Here are some potential issues and tools: - Food security - Seasonal calendar - Natural resource management - Resource maps - Livelihood strategies - Ranking matrix - Gender roles - Daily activity calendar Discuss as a group and fill out the tool.

1. Tools for Livelihood and Gender Analysis
Jemimah Njuki
Team Leader: Poverty, Gender and Impact
FAO-ILRI Workshop on Integrating Gender in Livestock Projects and Programs,
ILRI, Addis Ababa, 22-25 November 2011

2. A ‘short’ list of tools we could discuss…
•Agroecosystems Analysis (AEA), Beneficiary Assessment (BA), Development
Education Leadership Teams (DELTA), Diagnosis and Design (D&D), Diagnostico Rural
Participativo (DRP), Farmer Participatory Research (FPR), Groupe de Recherche et
d’Appui pour l’Auto-promotion Paysanne (GRAAP), Methode Active de Recherche et
de Planification Participative (MARP), Participatory Analysis and Learning Methods
(PALM), Participatory Action Research (PAR), Participatory Research Methodology
(PRM), Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), Participatory Rural Appraisal and
Planning (PRAP), Participatory Technology Development (PTD), Participatory Urban
Appraisal (PUA), Planning for Real, Process Documentation, Rapid Appraisal (RA),
Rapid Assessment for Agricultural Knowledge Systems (RAAKS), Rapid Assessment
Procedure (RAP), Rapid Assessment Techniques (RAT), Rapid Catchment Analysis
(RCA), Rapid Ethnographic Assessment (REA), Rapid Food Security Assessment
(RFSA), Rapid Multi-perspective Appraisal (RMA), Rapid Organisational Assessment
(ROA), Rapid Rural Appraisal (RRA), Samuhik Brahman (Joint Trek), Soft Systems
Methodology (SSM), Story Methodology (SM), Theatre for Development, Training
for Transformation, Visualisation in Participatory Programmes (VIPP), Results based
management (RBM), Community action plan (CAP), Strengths, weaknesses,
opportunity and threatsanalysis (SWOT), Force Field Analysis (FFA), Participatory
Monitoring and evaluation (PM&E), Process Monitoring (ProM), Participatory
Market Research (PMR); Market Opportunity identification (MOI); Enabling Rural
Innovation (ERI), Participatory Market Chain Analysis (PMCA)
More is not necessarily better!

3. Selecting Methods and Tools for data
collection
1. Type of information needed
2. Degree of participation of stakeholders in
the design, collection, collation, analysis
and dissemination of data and findings
3. End use and user of the data (Who will use
the data, and for what purpose, relevance
of information to different audiences)
4. Level of data accuracy and reliability of
findings, type and scale of analysis required

4. Selective methods…………
5. Ease of application and requisites for
implementation: does the tool require some
training, equipment, and special expertise?
6. Scale of application/area coverage (hierarchical
levels: plots, farms, farmer/households, groups,
communities, micro-watershed
7. Frequency of monitoring and evaluation (Time
demand for data collection and analysis)
8. Cost effectiveness (logistics, materials,
equipment
9. Feedback: necessity to provide quick feedback to
stakeholders

5. Qualitative approaches
• Provides interpretive power
– What as well as why
• Exploring topics less amenable to survey questions
• Express local voice and perceptions
• Qualitative methods are effective at capturing these issues
because
– Elaboration, and sometimes several tries and lengthy
follow-up and probing, are needed to convey the
questions adequately and understand answers
– People do not always tell the truth the first time: Getting
candid information often requires time, trust, rapport,
triangulation, observation
• Discover unanticipated issues
• Solicit local solutions to problems

6. Quantitative approaches
• Identifies stratification strategy
• Provides community and household
characteristics for sampling
• Identifies issues for investigation
• Triangulation, confirmation,
contradiction
• Determines prevalence of qualitative
findings in wider population
• Reveals representation of qualitative
sample

7. Some misconceptions about
qualitative approaches
• It is easy to do and cheap, and anyone can do it.
“If you can talk to farmers, you can use qualitative approaches
and tools”
• With qualitative tools, all you need is to document
the results. No analysis is needed—
”just write up the report, its basic stuff”
• “You don’t need a research design! Just talk to a few farmers and do a
few focus group discussions”
• A lack of understanding of the tools and approaches
“We are using a PRA tool”

