13903.11 079
3
rd 16427.16 200 -16227 0.71 -11521.1

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4
th 18912.51 350 -18562 0.63 -11694.0
5
th 26281.28 70000 -43718.72 0.56 -24482.4
6
th 31943.95 75000 43056.05 0.50 -21528.02
7
th 38520.79 85000 46479.21 0.45 -20915.64
8
th 48478.53 100000 51521.47 0.40 20608.58
9
th 78498.44 110000 67498.4 0.36 24299.4
10
th 84176.99 120000 72176.99 0.32 23096.63
Total
4. NET PRESENT WORTH ( NPW ) ( Rs.) of an Orchard
Year Cost( Rs. ) Return
( Rs. )
Net Income
( Rs. )
D.F @ 12
%
Net Present
Value
D.F @ 54 % Net Present
Value
1
7814.46
0.8929
0.6493
2
1390.3.11
0.7972
0.4216
3
16427.16 200 -16227
0.7118
-11521.1 0.3738 -6003.9
4
18912.51 350 -18562
0.6355
-11694.0 0.1777 -3285.47
5
26281.28 70000 -43718.72
0.5674
-24482.4 0.1154 -5045.14
6
31943.95 75000 43056.05
0.5066
21528.02 0.0749 3224.89
7
38520.79 850000 46479.21
0.4523
20915.64 0.0486 2258.88
8
48478.53 100000 51521.47
0.4038
20608.58 0.0316 1545.644
9
78498.44 110000 67498.4
0.3606
24299.4 0.0205 1383.71
10
84176.99 120000 72176.99
0.3219
23096.63 0.0133 23233.7
NPW 135445.7 45981.33

77 | P a g e
Internal discount rate + difference between two discount rate * present worth
of cash flow at lower discount rate
absolute difference between the present worth of cash flow at two discount
rate
12 + 54-12 * 135445.7
( 135445.7 - 45981.33 )
54 *1.51396
81.75%
Cost of cultivation of paddy for 5 kanal
VARIABLE COST
COST INVOLVED NO. RUPEES (Rs.)
Hired Labour 20 (Rs.400×20) 8000
Family labour 6 (Rs.300×6) 1800
Machinery Cost No. of Hours = 4hrs
(Rs300 × 4)
1200
Cost of seed 25 kg / 5 kanal i.e
100kg/ 1 Ha
( Rs. 12 x 100 )
1200
Plough 1 500
Puddling cost 1 500
Manure 1 tracror 2500
Fertilizer 300
Transportation
Charges
300

78 | P a g e
Depreciation on
Implements
65
Total variable cost 16365
Interest @ 3% 490.95
GRAND TOTAL
VARIABLE COST 16855.95
FIXED COST
COST INVOLVED RUPEES ( Rs. )
Rental value of owned land @ 600/kanal 2400
Land Revenue ( Rs. 10/ kanal ) 200
Total fixed cost 2600
Interest @ 6% 156
Grand Total Fixed Cost 2756
TOTAL COST OF CULTIVATION :- Fixed Cost + Variable Cost
2756 + 16855.95
= 19611.95

79 | P a g e
Returns( in Rs. )From Paddy 20 Kanal ( 1ha))
Particulars. Quantity Rupees ( in Rs. )
Main Product 20 Qtl ( Rs . 1500
/ qtl × 20 )
30,000
Straw 400 bundles 6000
TOTAL
RETURN
36000
Profit :- Total Returns – Total Costof Cultivation
= 36000 - 30000
= 6000
BENEFIT COST RATIO ( BCR ) :- Total Return ÷ Total Cost
= 36000 / 19611.95
= 1.8
BENEFIT COST RATIO IS GREATER THAN 1, SO IT IS A
WORTHY ENTERPRISE
INCOME MEASURES OF PADDY
CostA = Hired Labour + Costof seed + Manure + Fertilizers + Transportation
+ Depreciation + Interest on working capital
= 12790.95
CostB = CostA + Rental Value of Land + Interest on Fixed Capital =
12946.95
CostC = CostB + imputed value of family labour = 14746.95
1. FARM BUSINESS INCOME = Gross Return - CostA
36000– 12790.95 = 23209.05
2. FAMILY LABOUR INCOME = Gross Return – CostB
36000 – 12946.95 = 23053.05

