This document discusses several insect pests that damage wheat, maize, and sorghum crops. For wheat, it describes termites as a major pest, providing details on their identification, lifecycle, and damage symptoms. It lists management practices like using organic manure and pesticide application. For maize, it identifies stem borer and provides information on its identification, lifecycle, damage symptoms which include dead hearts, and management using resistant varieties, biocontrol agents, and pesticides. For sorghum, it discusses shoot fly and armyworm as pests, giving identification and listing control measures for each.
BLAST AND LEAF SPOT OF FINGER MILLET or RAGI or MANDUWA or NAACHNI, प्राचीन काल से ही हमारे देश में पारम्परिक मोटे अनाज जैसे कि ज्वार, जौं, मक्का आदि का सेवन किया जाता रहा है। इन्हीं मोटे अनाजों में से एक है रागी। यह अनाज सेहत के लिए बहुत ही लाभकारी है
BLAST AND LEAF SPOT OF FINGER MILLET or RAGI or MANDUWA or NAACHNI, प्राचीन काल से ही हमारे देश में पारम्परिक मोटे अनाज जैसे कि ज्वार, जौं, मक्का आदि का सेवन किया जाता रहा है। इन्हीं मोटे अनाजों में से एक है रागी। यह अनाज सेहत के लिए बहुत ही लाभकारी है
Ent-506-2 Insect Pests of Maize and Sorghum.pdfmuhammad1562002
Maize and sorghum, both belonging to the grass family Poaceae, are vital cereal crops grown worldwide. Unfortunately, they are susceptible to a variety of pests that can significantly reduce yield. These pests can be broadly categorized into insects, diseases, and weeds.
Insects:
Insects are some of the most common pests of maize and sorghum. Here are some of the major insect pests:
Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda):This highly destructive caterpillar feeds on the leaves and stalks of maize and sorghum, causing significant yield losses. It is native to the Americas but has spread to Africa and Asia in recent years.Maize Stem Borer (Busseola fusca):This moth larva tunnels into the stems of maize and sorghum, weakening the plants and reducing grain production. It is a major pest in Africa.Sorghum Shoot Fly (Atherigona soccata):The maggot of this fly feeds on the growing point of sorghum seedlings, killing or stunting the plants. It is a major pest in Asia and Africa.Sorghum Midge (Contarinia sorghicola):This tiny fly lays eggs in the developing sorghum flowers, damaging the seeds and reducing grain yield. It is a major pest in North America and Asia.Diseases:
Maize and sorghum are also susceptible to a number of fungal, bacterial, and viral diseases. Some of the most important diseases include:
Maize Lethal Necrosis Disease (MLND):This devastating viral disease can cause complete crop failure in maize. It is transmitted by thrips and is a major threat to food security in AfricaNorthern Corn Leaf Blight (Exserohilum turcicum):This fungal disease causes large, dead lesions on maize leaves, reducing photosynthesis and grain yield. It is a major disease in North America and Europe..Sorghum Grain Mold (Fusarium spp.):This fungal disease infects sorghum kernels during grain development, producing mycotoxins that can be harmful to humans and animals. It is a major disease in all sorghum-growing regions.Weeds:
Weeds compete with maize and sorghum for water, nutrients, and sunlight, reducing crop yield. Some of the most common weeds affecting these crops include:
Pigweed (Amaranthus spp.):This fast-growing summer annual weed can quickly outcompete maize and sorghum seedlings.pen_spark
Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense):This perennial grass is a close relative of sorghum and can be a difficult weed to control.Nutsedge (Cyperus spp.):These perennial weeds reproduce by tubers and can be very difficult to eradicate.By understanding the different types of pests that can attack maize and sorghum, farmers can develop integrated pest management (IPM) strategies to minimize crop losses. IPM strategies can include crop rotation, resistant varieties, biological control, and the judicious use of pesticides.
Pests of cotton_Sucking_Pests_Dr.UPR.pdfPirithiRaju
Cotton crops are vulnerable to a variety of sucking pests, which can severely impact plant health, yield, and fiber quality. These pests primarily feed on plant sap, extracting nutrients directly from the plant's vascular system. Here's a breakdown of some of the most significant sucking pests in cotton cultivation:
Aphids: Cotton aphids or melon aphids can cause direct damage by sucking sap and indirect damage by secreting honeydew, which encourages sooty mold growth. This can interfere with photosynthesis and weaken the plant. Aphids can also transmit viral diseases.
