This document provides information on ragi blast, a fungal disease of finger millet caused by Pyricularia grisea. It discusses the pathogen and disease symptoms, including leaf blast, node blast, and neck blast. Environmental conditions like high humidity and temperatures of 25-28°C favor disease development. Management strategies include cultural practices like crop rotation and resistant varieties as well as biological and chemical control methods. Ragi blast can cause significant yield losses upwards of 50-90% and is an important constraint for finger millet production in India and other parts of Asia and Africa.
ragi (finger millet) is an important staple food in both Eastern and Central Africa and South Asia. There are at least 14 fungal pathogens in addition to blast and two species of Helminthosporium that have been reported infective on ragi. It is also susceptible to at least one bacterial disease and two or three virus diseases causing a mosaic or mottling of the leaves, a freckled yellow, and chlorotic symptoms like maize streak.
ragi (finger millet) is an important staple food in both Eastern and Central Africa and South Asia. There are at least 14 fungal pathogens in addition to blast and two species of Helminthosporium that have been reported infective on ragi. It is also susceptible to at least one bacterial disease and two or three virus diseases causing a mosaic or mottling of the leaves, a freckled yellow, and chlorotic symptoms like maize streak.
The overall description of major diseases of Rice or Paddy crop is ellustrated in presentation. The students prepairing for Agriculture can feel helpful. Thank You!
Sclerotinia blight of solanaceous cropsBinita Suwal
Sclerotinia blight is one of the important diseases of solanaceous crops. It is caused by the fungi of the genus Sclerotinia. The characteristic symptom of this disease is the presence of white fluffy mycelial growth at the point of infection which later turns into black and hard sclerotia.
BLAST AND LEAF SPOT OF FINGER MILLET or RAGI or MANDUWA or NAACHNI, प्राचीन काल से ही हमारे देश में पारम्परिक मोटे अनाज जैसे कि ज्वार, जौं, मक्का आदि का सेवन किया जाता रहा है। इन्हीं मोटे अनाजों में से एक है रागी। यह अनाज सेहत के लिए बहुत ही लाभकारी है
Chirkey and foorkey disease of cardamom Suraj Poudel
This is a slide prepared about two viral diseases of Cardamom by me and sushil for classroom presentation of Pathology. All the photos inserted in this slides are downloaded from the internet and belongs to respective uploader.
Wilt is a pernicious disease of guava in India.
In India the disease was first recorded near Allahabad in 1935 . The infection was reported 15 -30 %.
The disease is a serious threat to guava cultivation in U.P. In West Bengal it reduces the yield in affected orchard by 80% .
The disease is also prevalent in Haryana Rajasthan , A.P ,
Punjab and M.P.The exact cause of the disease is still not fully understood but the pathogens viz. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. psidii (Prasad, Mehta & Lal), Rhizoctonia spp. (Taub.) and various pathogens are reported by different workers may be the incitant of the disease.
Survival and spread:
Through movement of plants containing sick soil in virgin areas.
Short distance spread is by water.
Root injury predisposes wilt disease.
It has forced uprooting of about 150 acre of guava orchard in Panjab and 300 acres in Haryana during 1971-81.
Sucking Insect pests of rice, Identification, Binomics, Integrated Pest Manag...PirithiRaju
However, rice crops are often plagued by various pests that can cause significant damage, reducing yield and quality. Sucking pests, such as planthoppers, leafhoppers, and aphids, pose a particularly significant threat to paddy crops.
ABSTRACT- The present review deals on major Coleopteran beetles of agricultural crop pests include 45 genera and
55 species from 15 families. Most of beetles are pest of cereals and millets (3), oil seed crops (2), fibre crops (4),
vegetables (11), temperate fruits (7), sub-tropical and tropical fruits (9), ornamental plants (2), plantation crop (8),
spices (4) and stored grains (5). Among families; Curculionidae was dominated by 12 (21.8 %) species followed by
Chrysomelidae 10(18.18 %), Cerambycidae 9(16.3 %), Scarabaeridae 6(10.9 %), Coccinellidae 3(5.4 %), Apionidae,
Bostrychidae, Brachidae, Buprestidae and Scolytidae each with two species (3.6 %). Whereas families like
Dermestidae, Lamiidae, Meloidae, Melonithidae and Tenebrionidae contribute each with single species (1.8 %).
Key-words- Coleopteran beetle, Cereals, Spices, Stored grains, temperate fruits.