8. Different types of tools
Mapping tools PRA tools Interviews Ethnographic
tools
Participatory Transect Walks Community Case studies
impact diagrams surveys
Trend lines Innovation
Diffusion Maps Semi-structured Histories
Venn diagrams interviews
Before and After Life Histories
resource /asset Seasonal Unstructured d
maps calendars interviews Personal diaries
Social network Focus Group Key informant
analysis Discussions interviews
Community Organizational
meetings assessment
Ranking
/Rating/Scoring

9. Mapping Tools

10. Resource/ asset maps
• From Katosi

11. Resource /Asset Maps
Before After

12. Integrating gender in the resource
maps
• Two main ways:
– Drawing resource maps with men and
women separately
– Using cards /symbols to indicate what
resources men and women have access to,
ownership of and control over

13. Calendars / trend lines

14. Food Availability Calendar in El Jardin
Current
Producto Ene Feb Mar Abr May Jun Jul Ago Sep Oct Nov Dic
Café
Yuca
Maiz
Frijol
Caña P.
Pollos
Hortalizas
Frutales
Five Years Ago
Producto Ene Feb Mar Abr May Jun Jul Ago Sep Oct Nov Dic
Café
Yuca
Maiz
Frijol
Caña P.
Pollos
Hortalizas
Frutales
Available
Average
Scarce

15. Gender in Calendars
• Seasonal calendars to indicate activities and use
of symbols for who does what activities
• They can be a good way of determining who
does what
• Can indicate periods of busy activity /less busy
activities during the year and the most
appropriate period for project interventions
• Information can also be used to target activities
such as training
• Can be drawn separately by men and women

16. Time allocation calendars

17. Daily Activity Calendars
• Useful for showing daily time allocation
between men and women
• Can be a useful discussion starter for
time reallocation, the role of men and
women in the household, farm and
market

18. Institutional / Venn diagrams
Name of Type of Their Potential Potential
stakeholder stakeholder interests role impacts on
/stake them

19. Categories of Stakeholders
• Primary stakeholders: the direct beneficiaries
or target of the intervention.
• Secondary stakeholders: indirect beneficiaries
can be both important and influential; they
may be directly involved in the project and are
integral to success.
• Supporting stakeholders. These are generally
institutional stakeholders, such as NGOs,
government research and extension services
• External Stakeholders: Donors

20. Institutional /Venn diagrams
• Useful for stakeholder analysis
• Mapping of different stakeholders and
their interrelationships
• Can be used for both internal and
external stakeholders

21. Network Analysis
• Set of integrated techniques
to depict relations among
actors and to analyze the
social structures that emerge
from the recurrence of these
relations
• Conducted by collecting
relational data organized in
matrix form.
• Actors are depicted as nodes,
and their relations as lines
among pairs of nodes

22. Network Analysis: Advantages
and Disadvantages
Advantages Disadvantages
• Can be done individually or • Limited to evaluation of
in groups interactions
• Data /information can be • Requires multiple
quantified (UCINET) software (UCINET for
• Can be done through visual analysis, Netdraw for
tools (Venn diagrams) or network maps)
short questionnaire survey

23. Participatory Impact Diagramming

24. Technology dissemination mapping
Appendix 3b. Technology Diffusion / Social Network Mapping: Simplified Sample from Worka Village
MAP LEGEND
Methods of Seed Dissemination
Gift (3kg or less)
Mekanajo/
Mekanajo
Gift (3kg or more) Mhaber
/Mhaber
Exchange
Sale 7 km
Neighboring MOME
Village
mother brother
neighbor
brother
Iddir
4 km
6 km
Brother
Iddir
Iddir Sister’s
10 km husband
MERKO Mhaber
WOLENCHETI
Mekanajo
TOWN
Mekanajo
friend Neighbor-
struggling widow
75 km
friend
friend
Wife’s father
DENGORE
DONI

25. PID and Diffusion Maps
• Mainly used for assessing impacts and
diffusion of information and technologies
• Diffusion maps can be used in initial
analysis to inform what dissemination
approaches are most appropriate for
different technologies or information
• PID can be sued before interventions to
discuss potential impacts /benefits

26. Pictures; Before and after/ with and without

27. Mapping tools
Advantages Disadvantages
• Can be used with groups • Requires close facilitation
that have low literacy • Time consuming
levels • Can be dominated by those
• Very engaging that can write (who holds
• Easy visual presentation the pen /chalk, stick?)
• Can provide massive
amounts of information
that combine qualitative
as well as simple numbers
• Can be done on paper or
on the ground

