Pulses are a very important source of protein in Indian diets as majority of population is vegetarian. however, the production of pulses is not keeping pace with the growing population in the country. lentil is one of the important Rabi pulses. it is one of the oldest pulse crops and the most nutritious of the pulses. it is also used as a cover crop to check the soil erosion in problem areas. lentil contributes about 6% in total pulses area as well as production of India. It is mostly eaten as "DAL". the pulse is first converted into split pulse or 'dal' by the removal of skin and the separation of the fleshy cotyledons. It is cooked easily and hence preferred. It is good for patients too. Lentil contains about 11% water, 25% protein and 60% carbohydrates. It is also rich in calcium, iron and niacin
This Presentation is about Lentil (Lens culinaris), also known as Massur, Masoor, Masura. This Presentation includes Introduction, Biological Classification, Morphology of Lentil Plant, Floral Biology, Origin, Cytology, Breeding Objectives, Breeding Procedures, Diseases and Insects damage the Lentil Crop,
Production technology of onion and garlicRakesh Rajput
Production technology of bulb crop.
Production technology of Onion and garlic.
Cool season vegetables.
Cultivation of onion and garlic.
Diseases of onion and garlic
Production technology of onion ppt
This Presentation is about Lentil (Lens culinaris), also known as Massur, Masoor, Masura. This Presentation includes Introduction, Biological Classification, Morphology of Lentil Plant, Floral Biology, Origin, Cytology, Breeding Objectives, Breeding Procedures, Diseases and Insects damage the Lentil Crop,
Production technology of onion and garlicRakesh Rajput
Production technology of bulb crop.
Production technology of Onion and garlic.
Cool season vegetables.
Cultivation of onion and garlic.
Diseases of onion and garlic
Production technology of onion ppt
Agronomic and cultural practices of black gram (soil ,climate ,seed rate ,distribution ,varieties, diseases and pest management,maturity ,harvesting, yield )
Recommendations for the farmer to get maximum yield .
This presentation covers the production technology of the arhar crop. It also includes the latest data with respect to the area and production in India and a little about its origin and botany of the plant.
Training is an important operation in grapes.
It helps to maintain the stature and spread of the vine and facilitates operations like pruning, intercultivation, spraying and harvesting.
Many training systems are in vogue in India, but the most popular are Bower, Telephone and Kniffin systems.
BERSEEM Trifolium alexandriannium is an annual leguminous fodder crop.
One of the most suitable fodder crops for areas below 1700 m altitude with irrigation facilities.
Remains soft and succulent at all stages of growth.
It can be grown without irrigation in areas with high water table and under water-logged conditions.
Indigenous to Egypt.
Pea is an important vegetable in India; the crop is generally cultivated for its green pods. It is highly nutritive and is rich in protein. It is used as a vegetable or in soup, canned frozen or dehydrate. It is cooked as a vegetable along or with potatoes. Split grains of pea are widely used for dal. Pea straw is a nutritious fodder.
Bangladesh is an agricultural based country located in South Asia. Agriculture is the prime occupation of the major peoples in Bangladesh. In 1947-48 Bangladesh grown about 80% of total jute in the world which produced lot of foreign money that was majority of the total revenue of the country. For this reason jute is called as "Golden Fiber" of Bangladesh. Jute is one of the cheapest and the strongest of all natural fibres and considered as fibre of the future. Raw jute is the natural fibre which is extremely eco-friendly. Bangladesh is the biggest producer of natural jute or raw jute fibre both in quantity and quality .The other countries grow Jute plant are India, Nepal, China, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand etc.
Agronomic and cultural practices of black gram (soil ,climate ,seed rate ,distribution ,varieties, diseases and pest management,maturity ,harvesting, yield )
Recommendations for the farmer to get maximum yield .
This presentation covers the production technology of the arhar crop. It also includes the latest data with respect to the area and production in India and a little about its origin and botany of the plant.
Training is an important operation in grapes.
It helps to maintain the stature and spread of the vine and facilitates operations like pruning, intercultivation, spraying and harvesting.
Many training systems are in vogue in India, but the most popular are Bower, Telephone and Kniffin systems.
BERSEEM Trifolium alexandriannium is an annual leguminous fodder crop.
One of the most suitable fodder crops for areas below 1700 m altitude with irrigation facilities.
Remains soft and succulent at all stages of growth.
It can be grown without irrigation in areas with high water table and under water-logged conditions.
Indigenous to Egypt.
Pea is an important vegetable in India; the crop is generally cultivated for its green pods. It is highly nutritive and is rich in protein. It is used as a vegetable or in soup, canned frozen or dehydrate. It is cooked as a vegetable along or with potatoes. Split grains of pea are widely used for dal. Pea straw is a nutritious fodder.