80 | P a g e
3. NET INCOME = Gross Return – CostC
36000 – 14746.95 = 21253.05
4. FARM INVESTMENTINCOME = Farm Business Income -
Imputed Value of Family Labour
= 23209.05 – 1800 = 21409.05
Conclusion:- As the respondent is having two projects and both the projects
are worthy, so farmer should continued bothenterprise

81 | P a g e
CHAPTER 13
INDUSTRIAL ATTACHMENTAND OTHER VISITS
Is important to get the required exposure in terms of our career as
unemployment is a considerable issue in the valley. Therefore the university
has also included the industrial visits in this RAWE program so that we get an
idea of the avenues we have and get the benchmark to contemplate how to
establish an enterprise.
OBJECTIVES
 To expose the studentsto the industrialenvironment
 To give the studentsthe idea of acumen ship , marketing skills etc
 To encouragestudentsto optentrepreneurship asa career option.
Duringthe industrialwe visited some of the industries which gave usa
glimpse of trade and other activities in agriculturalproducts.
1 ) VISIT TO FRUIT MANDI SOPORE
The Mandi was established in the year 1987 in Iqbal Market Soporeby Mr
Ghulam Mustafa for the fruit growers of the valley. In 1988 it was re-
established as to what it is today. The total area of the mandi is about 500 kanals
.The total money invested on the mandi was 15 crore. It accommodates about
40-50 workers(employees).

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This mandi ranks first with respect to apple and second with respect to other
fruits in Asia 70% % of the production of apple in the valley is in North
Kashmir and rest is in South Kashmir.The best year in terms of returns was
found to be 2016
2 . VISIT TO COLD STORAGE
It is an agricultural storage method where air compostionlike
oxygen,carbondioxide, nitrogen regulated
Principle of CA storage
 To reduce rate of respiration
 To reduce microbial growth
 Retard enzymatic spoilage

83 | P a g e
3.VISIT TO KISAN MELA AT SKUAST-K AT SHALIMAR
Kisan mela is an annual function being held at the shalimar campus of SKUAST-
K,wherein the farmers and the people from other communities are availed
different commodities like seed material,planting materials,animals and animal
products ,In addition different flowers and products like honey are also put on
sale.In addition to sale of different commodities,demonstration over useof
various things is also given. our batch attended this mela on 07/03/2020.
Theme = scientific farming for sustainability and profitability

84 | P a g e
CONCLUSION :
As I conclude I must say that the main aim of this industrial visit was to
inculcate entrepreneurship acumen in the students so as to start their own
enterprise so that they can generate employment not only for themselves but for
others as well. This visit certainly encouraged us and boosted our confidence.
CHAPTER 14
Activities performed in SKUAST-K Wadura
1 ) VISIT TO IFS UNIT , FOA, WADURA
Integrated farming system abbreviated as IFS is a whole organic farming
management system which aims to deliver more sustainable agriculture. At
present farmers concentrate mainly on crop production which is subjected to
high degree of uncertainty in both income and employment to the farmers. In
this contest, it is imperative to evolve suitable strategy for augmenting the
income of the farmer.IFS deals with the integration of various agricultural
enterprises viz. cropping, animal husbandry, fisheries, forestry etc. which have
great potentialities in the agricultural economy.
ADVANTAGES OF IFS :