Whiteflies: Two species, the silverleaf whitefly and the bandedwinged whitefly, are particularly troublesome. They not only suck sap from the underside of leaves, causing yellowing and leaf drop, but their honeydew excretion promotes sooty mold and they can transmit several plant viruses.
Thrips: While thrips can chew on plants, their primary damage to cotton is through sucking. They attack the cotton plant during its seedling stage, which can stunt growth and reduce vigor. Thrips are also capable of transmitting the Cotton Bud disease.
Spider Mites: These are not insects but arachnids. Spider mites, such as the two-spotted spider mite, suck cell contents from the leaves, leading to speckled discoloration and potentially significant leaf loss if infestations are severe.
Leafhoppers: Including various species, leafhoppers can cause direct damage through feeding, which results in leaf curling and stunted growth. They can also be vectors for plant diseases.
Mealybugs: These pests are less common but can be problematic, especially in clustered planting conditions. They suck sap and secrete honeydew, which leads to sooty mold. Mealybugs can also spread viruses.
Stink Bugs: Although primarily known for their chewing mouthparts, certain stink bugs can cause damage similar to sucking pests by injecting saliva into the plant and sucking out nutrients, leading to boll damage and stained lint.
Management Strategies:
Cultural Controls: This includes practices such as crop rotation, using resistant varieties, and managing planting and harvesting times to avoid peak pest populations.
Biological Controls: Beneficial insects like lady beetles, lacewings, and predatory mites can naturally control sucking pest populations. Parasitic wasps also play a role in controlling aphid and whitefly populations.
Chemical Controls: Insecticides may be used but should be chosen carefully to minimize resistance development and preserve beneficial insects. Systemic insecticides can be particularly effective against sucking pests.
Integrated Pest Management (IPM): Combining multiple control strategies based on monitoring and thresholds to apply the most effective and environmentally sensitive approach.
Effective management of sucking pests in cotton requires a thorough understanding of the pest species present, their life cycles, and the ecological balance of the field environment.
Pests of safflower_Binomics_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdfPirithiRaju
Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) is a highly adaptable crop known for its seeds which are used for oil extraction and its flowers used in coloring and flavoring foods. Like many crops, safflower can be affected by various pests that can impact its growth and yield. Here’s an overview of some common pests that can affect safflower:
Insects
Safflower Fly (Acanthiophilus helianthi)
These flies lay eggs on the plant, and the emerging larvae feed on the flowers and seeds, causing significant damage.
Sunflower Moth (Homoeosoma electellum)
The larvae of the sunflower moth feed on the developing seeds and flower parts, leading to yield loss.
Aphids (various species)
Aphids suck sap from the plant, which can weaken it. They also excrete a sticky substance known as honeydew, which can lead to the growth of sooty mold.
Thrips (Thysanoptera spp.)
Thrips feed on the flowers and sometimes the leaves, causing deformed growth and reduced seed production.
Cutworms (Noctuidae family)
Cutworms are the larvae of nocturnal moths and can severely damage seedlings by cutting them at the soil line.
Wireworms (Elateridae family)
The larvae feed on seeds and roots, impairing seed germination and reducing plant vigor.
Mites
Spider Mites (Tetranychus spp.)
These tiny pests cause damage by piercing plant cells and sucking out the contents. Infestations can lead to yellowed, speckled leaves and overall plant stress.
Birds
Various bird species
Birds are attracted to safflower seeds and can consume a significant portion of the crop if not managed, especially during the ripening stage.
Management Strategies
Cultural Control: Implement crop rotation, remove plant residues, and use trap crops to disrupt the life cycle of pests.
Biological Control: Encourage natural predators and parasitoids such as lady beetles for aphids and parasitic wasps for caterpillars.
Chemical Control: Use pesticides judiciously, targeting specific pests as needed, and following integrated pest management (IPM) practices to minimize environmental impact.
Physical Barriers: Netting or row covers can be effective in protecting seedlings from birds and some insect pests.
Monitoring and timely intervention are key to managing pests in safflower. Using a combination of methods often yields the best results, reducing pest populations while promoting a sustainable crop production system.