The overall description of major diseases of Rice or Paddy crop is ellustrated in presentation. The students prepairing for Agriculture can feel helpful. Thank You!
Sclerotinia blight of solanaceous cropsBinita Suwal
Sclerotinia blight is one of the important diseases of solanaceous crops. It is caused by the fungi of the genus Sclerotinia. The characteristic symptom of this disease is the presence of white fluffy mycelial growth at the point of infection which later turns into black and hard sclerotia.
BLAST AND LEAF SPOT OF FINGER MILLET or RAGI or MANDUWA or NAACHNI, प्राचीन काल से ही हमारे देश में पारम्परिक मोटे अनाज जैसे कि ज्वार, जौं, मक्का आदि का सेवन किया जाता रहा है। इन्हीं मोटे अनाजों में से एक है रागी। यह अनाज सेहत के लिए बहुत ही लाभकारी है
Chirkey and foorkey disease of cardamom Suraj Poudel
This is a slide prepared about two viral diseases of Cardamom by me and sushil for classroom presentation of Pathology. All the photos inserted in this slides are downloaded from the internet and belongs to respective uploader.
Wilt is a pernicious disease of guava in India.
In India the disease was first recorded near Allahabad in 1935 . The infection was reported 15 -30 %.
The disease is a serious threat to guava cultivation in U.P. In West Bengal it reduces the yield in affected orchard by 80% .
The disease is also prevalent in Haryana Rajasthan , A.P ,
Punjab and M.P.The exact cause of the disease is still not fully understood but the pathogens viz. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. psidii (Prasad, Mehta & Lal), Rhizoctonia spp. (Taub.) and various pathogens are reported by different workers may be the incitant of the disease.
Survival and spread:
Through movement of plants containing sick soil in virgin areas.
Short distance spread is by water.
Root injury predisposes wilt disease.
It has forced uprooting of about 150 acre of guava orchard in Panjab and 300 acres in Haryana during 1971-81.
Sucking Insect pests of rice, Identification, Binomics, Integrated Pest Manag...PirithiRaju
However, rice crops are often plagued by various pests that can cause significant damage, reducing yield and quality. Sucking pests, such as planthoppers, leafhoppers, and aphids, pose a particularly significant threat to paddy crops.
ABSTRACT- The present review deals on major Coleopteran beetles of agricultural crop pests include 45 genera and
55 species from 15 families. Most of beetles are pest of cereals and millets (3), oil seed crops (2), fibre crops (4),
vegetables (11), temperate fruits (7), sub-tropical and tropical fruits (9), ornamental plants (2), plantation crop (8),
spices (4) and stored grains (5). Among families; Curculionidae was dominated by 12 (21.8 %) species followed by
Chrysomelidae 10(18.18 %), Cerambycidae 9(16.3 %), Scarabaeridae 6(10.9 %), Coccinellidae 3(5.4 %), Apionidae,
Bostrychidae, Brachidae, Buprestidae and Scolytidae each with two species (3.6 %). Whereas families like
Dermestidae, Lamiidae, Meloidae, Melonithidae and Tenebrionidae contribute each with single species (1.8 %).
Key-words- Coleopteran beetle, Cereals, Spices, Stored grains, temperate fruits.
Rice is one of the most important staple food crops all over the world. Almost 98% of the world’s rice production is alone from the Asian subcontinent. China ranks first in the production and productivity of the paddy crop while India occupies the next spot. According to IIRR (Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad) nearly 40% of the total yield losses in paddy is caused alone only due to Paddy blast. This disease was first reported in China in 1637. Later it was reported on 1706 in Italy and there this was called as ‘Brusone’ disease as the affected fields looks like burnt appearance. This disease is also called as rich man’s disease and rice fever disease as it taking place in high temperature.
3.2 Pests of Sorghum_Identification, Symptoms and nature of damage, Binomics,...PirithiRaju
Sorghum is a staple food crop for millions of people, particularly in regions with semi-arid climates where other crops may struggle to grow. It's used in various culinary applications, including flour for bread, porridge, and as a whole grain in dishes.Sorghum is increasingly being used as a feedstock for biofuel production, particularly ethanol. Its high cellulose content and ability to grow in marginal lands make it an attractive option for bioenergy production.Sorghum is renowned for its drought tolerance, making it a valuable crop in regions prone to water scarcity. Its deep root system allows it to access water deep in the soil, and it can continue growing even during periods of low rainfall.Sorghum's deep root system also helps prevent soil erosion and improves soil structure, making it valuable in conservation agriculture practices.Sorghum, a widely cultivated cereal grain, can face several pest threats that can significantly impact its yield and quality. Here are some common pests of sorghum:
Aphids: Aphids are small, soft-bodied insects that feed on sap from sorghum plants. They can cause stunted growth, yellowing, and distortion of leaves, and in severe infestations, they can reduce yield.