85 | P a g e
 Higher food productionto equate the demand of the exploding population
of the nation
 Increased farm income through properresidue recycling and allied
components
 Sustainable soil fertility and productivity through organic waste recycling
 Reduced productioncostof components as output of one enterprise acts
as the input of another enterprise
 Income stability as there will be a flow of income throughout the season
in terms of products like egg, milk, mushroom, vegetables, honey ,
silkworm cocoonsetc
 Generation of regular employment for the farm family members of small
and marginal farmers
COMPONENTS OF IFS :
The main components of IFS are crops , livestock , birds and trees .The crop
may have sub systems like monocrop, mixed/ intercrop, multi-tier crops of
cereals , legumes ( pulses ), oilseeds, forage etc. Livestock components may be
milch cow, goat, sheep , poultry, bees. Tree component may include timber ,
fuel , fodderand fruit trees.
Suitable grain crops : Maize , sorghum , bajra , green gram , blackgram ,
redgram , chickpea , soybean, horse gram , sunflower, safflower etc
Suitable forage crops : Foddersorghum , fodder bajra , foddercowpea , etc
Suitable tree species : Tamarind , ber , Indian gooseberry, neem , etc
Suitable livestock and birds : Goat , sheep , black cattle, white cattle , pigeon
, rabbit , poultry etc.
CRITICAL ASPECTS OF IFS:
 Social
 Economic
 Environmental
OBJECTIVES OF IFS :
 To double the income of the farmer
 To provide food security

86 | P a g e
 To provide framers’ security
 To reduce poverty
IFS IN FOA WADURA
The area under this program in the campus is about 2.5 hectares ( 51 kanals) .
The various components of IFS are :
Grain crops : As far as the grains are concerned for that purposethe field has
been laid out into 3 blocks . The very first speared for agricultural crops which
include
Cereals - wheat
Pulses - Field pea and lentil
The second block is speared for
Olericulture - Garden pea , coriander etc
Floriculture
Pomology -Apple
The last block is speared for the cultivation of paddybut as far as rabi season is
concerned itt has been planned to be cultivated with fodderoats.
Livestock – The system has dairy cattle, , poultry , duckery and fishery on the
name of livestock. Raring of sheeps and goats is also practiced as per
availability.
The poultry comprises of species of KROILER ( with the efficiency of
producing 240-270 eggs / year) and VANRAJA ( with the efficiency of
producing 220 eggs/ year)
Others :
Mushroom unit
Apiculture
Vermicomposting unit
The system has 8 polyhouses for the protected cultivation of vegetable crops
like kale and lettuce.
The system comprises of two ponds forthe purposeof irrigating the crops.

87 | P a g e
2) VISIT TO MUSHROOM UNIT
The visit was accompanied by Dr Najeeb Mughal,Dr Aisha ,Dr tanveer who
demonstrated us about the prepration of Dingri mushroom.After the
demonstrated was over,we students participated in the activity of prepration of
mushroom.
Wheat grains which have the inoculum and which with in a period of 1-1.5 months
devlop into mushrooms.

88 | P a g e
4 )VISIT TO BIOFERTILIZER UNIT
A general lecture on the preparation of biofertilizers was given by Dr Asif
• Raw material: cow dung, agricultural waste , earthworm(Red worm;
Eisina foetida)
• Pre-decomposition for 3-4 weeks
• Moisture content should be 60%
• Turning is done after 15 days.
• Total 3 turnings done.
• Vermicompost ready after 45 days.
 Note : In summers jute bags should be to check moisture content.

89 | P a g e
CHAPTER 15
METHOD DEMOSTRATION
Its a relatively short time domenstration given before a group to show how to
carry a new practices and old practices in better way
Objective
 To enable people to improve their old skills
 Enable people to acquire new skill
 To give confidence to people that a particular practice efficient
1) Horticultuire demonstration
Training and pruning in apple
Dr Nazir Ah Ganiae analysed the training pattern of farmer and
then showed them a better and scientific way of traning and
pruning
2 ) Entomology and Pathology demonstration
Diagnostic field visit
During this visit Entomologist Dr Sajad Ahmad Mir and Pathologist Dr
Aisha Nabi give a detail tactics to diagonise Insect and disease

90 | P a g e

91 | P a g e
CHAPTER 16
SOCIAL ACTIVITIES DONE IN VILLAGE
1. SANTITATION

92 | P a g e
2. PLANTATION DRIVE
3.HEALTH AND HYGIENE AWARNESS

93 | P a g e

READY / RAWE report

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