The overall description of major diseases of Rice or Paddy crop is ellustrated in presentation. The students prepairing for Agriculture can feel helpful. Thank You!
This ppt will help Agricultural professionals to diagnose banana diseases and the management strategies. This is a compilation of important diseases of banana prevalent in India which contains some of my own photographs and others collected from Web. This is intended only for educating students and other agricultural field staff.
The overall description of major diseases of Rice or Paddy crop is ellustrated in presentation. The students prepairing for Agriculture can feel helpful. Thank You!
This ppt will help Agricultural professionals to diagnose banana diseases and the management strategies. This is a compilation of important diseases of banana prevalent in India which contains some of my own photographs and others collected from Web. This is intended only for educating students and other agricultural field staff.
BLAST AND LEAF SPOT OF FINGER MILLET or RAGI or MANDUWA or NAACHNI, प्राचीन काल से ही हमारे देश में पारम्परिक मोटे अनाज जैसे कि ज्वार, जौं, मक्का आदि का सेवन किया जाता रहा है। इन्हीं मोटे अनाजों में से एक है रागी। यह अनाज सेहत के लिए बहुत ही लाभकारी है
This was presented by one of the group of students to our Asst. professors Mr. and Mrs. Poudel (Pathology) in 2017.
By B.Sc.Ag Paklihawa IAAS campus, Full phase 6th batch.
BLAST AND LEAF SPOT OF FINGER MILLET or RAGI or MANDUWA or NAACHNI, प्राचीन काल से ही हमारे देश में पारम्परिक मोटे अनाज जैसे कि ज्वार, जौं, मक्का आदि का सेवन किया जाता रहा है। इन्हीं मोटे अनाजों में से एक है रागी। यह अनाज सेहत के लिए बहुत ही लाभकारी है
This was presented by one of the group of students to our Asst. professors Mr. and Mrs. Poudel (Pathology) in 2017.
By B.Sc.Ag Paklihawa IAAS campus, Full phase 6th batch.
a brief description on diseases of pea their symptom and casual organism.
Content is for eduacational purpose and truly for students ,scientist and farmers.
students presentation
This ppt illustrates and describes the two bacterial diseases included in the BSc Hons Program Syllabys Core Course III or DSC 3- Citrus canker and angular leaf spot of cotton
Beekeeping
- Beekeeping Defination
- History Of beekeeping
- Beekeeping in india
- What is bee hives?
- Commercial Methods of bee rearing
- What is an apiary?
- Beekeeping Equipments
- Seasonal Management Of Honey Bees
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
1. Potato crop Diseases, Symptoms, Etiology, Disease cycleand
Their Management.
: Alternaria solani
: Phytopthora infestans
: Rhizoctonia solani
: Potato leaf roll virus
1. Early blight
2. Late blight
3. Black scurf
4. Leaf roll
5. Mosaic :
a. Mild mosaic/Interveinal mosaic
b. Severe mosaic
c. Rugose mosaic of potato
: (Potato virus X) PV X
:Potato virus Y (PV Y)
: Potato virus X &Y
2. 1. Early blight : Alternaria solani
Symptoms:
This is a common disease of potato occurring on the foliage at any stage of
the growth and causes characteristic leaf spots and blight.
Normally the disease symptoms become apparent during tuber bulking
stage and develop leading to the harvest.
The early blight is first observed on the plants as small, black lesions
mostly on the older foliage.
Spots enlarge, and by the time they are one-fourth inch in diameter or
larger, concentric rings in a bull's eye pattern can be seen in the center of the
diseased area.
Tissue surrounding the spots may turn yellow. If high temperature and
humidity occur at this time, much of the foliage is killed.
Lesions on the stems are similar to those on leaves, sometimes girdling the
plant if they occur near the soil line.
3. Etiology:
The mycelium is septate, branched, light brown colour, spread
inter and intracelluar in the host tissue.
The conodiophore are short, light brown, septate arise from disease
tissue and emerge through stomata.