28. Prioritizing /Preference Tools

29. Scoring /Ranking /Rating methods
• Useful for identifying important
traits / criteria for organising
issues, items by preference
• Used mainly for technology
evaluation, ranking of priority
options e.g priority household
income options, asset preferences
• Can be used to compare
preferences across groups e.g men
and women
• Useful for understanding key
livelihood priorities

30. Ranking Priority Assets for Men
and Women

31. Ranking, Rating, Scoring
• Ranking: Gives ordered preference
• Rating: Assigns a qualitative value of
preference
• Scoring: Assigns a quantitative value

32. Scoring /ranking /Rating
methods
Advantages Disadvantages
• Can be used with symbols • Takes time especially when
and counters especially community groups identify
with groups with low their own lists and criteria
literacy levels for evaluation
• Can be done individually or
in groups
• Allows for group
contribution of list to be
ranked /rated and the
criteria to use
• Can be easily quantified

33. Focus Group Discussions: Description
• A group discussion of approximately 6 - 12 persons guided by a
facilitator, during which group members talk freely and
spontaneously about a certain topic.
• Its purpose is to obtain in-depth information on concepts,
perceptions and ideas of a group
• Can be useful to:
– Focus research and develop relevant research hypotheses by
exploring in greater depth the problem to be investigated and its
possible causes
– Formulate appropriate questions for more structured, larger scale
surveys
– Help understand and solve unexpected problems in interventions
– Explore controversial topics

34. FGDs; Advantages and
Disadvantages
Advantages Disadvantages
• Cost- and time-efficient— • Less time to explore and
cover more people probe
• Can be a safe space for • Inability to triangulate data
discussion of sensitive issues on individuals/households
• Early identification of • Louder and quieter voices,
important issues peer pressure
• Discussions trigger ideas, • No very appropriate for
recollections, opinions sensitive topics
Page
34

35. FGDs Analysis: Analysis
• Text Analysis
– QDA Miner
– Relational themes
– Identifying Key themes in FGDs.docx

36. Semi-structured interviews; Description
• Conducted with a fairly open framework which allow for
focused, conversational, two-way communication
• Starts with more general questions or topics. Followed
by more specific probing questions
• Not all questions are designed and phrased ahead of
time
• Uses an interview guide rather than a set of questions
• Used to:
– Obtain specific quantitative and qualitative information
from a sample of the population
– Obtain general information relevant to specific issues, (ie:
to probe for what is not known)
– Gain a range of insights on specific issues

37. Semi-structured interviews: Advantages and
disadvantages
Advantages Disadvantages
• Depth and detail • More time consuming and
• Rapport costly, so smaller sample
• Analytic power: Ability to sizes
relate data to other data at • No trigger and interaction
individual, household, and effects of group
community levels
• No peer pressure
Page 37

38. Analysis
• Three stages of analysis
– During and post interview analysis
(“follow your nose!”
– Field analysis
– Formal analysis
• Communication
– Language
– Technical expertise

39. Questionnaire surveys
• Two main types:
– Household surveys and individual surveys
• Used to collect more detailed data at
household and individual level
• Results subjected to analytical rigour
• Sampling procedures, for randomness,
representation etc

40. Gender in questionnaire surveys
• Disaggregating questions by gender;
– Not only male and female headed
households
– Intra-household: men and women within
male and female headed households
• Asking questions to both men and
women in households;
– e.g on Assets, income, Food security

41. Field implementation issues
• Sample selection
– For groups, sample
stratification based on key
variables such as gender,
socio-economic status
• Representation
– For semi-structured and case
study interviews,
representation of key interest
groups
• Triangulation
– Most qualitative tools not
enough by themselves, use of
other tools for triangulation

42. Field implementation issues
• Physical set up
– For group discussions, sitting
arrangements, venues can
influence discussion outcomes
• Discussion guides /interview guides
– Semi-structured or unstructured
guides with key issues
/questions
• Skills
– Good facilitation skills required for
qualitative data collection
– Analytic skills
• Recording /documentation

43. P.Sanginga CIAT-CRS Feb2005

44. Questions /Discussions

45. Group Activity
Group Activity 1
• Using the Hakuna Matata Case study: Assume you are
the community facilitators in this community and you
want to starts a project
– Identify all the stakeholders at the external level
– Identify the different stakeholders within the
community
– For each stakeholder group, identify some of their
constraints to participate (if any)
– Briefly describe the strategies that you would use
to ensure their participation

46. Group Activity
Group Activity 2
• Using the Hakuna Matata case study
• Indentify an issue you would like to
explore further using one of the tools
• Use the tool and fill in the relevant
information / findings