6.1 Pests of Groundnut_Binomics_Identification_Dr.UPRPirithiRaju
Groundnut, also known as peanut, can be susceptible to various pests that can damage the plants and reduce yields. Some common pests of groundnut include:
Aphids: These small insects feed on plant sap and can cause yellowing of leaves, stunted growth, and reduced yield if infestations are severe.
Thrips: Thrips are tiny insects that feed on plant tissues, causing damage to leaves and sometimes spreading viruses.
Leaf miners: The larvae of certain insects, such as moths or flies, tunnel through the leaves of groundnut plants, causing characteristic "mines" or trails on the leaf surface.
Armyworms: These caterpillars can feed on groundnut leaves and pods, leading to significant damage if left unchecked.
White grubs: The larvae of certain beetle species, such as white grubs, feed on the roots of groundnut plants, which can weaken the plants and reduce yield.
Pod borers: Certain moth species lay eggs on groundnut pods, and the larvae bore into the pods, feeding on the developing seeds and causing damage.
Termites: Termites can feed on groundnut roots and may cause damage to plants, especially in sandy soils or during dry periods.
Cutworms: These caterpillars can cut through groundnut stems at or near the soil surface, causing plants to wilt and die.
Wireworms: The larvae of click beetles, wireworms feed on germinating seeds and underground plant parts, potentially reducing plant stands and causing yield loss.
Mites: Certain species of mites can infest groundnut plants, causing damage to leaves and reducing photosynthetic activity.
Integrated pest management (IPM) strategies, such as crop rotation, use of resistant varieties, biological control, and judicious use of pesticides, can help manage these pests effectively while minimizing environmental impact and promoting sustainable agriculture practices.
Sucking Insect pests of rice, Identification, Binomics, Integrated Pest Manag...PirithiRaju
However, rice crops are often plagued by various pests that can cause significant damage, reducing yield and quality. Sucking pests, such as planthoppers, leafhoppers, and aphids, pose a particularly significant threat to paddy crops.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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CLASS 11 CBSE B.St Project AIDS TO TRADE - INSURANCE
Lec. 3 rkp pcgm_wheat, maize, sorghum
1. R.K. Panse
Asstt. Prof. (Entomology)
INSECT PESTS OF WHEAT, MAIZE
AND SORGHUM
Lecture – 3
Subject: Pests of crop and stored grain and their
Management
3. Termites
Systemic position:
Scientific name : Odontotermes obesus (Rambur)
Family : Termitidea
Order : Isoptra
Distribution:
Dry regions and polyphagous
(Wheat, maize, groundnut,
sugarcane, sunflower, pulses,
minor millets, cotton,
plantations and fruits crops).
4. Bionomics and Biology
• Queen is soft bodied,
creamish, extra in size.
• 'Workers' are 4 mm and
soft, white body with
brown head
6. Nature and symptom of Damage
• Termites penetrate and
hollow out the tap root &
stem
• Bore holes into stem and
damage the seed.
• Damaged roots and stem
filled by earthen materials.
• Wilting and drying at all
stages of wheat crop
• Damaging stage: workers
Workers feed on the
root and stem
Wilting and dry up
8. Management practices
• Use well rotten organic manure.
• Destruction of debris, termite nests and queen.
• Frequent irrigation help in reducing termite attack.
• Harvest the crop as soon as they are matured.
• Early remove of the produce from the field will reduce
termite damage.
• Chlorpyriphos 20 EC
• Seed dressing with 6.5ml of chlorpyriphos /kg of seed
10. More than 130 insect pests have been recorded causing damage
to maize in India, Among these about half a
dozen insect pests are of economic importance
Maize shoot fly Atherigona orientalis Muscidae Diptera
Stem borer Chilo zonellus Pyralidae Lepidoptera
Maize cut worm Mythimna separata Noctuidae Lepidoptera
Cob worm/
Earworm
Helicoverpa armigera Noctuidae Lepidoptera
Aphid Rhopalosiphum maidis Aphididae Hemiptera
Shoot bug Peregrinus maidis Delphacidae Hemiptera
Major insect pests of Maize are
11. Stem borer
Systemic position:
Scientific name: Chilo zonellus & partellus (Swinheo)
Family : Crambidae (Pyralidae)
Order : Lepidoptera
Distribution:
Major pest of maize in throughout India is called as
Stalk borer that occurs during monsoon season.