Sorghum Midge (Stenodiplosis sorghicola): Sorghum midge is a small fly that lays eggs in the developing sorghum heads. The larvae feed on the developing grain, causing it to shrivel and reducing yield.
Armyworms: Armyworms are caterpillars that can feed on sorghum leaves, causing defoliation. They can also bore into the stalks and feed on the developing grain heads, leading to yield loss.
Stem Borers: Several species of moth larvae, such as the sorghum stem borer (Busseola fusca), can bore into sorghum stalks, weakening them and causing lodging. Lodging makes harvesting difficult and can reduce yield.
Grasshoppers: Grasshoppers can feed on sorghum leaves, causing defoliation and reducing photosynthetic capacity. Severe infestations can lead to significant yield loss.
Sorghum Shoot Fly (Atherigona soccata): The larvae of the sorghum shoot fly feed on the growing points of sorghum plants, leading to dead hearts (failure of the central shoot to emerge) and stunted growth.
Sorghum Head Caterpillar (Helicoverpa armigera): The larvae of this moth species feed on sorghum heads, causing damage to developing grains and reducing yield.
Sorghum Webworm (Nausinoe geometralis): The larvae of the sorghum webworm feed on sorghum leaves, creating characteristic webbing and skeletonizing the leaves. Severe infestations can reduce photosynthesis and yield.
Sorghum Bug (Stenocoris spp.): Sorghum bugs are sap-sucking insects that feed on sorghum plants, causing wilting, yellowing, and reduced yield.
Leafhoppers: Leafhoppers are small insects that feed on sorghum sap, causing yellowing, wilting, and reduced plant vigor. They can also transmit plant diseases, further impacting sorghum health and yield.
Integrated pest management (IPM) strategies, including cultu
Pests of sugarcane_Binomics_IPM_Dr.UPR.pdfPirithiRaju
PESTS OF SUGARCANE - BORERS
BORERS
1. Early shoot borer, Chilo infuscatellus, Crambidae, Lepidoptera
Symptom of damage: Deadheart in 1-3 month old crop, which can be easily pulled out, rotten portion of the straw coloured dead-heart emits an offensive odour. A number of bore holes at the base of the shoot just above the ground level.
Nature of damage: Caterpillar bores into the central shoot and feeds on the internal tissue. This cause interference in the translocation of plant sap and damage the sugar storing tissues.
Egg: Flat-scale like eggs are laid in 3-5 rows on the lower surface of leaves in masses of 4-100. The masses are slightly overlapping like tiles.
Larva: Larva is dirty white with five dark violet longitudinal stripes and dark brown head.
Pupa: Pupation takes place within the tunnel. Caterpillar before pupating makes a large exit hole in the stem and blocks the opening with silken discs.
Adult: Pale greyish brown moth with black dots near the costal margin of the forewings and with white hindwings.
2. Internode borer, Chilo sacchariphagus indicus, Crambidae, Lepidoptera
Symptom of damage: Internodes constricted and shortened, with a number of boreholes and fresh excreta in the nodal region. Affected tissues reddened.
Nature of damage: Caterpillars attack sugarcane plants after 3 months of planting. They bore into the canes near the nodes; entry holes are plugged with excreta. Entry is generally confined to the first five internodes.
Egg: Scale-like white eggs are laid by female moths in batches of 9-11, near the midribs, on leaf sheaths or on stem.
Larva: White larva with four violet longitudinal stripes and light brown head.
Pupa: Pupation takes place in semi-dried leaf sheath.
Adult: Pale brown with white hind wings.
3. Top borer, Scirpophaga excerptalis, Pyralidae, Lepidoptera
Symptom of damage: Deadheart in grownup canes, which cannot be easily pulled; deadheart reddish brown in colour; parallel row of shot holes in the emerging leaves and red tunnels in the midribs of leaves; bunchy tip due to the growth of side shoots.