Bangladesh is an agricultural based country located in South Asia. Agriculture is the prime occupation of the major peoples in Bangladesh. In 1947-48 Bangladesh grown about 80% of total jute in the world which produced lot of foreign money that was majority of the total revenue of the country. For this reason jute is called as "Golden Fiber" of Bangladesh. Jute is one of the cheapest and the strongest of all natural fibres and considered as fibre of the future. Raw jute is the natural fibre which is extremely eco-friendly. Bangladesh is the biggest producer of natural jute or raw jute fibre both in quantity and quality .The other countries grow Jute plant are India, Nepal, China, Myanmar, Vietnam, Thailand etc.
Origin, Distribution, Botanical description, Cytogenetics, Genetic resources, Climate and soil, Propagation, Manures and fertilizers, Irrigation, Interculture, Use of PGR, Plant protection, Harvesting, Yield and Storage of Sponge gourd
Watermelon
Scientific Classification
History and distribution
Nutritive value
Climate and soil
Varieties of watermelon
River bed cultivation
Sowing
Method of sowing
Seed treatment
Manure and fertilizers
Irrigation
Diseases
Harvesting method
References
Thank you
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...
Crop Production Technology-II Lentils.pptx
1. Crop Production Technology-
II (Rabi Crop)
Code- AG-401
Course Credit- 3(2+1)
Submitted to- Dr. Ajeev Kr. Sangwan
Submitted by- Nabanita
Topic- Lentils
2. INTRODUCTION
Lentil(Lens culinaris medikus spp. culinaris) also known as Musuro / Masur.
The name “Lentil” derives from its typical lens-shaped seeds.
Self- pollinating plant of family Leguminosae having chromosome 2n=14
Lentil(Lens culinaris) belonging to family Fabaceae. It is one of the world’s oldest crops have
been cultivated in Southwestern Asia since 7000 BC.
A rabi pulse crop growing extensively in temperate countries like Canada, USA, Turkey, Chile,
etc. and tropical countries like India, Pakistan, Australia, Ethiopia, Nepal, etc.
Lentil is a nutritious food legume. It is cultivated for its seed and mostly eaten as dal. Dal is
seed that is decorticated and split.
It contains relatively higher contents of protein, carbohydrate and calories compared to other
legumes and is the most desired crop because of its high average protein content and fast
cooking characteristics in many lentil producing regions.
3. Biological Distribution
Order- Fabales
Family- Fabaceae
Chromosome no.- 14
Subfamily- Faboideae
Genus- Lens
Species- L. culinaris
Common name- Masoor, Masur
4. ECNOMIC IMPORTANCE
• Lower cholesterol.
• Benefit in managing blood-sugar disorders
• Lentils magnesium helps improve the flow of blood, oxygen and nutrients throughout the
body.
• Provide calcium, phosphorus, vitamin-B and iron.
• The husk, bran and dry haulms are good fodder.
• The young pod is used as vegetables. The leaves are acid and bitter.
• Seeds are sweet and cooling, astringent to bowel, diuretic, improves appetite, removes
cough and biliousness.
• Dry seeds contain 24% protein and 59% carbohydrate.
5. Geographical Distribution
Lens orientalis is the progenitor species.
Egypt is its origin.
The centre of origin for Lens culinaris is the Near East and the species
was first domesticated in the Near East.
Lentil first spread to the Nile from the Near East to Central Europe and
then to the Indian subcontinent and Mediterranean region.
• India accounts for about 40% of the global production.
• In India, Uttar Pradesh ranks first both in the area and
production followed by MP
.
• Productivity is highest in Bihar followed by West Bengal.
• Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal are the states where
95% of the acreage is concentrated.
6. SOIL AND CLIMATE
Soil- The suitable soil types are alluvial in Punjab and black cotton soils in Madhya Pradesh.
Well- drained, loam soils with soils with neutral reactions are best for lentil cultivation.
Acidic soils are not fit for growing lentils.
Lentils thrive best in soil that has a pH range between 6.0 and 6.5.
Climate- As the crop requires very cool climate it is cultivated in winter season. It can tolerate severe
winter frost condition also.
The optimum temperature for growth is 18-300C.
Its range of cultivation extends to an altitude of 3500m in north-west hills.
It requires cold temperature during its vegetative growth and warm temperature at the
time of its maturity.
8. Field Preparation
The soil should be made friable and weed- free so that seeding could be done at a uniform depth. On
heavy soils, one deep ploughing followed by two to three cross harrowing's should be given.
In case of light soils, less tillage is needed to prepare an ideal seedbed. After harrowing, the field should
be levelled by given a gentle slope to ease irrigation.
There should be proper moisture in the soil at the time of sowing for proper germination of seeds.
9. SEED AND SOWING OF LENTIL CROP
Middle of October is the most suitable time for sowing lentil.
Delay in planting causes a reduction in yield but the magnitude of reduction is large after 15th Nov.
The reduction in the yield could be minimized up to a certain extent by relatively closer spacing
and the use of a higher seed rate.
Sowing should be done in rows 30 cm apart. This could be done either by using a ferti-seed drill
or by seeding behind desi plough.
The optimum seed rate for the normal sown crop is 30-40kg/ ha.
Seed rate should be increased to 50-60kg/ha in case of late
sowing.
Row spacing should also be reduced to 20-25cm in case of the
late sown crop. Lentil seeds should be sown at a shallower
depth(3-4cm).
10. Manures and fertilizers
Generally, lentil is grown without fertilizers and manures. Researches have shown that
lentil may not be able to attain maximum growth and yield if they are made to feed on
symbiotically fixed nitrogen alone, even if effective nodulation is ensured by adequate
inoculation, there may be a need for some quantity of fertilizer nitrogen to serve as a
starter dose for a few weeks of the initial growth. It is even more important in poor and
sandy soils.
Quite significant responses to the application of start nitrogen(20-25kg/ha) and a
moderate level of phosphorus(50-60kg/ha) has been obtained.
If a soil test is not possible, apply 20-30 kg nitrogen, 50-60 kg phosphorus per hectare
in medium to low fertile soils as basal dressing.
11. WATER MANAGEMENT
The crop is mostly grown in unirrigated areas. It can tolerate drought conditions to
some extent. By providing one to two irrigations particularly when winter rains are not
properly distributed, higher yields can be obtained.
First irrigation should be given at 45 days of planting and second, if needed, at the
pod filling stage.
More irrigations may affect crop performance adversely.
12. WEED CONTROL
The period from 30 to 60 days after sowing is most crucial for competition
with weeds.
The major weeds are Chenopodium album (bathua), Fumaria
parviflora(gajri), Lathyrus spp.(chatri matri), Vicia sativa(ankari), etc.
A weed –free period of early 43 to 60 days is important. Thereafter, weeds
do not survive since the space available between two rows is covered by the
crop plants.
Two manual weedings, one at 25-30days and another 45-50days after
sowing should be done.
Weedicides like Basalin and Tribunil can be used safely for weed control.
Basalin 0.75kg/ha, in 800-1000 liters of water as pre- planting spray may be
used as an effective herbicide. It should be well incorporated into the soil
before sowing.
13. DISEASE MANAGEMENT
Seedling Mortality
Symptoms
Caused by fungi.
It appears within a month of sowing when the seedlings start drying up.
The drying is mainly two types-1. seedling wilt in which seedling first turns
yellow and dry up.
2. collar rot in which seedling collapse while still green and then dry out.
Control
It can be reduced by delay planting until mid- November
Treat the seed with systemic fungicide Carbendazim@2.5g/kg of seed.
Plant resistant varieties like Pant L-406 etc.
14. Wilt
Symptoms
A serious disease of lentil in which the growth of the plant is
checked, the leaves start yellowing, plant start drying and
finally die.
The roots of affected plants remain underdeveloped and
look light brown in colour.
Control
Keep the field clean and follow a three- year crop
rotation. This will help reducing the disease incidence.
Use tolerant and resistant varieties like Shekhar Masoor
2, 3, etc.
Seed treatment
15. Rust
Symptoms
The disease symptoms start as yellowish pustules on the leaflets
and pods. Later; light brown pustules appear on both the surfaces
of the leaves and other aerial parts of the plant.
The pustules finally become dark brown. The plants give dark
brown or blackish appearance visible as patches in the field.
Control
After harvest, the affected plant trash should be burnt.
In NEPZ, normal and early sowing reduces the intensity of rust
disease.
Grow resistant/ tolerant varieties like DPL 15, Haryana Masur 1, etc.
Spray the crop with Mancozec 75 WP@0.2%(2g/L). 1-2 spray at 50
days after sowing is good for controlling rust.
16. PEST MANAGEMENT
Symptom-1. The caterpillar defoliates the tender leaves
and also bores the green pods and feeds upon the
ripening grains.
2.Its damages almost all the
pods in case of severs damage but causes nearly 25-30%
annual yield losses in India.
Control- 1. Spray neem seed extract(5%)@ 50ml/L of
water.
2. Spray of Profenphos 50@ 2ml/L or
Emammectin benzoate 5 SG@ 0.2g/L of water.
Pod borer-
17. Aphids
Symptom- Aphids suck the sap and in case of severe
damage the growth is suppressed.
Control- Spray of Dimethoate 30 EC@1.7 ml/L or
Imidacloprid 17.8 SL@ 0.2 ml/L of water.
18. HARVESTING AND THRESHING
Lentil should be harvested when the pods are ripe but the plants have not dead rine. The plants should
not be allowed to become dead ripe otherwise a large quantity of produce may be lost due to shattering.
As such, it would be advantageous to harvest in the morning when dew is there.
The produce should be allowed to dry completely on the threshing floor before threshing. Threshing is
done either by beating the plants with sticks by trampling under the feet of bullocks. Clean the seed and
dry it in the sun to bring the moisture content down to 12% for safe storage.
19. YIELD
A well- managed crop yields about 20-25 quintals of grain per
hectare.
Seed yields range from 450-675 kg/ha in dry areas, may increase
to 2000kg/ha with irrigation, and yields over 3000kg/ha have been
recorded.