The conidia are borne in chain at tip of conidiophores. Conidia are
obclavate, muriform with 5-10transverse septa.
4. Disease Cycle/perpetuation of Early blight of disease:
Primary Infection: Mycelium or conidia in infected plant debris
Secondary Infection: Conidia dispersed by wind, water or rain
splashes
Management of early blight disease
Use of disease free seed
Practicing crop rotation helps to minimize the disease incidence.
Removal and burning of diseased crop debris
Nursery spraying after 2 weeks after sowing with COC 50WP
Mancozeb@0.25% or chlorothalonil@0.2% or Zineb@ 0.25%spray at
weekly intervals.
Spray Mancozeb + urea solution i.e. at the rate of 2 g Mancozeb 75
WP + 10 g urea per litre of water at 15 days interval when symptoms
start.
5. 2. LATE BLIGHT : PHYTOPTHORA
INFESTANS
Symptoms:
A. Symptoms on leaf
The first symptoms of late blight in the field are small, light to dark
green, circular to irregular-shaped water-soaked spots. These lesions
usually appear first on the lower leaves. Lesions often begin to develop
near the leaf tips or edges, where dew is retained the longest.
During cool, moist weather, these lesions expand rapidly into large, dark
brown or black lesions, often appearing greasy. Leaf lesions also
frequently are surrounded by a yellow chlorotic halo
The lesions are not limited by leaf veins, and as new infections occur
and existing infections coalesce, entire leaves can become blighted and
killed within just a few days. The lesions also may be present on petioles
and stems of the plant.
The lesions are not limited by leaf veins, and as new infections occur
and existing infections coalesce, entire leaves can become blighted and
killed within just a few days. The lesions also may be present on petioles
and stems of the plant.
6. B. Symptoms on tubers:
Late blight infection of tubers is characterized by irregularly shaped,
slightly depressed areas that can vary considerably from brown to
purplish of variable size on the skin.
A tan to reddish-brown, dry, granular rot is found under the skin in the
discolored areas and extending into the tuber usually less than ½inch
7. Etiology:
Mycelium is coenocytic, hyaline, branched and both inter and intracelluar
The conidiophores are aerial and arise from the internal mycelium
through stomata
and lenticel on the tubes. They are slender hyaline, branched and
indeterminate.
The sporangia are thin walled, hyaline, oval or pear shaped with a definite
papilla at the apex germinating by zoospore. Oospore are thick walled and
yellowish.
8. Disease cycle:
The infected tubers and the infected soil may serve as a source of
primary infection.
The diseased tubers are mainly responsible for persistence of the disease
from crop to crop.
The air borne infection is caused by the sporangia.
Management:
Protective spraying with mancozeb or zineb 0.2 %should be done to
prevent infection of tubers.
Tuber contamination is minimized if injuries are avoided at harvest
time and storing of visibly infected tubers before storage.
The resistant varities recommended for cultivation are Kufri Naveen,
Kufri Jeevan, Kufri Alenkar, Kufri Khasi Garo and Kufri Moti.
Destruction of the foliage few days before harvest is beneficial and this
is accomplished by spraying with suitable herbicide
9. 3. BLACK SCURF : RHIZOCTONIA SOLANI
Symptoms
Symptoms can be observed on above and below ground plant parts.
Symptoms observed above ground early in the season include necrosis
at the tips of the sprouts (which may eventually cause the emerging
plant to die) and sunken lesions on stolons, roots, and stems.
Later in the season, sclerotia are produced in the tubers creating a sign
called black scurf which is simply, sclerotized mycelium.
Stems with cankers can become girdled, resulting in stunted plants.
Leaves of infected plants develop a purplish and chlorotic coloration.
In severe infections, green tubers develop above the ground.
Affected tubers are deformed and can produce sclerotia on the surface.
10. Tuber russet
Sunken leisons on stem
Etiology:
Rhizoctonia solani is a basidiomycete fungus that does not produce any asexual
spores (called conidia) and only occasionally will the fungus produce sexual spores
(basidiospores). In nature, R. solani reproduces asexually and exists primarily as
vegetative mycelium and/or sclerotia
Young mycelium of R Solani is silvery and become yellow to brown at maturity 8- 12
µm in dia.
Having frequent septation and branched.
Sclerotia are dark brown to black.
They are roughly spherical or somewhat flattened or irregular, shape of micro
scleortia is oval to irregular
11. Disease Cycle
P.I: Oospores (Pythium) or Sclerotia (Rhizoctonia) in soil
S.I: Seedlings raised in infected soil carry the disease to field
Management:
Disease free seed tubers alone should be planted.
If there is a slight infection of black scurf that can be controlled by treating
seed tubers with mercuric chloride solution for 1.5 hr with acidulated
mercuric chloride solution for 5 min.
Treating the soil with pentachloroni trobenzene at the rate of 70 kg/ ha
lowers the incidence of the disease, but it is too expensive and cumbersome.
Well sprouted tubers may be planted shallow to control disease.
The disease severity is reduced in the land is left fallow for 2 years.
12. 4.Leaf roll : Potato leaf rollvirus
Symptoms:
The symptoms appear early and young leaves show an upward roll.
Leaves become dry, leathery and thick. They turn brittle and give
their distinctive rattle when shaken.
Plants may also be severely stunted, erect and light green.
Tubers are reduced in size and number. With some varieties, a net
necrosis develops inside the tuber.
13. Transmission
Infected tubers (Sap inoculation)
Spread by aphids, Myzus persicae and Aphis gossypii
Management:
Disease free seed tubers for planting.
Use of disease free certified seed.
Rouging of diseased plants and burying them deep in soil.
Aphid control.(Phorate 10G ,10Kg/ha or monochrotophos).
14. : (Potato virus X) PV X
5.Mosaic :
a. Mild mosaic/Interveinal mosaic
Symptoms:
Often referred as latent potato mosaic
Light yellow mottling with slight crinkling on potato plants
Interveinal necrosis of top foliage
Stunting of diseases plants
Leaves may appear slightly rugose where strains of PV Y combines
15. B) SEVERE MOSAIC – POTATO VIRUS Y (PV Y)
ALSO CALLED POTATO LEAF DROP STREAK
Symptoms
Chlorotic streaks on leaves which become necrotic
Necrosis of leaf veins and leaf drop streak
Interveinal necrosis and stem/petiole necrosis
Plant remain stunted in growth
Rugosity and twisting of the leaves occurs in combination with PV X
and PV A
16. C. Rogose and Common Mosaic : Potato virus X &Y
Symptoms
Black streaks appear in leaf veins and on stems.
Early-season infection shows shriveled leaves that hang from the stem
by a thread of dead tissue.
Later in season, the plants become bare with a few leaves on top. Late-
season infection does not show any symptoms.
Plants from infected seed tubers have mottled and wrinkled leaves that
are distorted ("rough") and reduced.
Stems are brittle and dwarfing is common. Harvested tuber size is
greatly reduced.
The primary pathogen is Potato Virus Y (PVY) which may act alone or
in conjunction with PVX. There are many strains of PVY with differing
characteristics and behaviour. PVY is spread by both seed and aphids.
17. Transmission
a.) Mild mosaic/Interveinal mosaic
Spreads mechanically through rubbing of leaves, contact of infected plants
(Sap inoculation), seed, cutting knives, farm implements.
Root clubbing of healthy and diseased plants in field
b) Severe mosaic – Potato virus Y (PV Y)
Infected tubers (Sap inoculation)
Spread by aphids, Myzus persicaeand Aphis gossypii
Management:
Disease free seed tubers for planting.
Resistant varieties (like chippewa & Irish cobs).
Use of disease free certified seed.
Rouging of diseased plants and burying them deep in soil.
Insect control in case of Mild and Rugose mosaic.(Phorate 10G ,10Kg/ha)
Avoid working of labour and animals from diseased to health crop in case
of latent mosaic virus.
Early harvesting of the crop.