1) Bacterial blight, caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. malvacearum, is a severe disease of cotton that causes losses of up to 10.4% of cotton lint production globally.
2) The disease causes lesions on leaves and stems, leading to angular leaf spots, vein necrosis, and blackening of stems known as black arm. It can also cause seedling blight and boll rot.
3) The bacteria spreads through seed, wind, water, and physical and biological agents. Warm and humid conditions favor disease development.
Damping off, collar rot/gummosis of citrus and Papaya and root rot of juteDinesh Ghimire
This was presented by one of the group of students to our Asst. professors Mr. and Mrs. Poudel (Pathology) in 2017. By B.Sc.Ag Paklihawa IAAS campus, Full phase 6th batch
This ppt will help Agricultural professionals to diagnose banana diseases and the management strategies. This is a compilation of important diseases of banana prevalent in India which contains some of my own photographs and others collected from Web. This is intended only for educating students and other agricultural field staff.
Damping off, collar rot/gummosis of citrus and Papaya and root rot of juteDinesh Ghimire
This was presented by one of the group of students to our Asst. professors Mr. and Mrs. Poudel (Pathology) in 2017. By B.Sc.Ag Paklihawa IAAS campus, Full phase 6th batch
This ppt will help Agricultural professionals to diagnose banana diseases and the management strategies. This is a compilation of important diseases of banana prevalent in India which contains some of my own photographs and others collected from Web. This is intended only for educating students and other agricultural field staff.
This ppt illustrates and describes the two bacterial diseases included in the BSc Hons Program Syllabys Core Course III or DSC 3- Citrus canker and angular leaf spot of cotton
This power-point provides general knowledge on the major wheat disease as
Common bunt of wheat
Fusarium head blight of wheat
Loose smut of wheat
Stagonospora nodorum blotch of wheat
Bacterial streak of wheat
Barley yellow dwarf virus of wheat
Leaf rust of wheat
Stem rust of wheat
Stripe rust of wheat
Powdery mildew of wheat
Septoria tritici blotch of wheat
Stagonospora nodorum blotch
Tan spot
Wheat soilborne mosaic
Wheat spindle streak mosaic
Wheat streak mosaic
Cephalosporium stripe
Common root rot
Fusarium root,
crown, and foot rots
Take-all of wheat
This ppt illustrates and describes the two bacterial diseases included in the BSc Hons Program Syllabys Core Course III or DSC 3- Citrus canker and angular leaf spot of cotton
This power-point provides general knowledge on the major wheat disease as
Common bunt of wheat
Fusarium head blight of wheat
Loose smut of wheat
Stagonospora nodorum blotch of wheat
Bacterial streak of wheat
Barley yellow dwarf virus of wheat
Leaf rust of wheat
Stem rust of wheat
Stripe rust of wheat
Powdery mildew of wheat
Septoria tritici blotch of wheat
Stagonospora nodorum blotch
Tan spot
Wheat soilborne mosaic
Wheat spindle streak mosaic
Wheat streak mosaic
Cephalosporium stripe
Common root rot
Fusarium root,
crown, and foot rots
Take-all of wheat
The overall description of major diseases of Rice or Paddy crop is ellustrated in presentation. The students prepairing for Agriculture can feel helpful. Thank You!
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
1. SUBMITTED BY COURSE TEACHER
SIVASAKTHI.M Dr. PARTHASARATHY.S
2016021043 Asst. Prof., (Plant Pathology)
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY
Affiliated to Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore
Kullapuram, Via Vaigai dam, Theni-625 562
BACTERIAL BLIGHT OF COTTON
2. SIGNIFICANCE
• Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in boll,
or protective capsule around the seeds of cotton plants
of the genus Gossypium.
• Cotton is the king of fibres, usually referred as white
gold.
• Current estimates for world production are about 25
million tonnes annually.
• China is the world’s largest producer of cotton.
3. • In India, cotton diseases like root rot, the wilt,
bacterial blight and the anthracnose cause a heavy
losses.
• The losses due to diseases is estimated to 10.4%
cotton lint.
• The storage of cotton seed is likely to get heated
and deteriorate in quality by the attack of micro-
organisms.
• Under warm and humid conditions of storage,
cotton fibres are liable to be attacked by fungi and
bacteria.
4. GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION
• Among the plant diseases caused by bacteria,
black arm of cotton is a severe one.
• It was first described in 1891 by Atkinson from
the United States.
• The disease has been reported from South
America, Egypt, Sudan and other African
countries, U.S.S.R, China, Australia, Srilanka,
Pakistan and India.
5. GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION OF BLACK ARM OF COTTON
https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?
6. SYMPTOMS
• Water soaked circular or irregular lesions on
cotyledons which spread to petiole and stem and
finally withering and death of seedling known as
seedling blight.
• Small, dark green, water soaked areas develop on
lower surface of leaves, enlarge gradually and
become angular when restricted by veins and
veinlets and spots are visible on both the surface
of the leaves ( Angular leaf spot).
7. SS
• The infection of veins and veinlets shows
blackening with crinkled and twisted leaves and
bacterial oozing (Vein necrosis or vein blighting).
• Black lesions on stem and branches, pre-mature
drooping of the leaves resulting in die-back known
as black arm.
• It also affects the bolls causing boll rot.
10. SYSTEMATIC CLASSIFICATION
kingdom : Bacteria
Phylum : Proteobacteria
Class : Gammaproteobacteria
Order : Xanthomonadales
Family : Xanthomonodaceae
Genus : Xanthomonas
Species : X. axonopodis pv. malvacearum
11. PATHOGEN CHARACTERS
• The bacterium is a short rod with a single polar
flagellum.
• It is gram negative, Non-spore forming and
measures 1.0-1.2×0.7-0.9µm.
• The bacterium is aerobic, capsule forming and
produces yellow colonies in culture medium.
13. EPIDEMOLOGY
MODE OF SURVIVAL AND SPREAD
• Primary infection : seed borne
• Secondary infection: wind, water and other
physical and biological agents; also an several
collateral hosts.
• The bacterium enters through natural openings or
insect caused wounds.
15. FAVOURABLE CONDITIONS
• Optimum soil temperature of 28°C.
• High atmospheric temperature of 30-40°C.
• Relative humidity of 85%.
• Early sowing, delayed thinning, poor tillage, late
irrigation and potassium deficiency in soil.
• Rain followed by bright sunshine during the
months of October and November are highly
favourable.
16. MANAGEMENT
• Delint the cotton seeds with concentrated
sulphuric acid at 100 ml/kg. Treat the delinted
seeds with carboxin or oxycarboxin at 2g/kg or
soak the seeds in 1000ppm Streptomycin sulphate
overnight.
• Remove and destroy the infected plant debris.
• Rogue out the volunteer cotton plants and weed
hosts.
17. • Follow crop rotation with non host crops.
• Early thinning and early earthing up with potash.
• Grow resistant varieties like Sujatha, 1412,
CRH71, HG-9, BJA 592, G-7and HS-6. Suvin is
tolerant.
• Spray with Streptomycin sulphate and
Tetracycline mixture 100g along with copper
oxychloride at 1.25kg/ha.
18. REFERENCES
• Singh.S.K., D.Singh and A. Kumar, 2017, Plant Diseases
and Their Management, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.
• Singh.R.S., 2018 , Plant Diseases, Vinod Kumar Jain,
Scientific International Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
• Rangaswami.G., A.Mahadevan, 2016, Diseases of crop
plants in India, PHI learning Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
