This internship presentation summarizes technologies and practices for conserving resources in dryland agriculture. It describes summer tillage, bed planting, zero tillage, and mulching to retain soil moisture. It also discusses modern machinery for seeding, cultivation, threshing, and other tasks. Techniques for controlling the invasive weed Parthenium are outlined. The presentation concludes with a participatory rural appraisal of Dhanawal village, covering its agro-ecosystem, enterprises, crops, pests, and SWOT analysis.

1. SUMMER INTERNSHIP PRESENTATION
“Conceptual & Technological Advancements in Agriculture”

2. Resource Conservation Technology
Objective:-To learn about various Technologies developed and practiced in Dry-Land
Area to conserve available resources.
Methodology:-The methodology adopted was the visit to the fields where these
RCTs were practiced.
Summer Tillage:-
• Practiced during summer (May - June) after harvesting rabi crop.
• This tillage helps in conserving moisture
• Helps in deep percolation of water in the first showers on the onset of rains.
• Maintain the water table throughout.

3. Bed planting: -
• Helps in in-situ rainwater conservation.
• Maintaining the soil moisture between the gaps on consecutive rainfalls.
• The crop is less lodged in this method with sufficient water and provides good yield.
Zero Tillage:-
• Sowing seeds with minimum soil disturbance.
• Retains Soil Moisture for next crop.

4. Mulching: -
• Paddy straw is generally used for mulching.
• The paddy straw adds to the Carbon Sink.
• The paddy straw or dry grasses are more economically viable
than using plastic sheets.
• This also helps in control of weeds in the field.

5. Modern Agricultural Machinery and Inputs
• This tool is used to level the undulated fields.
• This attached with a tractor and run over the field to level.
• This helps to stop the water runoff due to slope in the field
• Then the water supplied to the field is evenly distributed.
• This helps us to separate grains from the mixture of husk,
grain and dust that is obtained after threshing of
• This is manually operated thus no conventional energy is
required and works efficiently.
Scrapper/Leveller
Winnowing Fan
Scrapper/Leveller
Winnowing Fan

6. Seed Cum Fertilizer Drill
• This implement is tractor drawn and it has two compartments on the top
• One filled with seed and the other with fertilizers.
• We can adjust the seed distance and fertilizer dropping rate with the help of
gears present in the machine itself.
Seed Cum Fertilizer Drill
Spring Tine Cultivator
Spring Tine Cultivator
• This is tractor drawn secondary tillage implement
• Mainly used to prepare the field.
• It can also be used for Intercultural Operations.
• The springs help to avoid any obstacles in the field during operation.

7. Thresher
Thresher
• This machine is used to separate the grain from the straw.
• This machine contains blades to cut the stalk and the blowers present
which blow out the lighter stalk and further there is a shaking unit with
holes which removes the impurities such as pebbles.
Rotavator
Rotavator
• This is an implement which is used to prepare the field in single
operation.
• It cuts and mixes the soil to pulverize.
• Wooden log attached with a rope behind the rotavator to level the soil.
• This is a very efficient implement and has a shaft with
L-shaped rotating blades.

8. Bund maker
Disc Harrow
Bund maker
• This implement is tractor drawn and is used to make bunds in
prepared field.
• We can make bunds of any size by adjusting the size of the
frames.
Disc Harrow
• It has two compartment machinery,
• Each compartment has disc plates opposite to each other.
• The distance between the compartments can be modified, as the
gang angle increases the penetration is more and vice versa.

9. Zero Tillage Seed cum Fertilizer Drill
• It helps us to sow seeds in the soil along with fertilizers.
• Sharp furrow openers make fine slits in the soil where the seed has to be dropped.
• This machinery is very useful in conserving soil moisture.