It is also most destructive of maize & Sorghum in
India, Srilanka, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Uganda, Africa
Alternate hosts : Bajra, Sugarcane, Sudan grass and some
other grasses
12. Identification
Flat oval eggs in batches
on the under surface of
leaves near the midribs.
The larva is pale white
with black dots and
brown head.
The moth is medium
sized and straw
coloured.
Fore wings: are light
brownish with a row of
black dots on the apical
margin.
Hind wings are pale
white colour
13. Nature and symptom of Damage
Larvae bores in to the shoot and feeds on
the internal tissues and causes typical
‘dead heart’ symptom
Red mining in the midrib and tender folded
leaves have parallel “shot hole”
Later it acts as an internode borer show
internally tunneling and is found till the time
of harvest.
Bore holes visible on stem near the nodes.
Yield and quality of fodder is reduced.
The damage is estimated to 70 – 80 %.
14. Upper part of maize plant dies due to the boring of the caterpillar in the stem
Bored
hole
15. Management practices
Collection and destruction of the stubbles as the larvae
hibernate in them.
Adoption of higher seed rate
Maize varieties / hybrids Ganga 5, DHM 101, 103, 105
have been found resistant
Egg parasitoid : Trichogramma chilonis
Larval parasitoids : Cotesia flavipes, Bracon chinensis
Pupal parasitoids : Xanthopimpla punctata, Tetrastichus
ayyari
Placement of carbofuran 3 G @ 10 kg/ha at 35-40 DAS in
leaf whorls
Spraying of carbaryl 0.1 % thrice at an interval of 15 days
from a month after sowing.
17. Sorghum is a major crop in Maharastra, TN, AP, UP,
Rajasthan, Haryana, Gujarat, Karnataka
More than 150 species of Insects have been reported to
damage Sorghum. However, over a dozen species are very
serious and constitute a major constraint in sorghum
production
These insect pests are classified as
Borer pests
Ear head feeders
Sap feeders
Defoliators
Non insect pests
18. Shoot fly
Systemic position:
Scientific name : Atherigona soccata (Rond.)
Family : Muscidae
Order : Diptera
Distribution:
It is a major pest in all traditional sorghum growing
areas like Maharashtra, TN, and Karnataka
Alternate hosts – Maize, Ragi, Wheat, Bajra
More incidence observed in late kharif and early rabi
crop and Shoot fly alone is responsible for 5 %.
19. Identification
Egg - white, cylindrical, distal flattened
Maggots are apodous and yellowish in
colour and anteriorly tapering.
Adult - Adults resembles house fly, little
smaller and grayish brown in colour with
6 black spots on the abdomen
20. Maggots on hatching crawls on upper surface of the
leaf and later, enter stem and feed on growing point as a
result in wilting and drying of central shoot know as ‘dead
heart ‘ symptoms.
Incidence - The 1-6 weeks old seedlings are more
susceptible
Nature and symptom of Damage
21. Management practices
•Use resistant varieties like Co-1, CSH 15R, Maldandi
and Hagari.
•Take up early sowing of sorghum( South West or North
East monsoon)
•Use seeds pelleted with insecticides
•Seed treatment with imidacloprid 70 WS @ 10 g/kg of
seeds
•In case of direct seeding, use increased seed rate upto
12.5 kg/per hectare
•Plough soon after harvest, remove and destroy the
stubbles.
•Set up the TNAU low cost fish meal traps @ 12/ha till
the crop is 30 days old.
•Fish meal trap
22. Army worm
Systemic position:
Scientific name : Spodoptera frugiperda
Family : Noctuidae
Order : Lepidoptera
Distribution:
It is serious in heavy rainfall areas
23. Identification
•Larva: Dark brown colour with
longitudinal strips
The adult is stout bodied, medium
sized moth, greyish brown in colour
On the fore wings 2 white spots
and prominent veins in the wings
24. Nature and symptom of Damage
Larvae feeds on tender leaves in the central leaf
whorl of the plant. As they grow, feed on older
leaves and also feed on ear heads
25. Management practices
•Carbaryl 10 D @25 kg/ha
•Malathion 5 D @25 kg/ha
•Phosalone 4 D @25 kg/ha
•Neem seed kernel extract 5%
•Azadirachtin 1%