Nature of damage: Caterpillars are mainly found in the apical portion of the canes, boring through the growing point and down the upper joints until it reaches the sappy portion of the stem, there it feeds on the tissues and destroys the cane. They also bore into the unfolded leaves preferably into the midrib, mining its way to the base.
Egg: Eggs are laid on the lower surface of top leaves in clusters particularly near midribs. The clusters are covered with buff coloured hairs.
Larva :Smooth, white or cream coloured with a red coloured mid-dorsal line and yellow head.
Pupa: Pupation takes place within the larval tunnel in a chamber with an exit hole constructed by the caterpillar.
Adult: White coloured moth (with a buff coloured anal tuft in the abdominal tip of female).
This includes a detailed explanation on phytoplasma, its prevalence in India, properties, history, major plant diseases it causes, with its symptoms, vectors involved and where it was reported in India. And this also included minor diseases it causes in other crops, along with cases of mixed infections reported in India, and detection and management of the diseases.
Pests of Maize_Dr.UPR_Identification, Binomics, Integrated Pest ManagementPirithiRaju
Maize borers and shoot fly are common pests that affect the crop during its three growing seasons. Chilo partellus is a common pest of kharif maize. Sesamia inferens is more common in the rabi crop, but it also appears in spring maize. Atherigona spp. are a common pest in spring maize in northern India. Furthermore, there are nearly a dozen additional pests that appear intermittently and inflict significant crop losses at times. The losses caused by insect pests in maize crops range between 5% and 15%. Maize's massive production of pollen grains attracts a significant number of natural enemies as well. Furthermore, the plant design provides a good niche for them to hide during hard conditions, organically shielding the crop from insect damage. Understanding pest bioecology allows for much more effective and cost-effective pest management in the maize ecosystem.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
1. COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY
(Affiliated to Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore-3)
(Accredited to Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi)
Kullapuram (Po),ViaVaigai Dam, Theni-625 562
RAGI BLAST
Student Course teacher
Keerthana. R Dr. S. Parthasarathy
2016021017 Assistant Professor (Plant Pathology)
2. INTRODUCTION
Common name : Finger millet (Ragi)
Scientific name : Eleusine coracana
Family : Poaceae
Synonyms : Birds foot, African millet,
Crow footed millet.
3. Finger millet ia a low cost cereal forms staple food for many African
and Asian countries.
It ranks fourth among the millets in the world.
It is widely grown in South India, where it is one of the major staple
food of Karnataka.
The total area under ragi in India is about 5 million hectares, nearly
40% of which is in Karnataka.
Over 20 diseases of ragi are known, four of which are important in
India.
S INTRODUCTION
4. S SIGNIFICANCE
Of the several fungal diseases that affect the finger millet, blast
disease caused Pyricularia grisea is the most important and
destructive disease.
The disease was reported for the first time in India, from Tanjore
delta of Tamil Nadu by Mc Rae (1920).
Blast disease is very important among the constraints that affect the
yield, utilization and trade of finger millet within East Africa.
In Ethiopia, finger millet blast is one of the limiting factors for the
production and yield loss of crop.
5. ECONOMIC LOSSES
Loss of grain yield may exceed 50% (McRae, 1922).
Yield losses even upto 80 to 90% in endemic areas.
6. GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION
WORLD:
India (Mc Rae, 1920)
Srilanka (Park, 1932)
Nepal (Thompson,1941)
Malaya (Burnett, 1949)
Tanzania (Kuwite and Shao, 1992)
Somalia (Mohamed, 1980)
Tanganika (Wallace and Wallace, 1948)
Zambia (Muyanga and Danial, 1995)
Ethiopia
Uganda
8. SYMPTOMS
Infection may occur at all stages of plant growth.
Young seedlings may be blasted or blighted in the nursery bed as
well as developing young plants in the main field.
There are three stages in disease development.
Leaf blast
Node blast
Neck blast
9. Leaf blast:
It is more severe in tillering phase.
The disease is characterized by spindle shaped spots on the
leaves with grey centres surrounded by reddish brown margins.
Seedlings are more susceptible to leaf blast than mature plants.
13. Node blast:
Infection on stem causes blackening of the nodal region and the
nodes break at the point of infection.
All the parts above the infected node die.
15. Neck blast:
At flowering stage, the neck just below the earhead is affected and
turns sooty black in colour and usually breaks at this point.
In early neck infections, the entire earhead becomes chaffy and
there is no grain set at all.
If grain setting occurs, they are shrivelled and reduced in size.
Maximum damage is caused by the neck infection.
18. PATHOGEN
Kingdom Fungi
Division Ascomycota
Subdivision Pezizomycotina
Class Sordariomycetes
Subclass Sordariomycetidae
Order Magnaporthales
Family Magnaporthaceae
Genus Pyricularia
Species P. grisea (Cke.) Sacc.(1880)
19. In Srilanka, Pyricularia grisea has been recorded on Ragi
(Park, 1932).
In Uganda (Hansford, 1943) and Tanzania (Wallace and Wallace,
1948) identified the pathogen as P. oryzae.
In India, Ramakrishnan (1948) considered the fungus to be a race of
P. oryzae.
Wallace (1950) concluded as P. setariae.
Thirumalachar and Mishra (1954) identified the causal organism as
P. grisea.
PATHOGEN
20. PATHOGEN CHARACTERS
Asexual stage: Pyricularia grisea
Sexual stage: Magnaporthae grisea
Mycelium:
It may be intra or intercellular.
Hyphae:
Septate and hyaline when young,
It turn brownish and may be swollen when older;
The length of cells vary between 1.5 and 6.0 microns.
23. Spores:
Three celled, the middle cell being broader and darker than the
others;
It vary in size from 19-31 microns by 10-15 microns.
Chlamydospores:
Globose, thick-walled, olive brown or dark brown in color, 4 to 10
microns in diameter;
It may be terminal or intercallary and may also be produced at the
end of germ tubes.
24. EPIDEMIOLOGY
MODE OF SURVIVAL:
Persistence on alternate hosts such as
Wild Eleusine spp.
Digitaria spp.
Setaria verticillata
Persistence on collateral hosts such as
Brachiaria mutica
Panicum repens
The fungus may also persists in plant debris and to some extent
in the shriveled grains from infected ears.
25. MODE OF SPREAD
The fungus spreads mainly by air-borne conidia.
Primary spread:
Alternate hosts such as Eleucine indica, Eleusine Africana,
Digitaria spp., Setaria spp., Doctyloterium spp. serves as
primary sources of inoculum.
Secondary spread:
Air-borne conidia
27. FAVOURABLE CONDITIONS
Cloudy skies, frequent rain and drizzles.
High levels of nitrogen.
Relative humidity > 90%
The optimum temperature should be 25-28 °C for pathogen
germination.
In the tropics, blast spores are present in the air throughout the year,
thus favouring continuous development of the disease.
28. MANAGEMENT
CULTURAL METHOD:
Use of disease free seeds.
Proper plant spacing of 40*10 cm or 30*15 cm and
transplanting is advisable.
Early sowing (July month) reduces the blast severity.
Practicing crop rotation such as
• Finger Millet - Groundnut - Maize
• Finger Millet - Chickpea - Wheat
• Finger Millet -Cowpea /Pigeonpea – Sorghum.
30. BIOLOGICAL METHOD
Spray Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 2 g/lit of water.
First spray immediately after noticing the symptom.
Second and Third sprays at flowering stage @ 15 days
interval.
Seed treatment with Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 6g/Kg seed and
spray the extracts of
Prosopis juliflora leaf extract (10%)
Ipomoea carnea leaf extract (10%)
31. CHEMICAL METHOD
Seed treatment with Captan (Captan 50 WP) 4 g or Carbendazim
(Bavistin) 2 g/kg of seeds.
Spray any one of the fungicides such as Edifenphos (Hinosan) 500
ml or Carbendazim 500 g or Iprobenphos (Kitazin) @ 500 ml/ha.
• First spray immediately after noticing the symptoms.
• Second and third sprays at flowering stage @ 15 days interval
to control neck and finger infection.
32. Foliar spray with Aureofungin-Sol 100 ppm at 50% earhead
emergence followed by second spray with Mancozeb 1000g/ha
10 days later.
Spraying of Zineb (Hexathane 75% WP) 1.5 kg/ha.
33. REFERENCES:
Gupta, V.K., Paul, Y.S., and Sharma Sathish, K. 2012.
Fungi and Plant Diseases. Kalyani publishers, New Delhi.
Rangaswami, G and Mahadevan, A. 2016. Fourth edition.
Diseases of Crop Plants In India.PHI Learning Pvt Ltd., Delhi.