10. Parthenium Weed
Objective:-Familiarisation with PartheniumWeed.
Methodology:-The methodology adopted was to visit the fields having
large population of the weed observing it and discussing about ways to eradicate it.
Introduction: - Parthenium hysterophorus (Asteracae)is commonly known as:-
• Congress Grass (Congress Ghas)
• Carrot Weed (Gajar Ghas)
Origin:- Mexico, America and Argentina
At present Parthenium has invaded about 35 million hectares of Indian Land.

11. Propagation: -
• A single plant can produce 5000-25000 seeds.
• Seeds are very small and light in weight.
Threat to India:-In India this weed has been the greatest source of :-
• Dermatitis
• Asthma
• Nasal-dermal
• Allergy
• Nasal-bronchial
Programme organized by KVK, Mirzapur for Awareness

12. Mexican Beetle
Control of this Weed:-
1.Biological Control:-
This beetle is very host specific and does not harm the other plants.
One adult beetle can defoliate a single Parthenium in 6-8 weeks.
2.Competitive Plants:–
Cassia tora (Chakoda) suppresses the flowering of Parthenium
by the allelochemicals present in them.
3. Mechanical and Manual Methods:-Uprooting before flowering during monsoon when soil is wet.
4. Cultural Management:-Farmers should take fast growing crop like Sorghum and Daincha to supress the growth
. of Parthenium in their field.
5. Chemical Management:- Use of Glyphosate (1 to 1.5%) & Metribuzin (0.3-0.5%)
6. Management by way of Utilization:-Used in NADEP Compost and Vermi Compost Making.

13. Participatory Rural Appraisal
PRA is method for quick appraisal of the resources in the village with the assistance of the villagers
themselves.
• It helps to access the options of how to utilise these resources for sustainable development, to rank the
priorities as the villagers see them, to record all the information and prepare a plan of action.
• It is a very flexible approach to make use of the varying situations
• It can be used to plan, execute ,monitor and Evaluate Programmes
PRA Techniques
• Village Mapping, e.g. Social Map, Resource Map,
• Sampling, e.g. Village Transact, Transact walks, Social Mapping
• Interviewing, e.g. Livelihood Analysis, Ranking
• Visualization, e.g. Venn diagrams, Timelines

14. Participatory Rural Appraisal of Dhanawal- Observation
Background Introduction: - Dhanawal is the Gram Panchayat of the 2 villages namely Adhiya & Parmapur. It is
situated in Manihad Tehsil in the district of Mirzapur, Uttar Pradesh.
Name of Village: - Dhanawal
Tahsil: - Manihad
Block:-Patehra
District:-Mirzapur
State:-Uttar Pradesh
Country:-India
Latitude & Longitude: - 25.035115 o , 82.569870 o Discussion with the Village Head (Sarpanch)

15. Agro Ecosystem Analysis:-
Space Analysis:-
 Topography-The surrounding land is mostly uneven. The terrain is hard &rocky comprising the soil which is mostly red
and low in fertility
 Irrigation & Water Table:-
• The water table is low.
• Water is made available through bore wells and are mostly family owned.
• The water for Irrigation comes from surrounding check dam.
• The Agriculture is mainly dependent on rain.
 Electricity: -
• The availability of Electricity is a constraint because of frequent and continuous power cuts.
• The farmers are unable to use agricultural machinery using electricity.
• Farmers are dependent on mechanical ways or buying petrol or diesel for their equipment to function.

16. Social Map:-
 CasteWise Distribution:-
• There exists a strong caste system and this has also led to socioeconomic downfall.
• The popular of the Village is predominant by Bind’s
• The other caste which exist in the area are Binds, Yadav’s & Mauryas.
• Population:-The total population of the village is 4000 of which are male, female and Children of 6-12
age group .
• Educational Background:-Only one school is there to provide Primary Education for the children
of the village, for secondary and higher education they have to move for Mirzapur.

17. The Enterprise Profile:-
Agriculture is the mainstay and the predominant enterprise for the village people.
Possible Enterprises
•Seed Production
•Dairy
Animal Profile:-Each and every family of the village has some 1-2 buffalos.
Irrigation Land Area: - 20 % of the total Agricultural land is irrigated.

18. TransactWalk:-
•Soil Profile:-The soil is a generally Red Lateritic with Black soil & Sandy Loam soil at some places.
•Soil Pattern:-The soil pattern is uneven or undulating comprising of rocks, barren land etc.
•Fertilizer level In Land:-The fertilizer use is more due to low soil fertility
•Compost Use:-Compost is used once in every 2 years.
•Land Holding Size:-
•Less than 5 acres- 50 Farmers
•5-8 acres- 21 Farmers
•More than 8 acres- 14 Farmers

19.  Irrigation:-
• Nala-3
• Gullies-0
• Water Shed- 0
• Ponds- 1 (Fishery)
• Dam-1
• Open Well-1
 Weeds:-
• Saccharum spp
• Cynodon dactylon
• Motha
• Anagallis arvensis (Krishna Neel)
• Phalaris minor
• Chenopodium album
• Krish
• Banpyaji
• Cyperus rotundus
• Hiran Khuri
 Pests:-
• Termites
• Bihar hairy Caterpillar
• Borers
• White Flies
• Woolly Aphids
• Army Worms
• Cut Worms
• Aphids
• Thrips

20.  Crops:-
• Oilseeds-Sesame & Mustard
• Vegetables-Tomato, Onion, Okhra, Pumpkin, Brinjal, Cabbage
• Fruits-None
• Forestry- Acacia catechu & Acacia nilotica
• Animal Husbandry-Cow & Buffalos
 Time Analysis:-
Historical Report & Timeline- This village exists almost from 50-100 years.

21. 6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Seasonal Patterns:-
January February March April May June July August September October Novemeber December
Winter Summer Monsoon

22.  Livelihood-Occupation
o Men-The major men population is indulged into Agriculture.
The others work as:-
• Transporters in Mirzapur
• Work with Security Agencies
• Auto Drivers
• Employed by RGSC South Campus, Banaras Hindu University.
o Woman-The women mainly work as workers in the Mirzapur District.
 Workload
The Workload Distribution includes Household work, Animal Feeding, Milking, Fodder Collection etc. for the
women’s.
The Workload Distribution includes Agricultural Work for the men’s.

23. Crop Insect & Disease Intensity-
Pigeon Pea(Arhar)
Black Gram(Urad)
Chick Pea (Chana)
Field Pea(Matar)
Pest Infestation Period in Pulses
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Month
Crop
Onset Period
Maximal
Availability of Green Fodder-
The Fodder is not available round the year. The villagers either feed crop residues to the animals or grows fodder crops.

24. Cabbage
Pumpkin
Tomato
Brinjal
Pest Infestation in Vegetables
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Month
Vegetable
Mustard (Sarson)
Sesame (Til)
Pest Infestation in Oil Seed Crops
January
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Month
Oil Seed

25. S
W
O T
1.Nearby Mirzapur
Market.
2.Krishi Vigyan Kendra.
3.Steady Demand of
Produce T hroughout the
Year.
Strength
1.Power Cutoffs.
2.Water Facilities not
available round the Year.
3.Misuse of Seeds
distributed by the KVK.
Weakness
1.Some Minds Setting
Back(Caste Difference).
2.Political Heads having a
Myopic Vision.
3.Natural Hazards.
Threats
1.Market Networking.
2.T raining Extended by the
KVK.
3.Value Addition.
Opportunities
SWOT ANALYSIS

26. My Learning’s at the KVK
• Preparation of Neem Seed kernel extract
• Preparation of Formalene Aceto Alcohol
• Preservation of Diseased Plant Specimens
• Harvesting & Curing of Onions
• Basics of Microscopy & Handling of Microscope

27. • Front line Demonstration
• Seed Distribution
• Field Visits
• Soil Sampling & Soil Testing

28. THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION!