ragi (finger millet) is an important staple food in both Eastern and Central Africa and South Asia. There are at least 14 fungal pathogens in addition to blast and two species of Helminthosporium that have been reported infective on ragi. It is also susceptible to at least one bacterial disease and two or three virus diseases causing a mosaic or mottling of the leaves, a freckled yellow, and chlorotic symptoms like maize streak.
Sclerotinia blight of solanaceous cropsBinita Suwal
Sclerotinia blight is one of the important diseases of solanaceous crops. It is caused by the fungi of the genus Sclerotinia. The characteristic symptom of this disease is the presence of white fluffy mycelial growth at the point of infection which later turns into black and hard sclerotia.
This power-point provides general knowledge on the major wheat disease as
Common bunt of wheat
Fusarium head blight of wheat
Loose smut of wheat
Stagonospora nodorum blotch of wheat
Bacterial streak of wheat
Barley yellow dwarf virus of wheat
Leaf rust of wheat
Stem rust of wheat
Stripe rust of wheat
Powdery mildew of wheat
Septoria tritici blotch of wheat
Stagonospora nodorum blotch
Tan spot
Wheat soilborne mosaic
Wheat spindle streak mosaic
Wheat streak mosaic
Cephalosporium stripe
Common root rot
Fusarium root,
crown, and foot rots
Take-all of wheat
Sclerotinia blight of solanaceous cropsBinita Suwal
Sclerotinia blight is one of the important diseases of solanaceous crops. It is caused by the fungi of the genus Sclerotinia. The characteristic symptom of this disease is the presence of white fluffy mycelial growth at the point of infection which later turns into black and hard sclerotia.
This power-point provides general knowledge on the major wheat disease as
Common bunt of wheat
Fusarium head blight of wheat
Loose smut of wheat
Stagonospora nodorum blotch of wheat
Bacterial streak of wheat
Barley yellow dwarf virus of wheat
Leaf rust of wheat
Stem rust of wheat
Stripe rust of wheat
Powdery mildew of wheat
Septoria tritici blotch of wheat
Stagonospora nodorum blotch
Tan spot
Wheat soilborne mosaic
Wheat spindle streak mosaic
Wheat streak mosaic
Cephalosporium stripe
Common root rot
Fusarium root,
crown, and foot rots
Take-all of wheat
This ppt will help Agricultural professionals to diagnose banana diseases and the management strategies. This is a compilation of important diseases of banana prevalent in India which contains some of my own photographs and others collected from Web. This is intended only for educating students and other agricultural field staff.
The Presentation is prepared by N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to hybrid seed production related to rice.
Wilt is a pernicious disease of guava in India.
In India the disease was first recorded near Allahabad in 1935 . The infection was reported 15 -30 %.
The disease is a serious threat to guava cultivation in U.P. In West Bengal it reduces the yield in affected orchard by 80% .
The disease is also prevalent in Haryana Rajasthan , A.P ,
Punjab and M.P.The exact cause of the disease is still not fully understood but the pathogens viz. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. psidii (Prasad, Mehta & Lal), Rhizoctonia spp. (Taub.) and various pathogens are reported by different workers may be the incitant of the disease.
Survival and spread:
Through movement of plants containing sick soil in virgin areas.
Short distance spread is by water.
Root injury predisposes wilt disease.
It has forced uprooting of about 150 acre of guava orchard in Panjab and 300 acres in Haryana during 1971-81.
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
This ppt will help Agricultural professionals to diagnose banana diseases and the management strategies. This is a compilation of important diseases of banana prevalent in India which contains some of my own photographs and others collected from Web. This is intended only for educating students and other agricultural field staff.
The Presentation is prepared by N.S Institution of science, Markapur.
It consists of a basic introduction related to hybrid seed production related to rice.
Wilt is a pernicious disease of guava in India.
In India the disease was first recorded near Allahabad in 1935 . The infection was reported 15 -30 %.
The disease is a serious threat to guava cultivation in U.P. In West Bengal it reduces the yield in affected orchard by 80% .
The disease is also prevalent in Haryana Rajasthan , A.P ,
Punjab and M.P.The exact cause of the disease is still not fully understood but the pathogens viz. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. psidii (Prasad, Mehta & Lal), Rhizoctonia spp. (Taub.) and various pathogens are reported by different workers may be the incitant of the disease.
Survival and spread:
Through movement of plants containing sick soil in virgin areas.
Short distance spread is by water.
Root injury predisposes wilt disease.
It has forced uprooting of about 150 acre of guava orchard in Panjab and 300 acres in Haryana during 1971-81.
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
World: Millet - Market Report. Analysis And Forecast To 2020IndexBox Marketing
IndexBox Marketing has just published its report: "World: Millet - Market Report. Analysis And Forecast To 2020". The report provides an in-depth analysis of the global millet market. It presents the latest data of the market value, consumption, domestic production, exports and imports, price dynamics and food balance. The report shows the sales data, allowing you to identify the key drivers and restraints. You can find here a strategic analysis of key factors influencing the market. Forecasts illustrate how the market will be transformed in the medium term. Profiles of the leading producers are also included.
Green Organics India, Royal Nut Company, Sustainable Seed Co., Reliant Int, Anita's Organic
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U.S. Organic Millet Market. Analysis and Forecast To 2025IndexBox Marketing
This report provides an in-depth analysis of the U.S. organic millet market. It presents the latest data of the market size and volume, domestic production, exports and imports, price dynamics and turnover in the industry. The forecast reveals market prospects to 2025.
'India Breakfast Habits Study', a survey conducted in four metros, found that Chennai has the best breakfast 'nutrient profile' in the country. 3 idlis with a bowl of sambhar -- Chennai's traditional breakfast is not just a gastronomical delight for many but also the most nutritious morning meal compared to those in other metros.
Presenter: K. N. Bhatt
Title: Finger Millet for Nutrition, Health and Ecological Security: SFMI
Date: June 5, 2015
Venue: Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
Sponsor: SRI-Rice
ABSTRACT- The present review deals on major Coleopteran beetles of agricultural crop pests include 45 genera and
55 species from 15 families. Most of beetles are pest of cereals and millets (3), oil seed crops (2), fibre crops (4),
vegetables (11), temperate fruits (7), sub-tropical and tropical fruits (9), ornamental plants (2), plantation crop (8),
spices (4) and stored grains (5). Among families; Curculionidae was dominated by 12 (21.8 %) species followed by
Chrysomelidae 10(18.18 %), Cerambycidae 9(16.3 %), Scarabaeridae 6(10.9 %), Coccinellidae 3(5.4 %), Apionidae,
Bostrychidae, Brachidae, Buprestidae and Scolytidae each with two species (3.6 %). Whereas families like
Dermestidae, Lamiidae, Meloidae, Melonithidae and Tenebrionidae contribute each with single species (1.8 %).
Key-words- Coleopteran beetle, Cereals, Spices, Stored grains, temperate fruits.
Deuteromycotina is a polyphyletic group of fungi that reproduce asexually by the generation of conidia (asexual spores). Because these fungi lack a sexual reproductive cycle, they do not have a known sexual stage in their life cycle. The categorization of Deuteromycotina has been debated, as the lack of a documented sexual stage has made determining their evolutionary links with other fungal taxa problematic. With the introduction of molecular biology tools in recent years, several Deuteromycotina species have been reassigned into other fungal phyla based on genetic similarities. Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Trichoderma are examples of Deuteromycotina that are commonly used in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries for the synthesis of antibiotics and other chemicals. However, genetic analysis has led to the reclassification of many of these fungi into different phyla.
Odoiporus longicollis, is one of the severe pest of Banana, which cause severe damage to rhizome and pseudostem. Generally both grubs and adults infect the plant and decline the production.
Thrips (order Thysanoptera) are minute (mostly 1 mm long or less), slender insects with fringed wings and unique asymmetrical mouthparts. Different thrips species feed mostly on plants by puncturing and sucking up the contents, although a few are predators. Entomologists have described approximately 6,000 species.
Similar to integrated disease management in ragi (20)
Guru P N_Innovative storage techniques_CIPHET.pdfGuru P N
Most important aspect of the grain storage that is post-harvest management of grain including protection and handling of the grains. The management of the different pests including insects, rodents, birds and microbes and others.
Arabica coffee has a lower caffeine level than robusta, and Arabica is an allotetraploid (2 n =4 x =44), while robusta is a diploid (2 n =22); furthermore, arabica coff ee grows best at high elevations, while robusta is grown at lower elevations. Both species of Coffea can either be grown at full sun, or under different levels of shade. One of the major constraints to coffee production throughout the world is the damage caused by the coffee berry borer, Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).
A holistic approach to crop production, which encompasses conservation tillage (CT), and also seeks to preserve biodiversity in terms of both flora and fauna. Activities such as Integrated Crop (ICM), Integrated Weed (IWM) and Integrated Pest (IPM) Management form part of Conservation Agriculture (CA)
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
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Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Alert-driven Community-based Forest monitoring: A case of the Peruvian Amazon
integrated disease management in ragi
1. DISEASES OF RAGI AND THEIR INTEGRATED
MANAGEMENT
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES , DHARWAD- 05
DEPARTMENT OF PLANT PATHOLOGY
Prepared by,
GURU P. N.
PGS13AGR6048
Dept. of Agril. Entomology
03/17/16 1
2. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
Scientific name : Eleusine corocana.
Family : Poaceae
Synonymes : Birds foot,
coracana, and African millet,
Finger millet,
crow-footed millet.
4th
after bajra
Major cultivating area is Africa and southern Asia.
India : 40 and 45% of the total world production.
(Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh)
Karnataka and Tamil Nadu produce about 61% of the total crop.
03/17/16 2
3. The grain is very highly resistant to storage insect pests, even
without any special care or attention. It is reputed to remain in
good condition even when stored as long as fifty years
(Ayyangar, 1972).
RAGI-Karnataka
Bangalore : 40% of the cultivated area is sown to the millet,
Kolar (50%), Tumkur and Hassan (40%).
It is rich in calcium, iron, protein and some rare nutrients
such as methionine .
03/17/16 3
4. Origin.
Uganda and neighboring regions.
Introduced to India approximately 3,000 years ago.
Distribution.
Is an important staple food in both Eastern and Central Africa and South
Asia.
The cultivation of finger millet widely distributed extending from Tamil
Nadu in South to Uttaranchal in North; ,Gujarat in West to Orissa in East
and even extending to north – eastern regions including Sikkim.
03/17/16 4
6. Eleusine indica Eleusine coracana Eleusine africana
There are two cultivated types of ragi
Indian ragi (2n = 4x = 36)
E. coracana
Short fingers, small grains, photo
insensitive.
African ragi (2n = 4x = 36)
E. africana
Long fingers, bold grain, stiff straw,
photosensitive and uneven grain maturity
phase.
03/17/16 6
7. AREA, PRODUCTION AND PRODUCTIVITY
Area
(000’ha)
Production
(000’kgs)
Productivity
(kg/ha)
2002-03.
INDIA. 1646.7 2374.6 1442
KTK. 953.5 1539.4 1614
2009-10.
INDIA. 1552.7 2432.4 1567
KTK. 893.0 1733.0 1941
Source : www.faostat.com
03/17/16 7
10. BLAST (Pyricularia grisea)
Loss of grain yield may exceed 50% (McRae, 1922)
Coimbatore : yield losses even upto 80 to 90%
Generally 20%
Symptoms :
Seedlings arc more susceptible to leaf blast than mature plants.
Large oval or elongated brown spots occur on the leaves.
Neck below the earhead is attacked, resulting in failure of grain set or
shrivelled seeds.
03/17/16 10
11. Affects ragi in all stages of growth
Seedling stage : Spindle shaped lesions of varying sizes are formed
(greyish-green in the center with a yellowish margin, but later the
central portion turns whitish and gradually disintegrates)
In the early stages of the infection, the lesions are isolated but often
quickly coalesce and cover extensive areas.
Infection in the mature plant is very similar to that of the seedling stage.
Lesions may measure 1 to 2 cm in length and 0.3 to 0.5 cm in width.
Heading stage :
The upper peduncle immediately below the head becomes infected
over an area of 3.0 to 5.0 cm. These infected areas become discolored and
shrunken. A hollowed grey fungus growth covers the area. Grain
formation may be inhibited completely or the developed grains will be
shrivelled.
03/17/16 11
14. Pathogen:
In Sri Lanka, Pyricularia crusea has been recorded on ragi (Park, 1932)
Uganda (Hansford, 1943) and Tanzania (Wallace and Wallace, 1948),
identified the pathogen as P. oryzae.
In India Ramakrishnan (1948) considered the fungus to be a race of P.
orvzae.
Wallace (1950) concluded as P.setariae.
Thirumalachar and Mishra (1954) identified the causal organism as
P.grisea.
03/17/16 14
15. Hyphae-
septate and hyaline when young,
turn brownish and may be swollen when older;
length of cells vary between 1.5 and 6.0 microns.
Conidiophores-
Simple, septate and dark-colored at the base and lighter above.
Conidia-
obpyriform shape and sub-hyaline.
Conidia and conidiophores of Pyricularia grisea03/17/16 15
16. Spores-
three celled, the middle cell
being broader and darker than the
others; vary in size from 19-31
microns by 10-15 microns.
Chlamydospores-
globose, thick-walled, olive brown or dark brown in color, 4 to 10
microns in diameter; may be terminal or intercallary and may also be
produced at the end of germ tubes.
03/17/16 16
17. Infection
In south India the incidence of diseases is particularly severe from
October to December, which are the principal rainy months.
In this same environment, ragi sown during the hot dry summer, January
to April, usually has no infection (Thomas,1941).
Cross infectivity
Thomas (1940, 1941) : ragi strain of Pyricularia fails to infect rice and
ginger but does infect wheat, barley and oats quite readily.
Ramakrishnan (L.C.) also reports that the ragi pathogen readily infects
bulrush millet, maize and Daciyloctenium aegyptium but would not infect
rice and Digitaria marginata.
03/17/16 17
18. Evaluation of mycelial growth of P.grisea at different temperature levels
Ethiopia Getachew et al., 2013
03/17/16 18
22. Blast DS and DI was assessed according to the scale of Waller et al.
(2002);
DS% = nv/9N x100
Where,
(n)= Number of plants in each category,
(v) = Numerical values of symptoms category.
(N)= Total number of plants,
(9) = Maximum numerical value of symptom category.
DI (%) = Number of infected plant units X 100
Total number (healthy and infected of units assessed)
03/17/16 22
23. BLIGHT AND ROTS (Cochliobolus nodulosus Luttrell)
Previously known as Helminthosporium nodulosum
It has been reported widespread in India and in several other countries
including the Philippines, Japan and the United States and also in Africa.
It attacks other species of Eleusine besides ragi, including E.indica and
E.aegyptica
Symptoms
Occur sporadically in the field or in well-defined patches.
Affects all parts of the plant including the roots, the stems, leaf sheath,
leaf blade, spikes and spikelets.
03/17/16 23
24. Germinating seeds may be killed before the seedling emerges above
the soil. (pre-emergent damping off)
In developing seedlings lesions are small, oval in shape and light
brown in color. These soon became elongated up to 1 cm in length
and 1 mm in width and tend to coalesce forming patches of stripes
that later turn dark brown in color. Infected leaves wither
prematurely and seedlings may die within two weeks of infection.
Stem lesions are frequently oblong. The fungus also attacks the upper
peduncle and the head.
The fungus also attacks the upper peduncle and the head. Grains are
often poorly developed or shrivelled and there can be considerable
reduction in yields.
03/17/16 24
26. Pathogen
Two fungi were involved,
Helminthosporium nodulosum and
H. leucoslylum. The latter was less
harmful to the host, infecting only
the leaves (causing shredding) and
the ears.
The perfect stage of H. nodulosum was described in 1957 as a new
species, Cochliobolus nodulosus.
The fungus C.nodulosus is characterized by erect or curved
unbranched conidiophores.
They may emerge either through the stomata or directly through
epidermal cells. The size varies from 80 to 250 microns in length and 5
to 7 microns in width.
03/17/16 26
27. Conidiophores
Hyaline at first and then turning dark brown at the base, paler at the apex.
Up to 18 septa may be formed
Conidia
Up to 11 spores may be formed on one conidiophore. They are thick
walled, light green in color, sub-cylindrical or obclavate, straight or
curved, 3 to 10 septate and measure 40 x140 microns by 11x21 microns.
The asci are short, stipitate, straight, cylindrical, 1 to 8 spored, rounded at
the apex, and measure 120 to 193 microns x 14 to 17 microns.
The ascospores are hyaline, cilliform, 11 septate and measure 120 to 193
microns x 14 to 17 microns. Pseudoparaphyses are often found with the
asci.
03/17/16 27
28. Several hosts are cross-infected by the pathogen C. Nodulosus
including Eleusine indica, Dactyloclaenium aegyptium, Setaria
italica, Echinodoa frumentacea, Panicum miliaceum, Zea mays,
Penniselum typhoides, Sorghum bicolor and Sacckarum
officeanarum.
Wheat, barley and oats were reported not to be infected by this
fungus.
The pathogen has also been shown to cause seedling blight leaf
stripe and sooty heads in the common weed, Eleusine indica, in
several countries.
03/17/16 28
29. SMUT {Melanopsichium eleusis (Kulk) Mundk and Thirum )
Ragi smut appears to have restricted occurrence in India where it is
most prevalent in the States of Maharashtra and Karnataka.
Kulkarni (1918) first collected this fungus in Kolhapur, Maharashtra
where he described it as Ustilago eleusinis.
A similar smut collected near Nairobi, Kenya, was described by Mundkur
(1939). He also hypothesized that this pathogen differs from a species of
Ustilago affecting Eleusine indica in China owing to their smaller
ekinulate spores.
03/17/16 29
30. Symptoms
Generally only a few seeds in an ear become affected, and the infected
grains are scattered throughout the spikes.
These are converted into enlarged globose sacs, greenish at first but later
turning dirty black and 5 to 15 mm in diameter.
Ear structures arc hypertrophied and contain lysigenous cavities
containing spores. At first the matrix is gelatinous but later the mass
becomes pulverulent.
03/17/16 30
32. Pathogen
The smut first named as
Ustilago eleusinis was later transferred
to the genus Melanopsichium by Mundkur
and Thirumalachar (L.C.).
The spores are globose in shape and 7 to 11 microns in diameter. The
epispore is densely pitted and has a rough surface.
The spores germinate readily in water, producing septate promycelia.
Sporidia are formed on these both terminally and laterally.
03/17/16 32
33. Infection
Thirumalachar and Mundkur (1947) obtained successful infection
when sporidial suspensions were poured on the ears at the time of
head emergence. They therefore concluded that the infection was
air-borne and occurred during flowering.
03/17/16 33
34. WILT OR FOOT ROT (Sclerotium rolfsii (Saec.) Curzi)
It was first reported in 1928 from Anakapali in Andhra Pradesh.
The pathogen, however, is very widely distributed and may infect, ragi
extensively in areas where the crop is grown. However, damage does not
appear to be extensive but rather sporadic in nature.
03/17/16 34
35. Symptoms
Infected plants are often pale green and stunted.
The infection most commonly occurs at the base of the plants, on the
leaf sheath and culm. These often turn brown at the place of infection;
and the plants eventually will, lodge and dry up.
Mycelial growth occurs prominently between the sheaths or on the
stem at the basal region as a white fan-shaped growth.
The sclerotia are formed on the surface of the mycelial growth as small
mustard seed-like and tancolored bodies.
03/17/16 35
37. Pathogen
Only the mycelial and sclerotial stages of the pathogen occur in nature
and are referred to as Sclorotium rolfsii, while the perfect stage is referred
to as Pellicularia rolfsii.
The sporophores were having a dense hymenium that does not form a
continuous fleshy layer when fully formed. It is 30 to 40 microns in
thickness.
The basidia are obovoid and measure 7 to 9 microns x 4 to 5 microns.
They bear 2 to 4 parallel or divergent sterigmata ranging up to 6 microns in
length.
The spores are elliptical to obovate, rounded on top, apiculate, hyaline,
smooth, and measure 6 to 7 microns x 3.5 to 5 microns.
03/17/16 37
39. DOWNY MILDEW (Sclerophthora macrospora (Sacc.)
Thirum., Shaw and Naras)
This disease is also known as green-ear or crazy top and has
synonyms Sclerospora macrospora Sacc. or Phytophthora macrospora
Sacc.
It was reported by Venkatarayan (1947) a having occurred in
Karnataka (Mysore) in 1930.
Sporadic infection was observed in both early and late sown crops and
the characteristic feature of the disease was proliferation of the
earheads.
A severe outbreak of the disease was recorded again in Karnataka in
1948.
03/17/16 39
40. Symptoms
Infected plants are frequently
dwarfed with short internodes
and have pale green leaves, but these
do not shred as in sorghum.
The plants assume a short bushy appearance with numerous small
leaves arising in close proximity.
The disease is particularly obvious at heading time when normal
spikes proliferate small leaf like structures. The lemma, palea and
sometimes the glumes are converted into these small leafy structures
beginning with the basal spikelels and gradually developing in others
to finally give the entire ear a brush-like appearance.
03/17/16 40
41. Pathogen
This fungus was first identified as Sclerospora sp. but this was later
changed to Phytophthora macrospora by Tanaka and I to (1940); but
later
Thirumalachar et al. (1953) established a new genus Sclerophthora to
accommodate this fungus which exhibits the oogonial and oospore
characters of Sclerospora and the sporangial appearance of
Phytophthora and it is now identified as Sclerophthora macrospora.
03/17/16 41
42. A description of the different structures is as follows:
Hyphae - intercellular in tissues, and is systemic.
Sporangia - lemon-shaped with papilla at the apex and pedicellike
stalk remnants up to 100 microns in length.
Sporangiophores - emerge through the stomata and bear a few
sporangia measuring 75 microns x 47 microns.
Oogonia and oospores - formed in the cells surrounding the
vascular bundles in the affected spikelets, globose and thick-walled
oogonium with oospores averaging 60 microns in diameter.
03/17/16 42
43. Infection
Oospores in the soil or those adhering to the seed are the primary cause
of infection.
It is also likely that the fungus is spread by secondary hosts which are
numerous and include, besides ragi, Eleusine indica, maize, Eragrastts
pectinacea, and E.cilianensis and Digitaria marginata.
Other hosts include wheat, oats and rice, but physiological
specialization is well developed in this species and certain races may be
specific to different hosts.
03/17/16 43
44. OTHER FUNGAL DISEASES
Foot rot of ragi : Gibberella saubinelli (Mont.) Sacc.
Tar spot on ragi leaves : Phyllachora eleusinis Spet
'Vhia leaf"blight : Helmintkosporium rostratum
Leaf spots : Curvularia lunata
Cercospora fusimaculans
Cercosporella sp.
Wilt : Ozonium texanum var. parasiticum
Blight : Gloeocercospora sp.
Cylindrosporium leaf spot : Cylindrosporium sp
Rust : Puccinia substriata
03/17/16 44
45. Mottle streak: Nucleorhabdovirus
Vector: Cicadulina bipuntella,C.chinai
Symptom
Initial symptoms of mottle streak disease appear around 45 DAS in funnel
leaves as small sparse chlorotic specks.
Later the specks coalesce leading to short streaks.
Yellowing of plants in severe infection.
Infected plants produce more of nodal branches and unproductive tillers.
Failure of earhead emergence with sparse grains are noticed during initial
and late infection.
03/17/16 45
47. Management
Rogue out the affected plants.
Spray any one of the insecticides like Monocrotophos 36 WSC 700
ml/ha or Methyl dematon 25EC 500 ml/ha on noticing symptoms
and repeat twice if necessary at 20 days intervals for control of
insect vectors
03/17/16 47
48. Phanerogamic Parasites (Striga spp.)
Striga asiatica Kentze and S.densiflora Benth have been known to
attack sorghum and several other millets besides ragi in Maharashtra,
Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu.
Venkatarayan (1947) reported the occurrence of Striga asiatica in
Karnataka and Srinivasan (1947) observed the parasitism of S.
densiftora on ragi at Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu.
Both the rainfed and irrigated crops are susceptible to infection.
The parasite produces very tiny seeds which persist in the soil for very
long periods. In the initial stages of host development, the parasite is
much more damaging to plant growth and productivity, while in the
stages of the parasite development it becomes more or less independent
of its host.
03/17/16 48
49. Control :
Weed out the parasite in the early stages of growth before flowering
to prevent dissemination of the seed.
Early sowing of the ragi crop was also recommended to permit the
crop to mature before the parasite ripened its seeds.
Harvesting would be followed by early ploughing to destroy the
ripening parasitic plants before seeds could be produced.
Striga is susceptible to 2,4-D and similar chemicals and these have
been shown to be successful in small scale experiments.
03/17/16 49
50. Integrated Disease Management for Ragi Diseases
•Deep ploughing before sowing and proper crop sequences involving
non-poaceous crops reduces disease intensity (Foot rot or wilt).
•Use disease free seeds (Blast)
•Uproot and destroy the diseased plant soon
after detecting in the field (Seedling blight
;burning in case of Downy mildew)
•Keeping the plants healthy and robust, and
providing good drainage and other optimum
soil conditions, help to avoid the disease
(Foot rot or wilt).
•Keep the field clean (Downy mildew)
03/17/16 50
51. • Proper plant spacing and transplanting is advisable (Blast)
• Early sowing reduces the blast severity (Blast)
• Organic : Treat the seed with Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 6g/Kg seed
and spray the extracts of Prosopis juliflora leaf extract (10%), Ipomoea
carnea leaf extract (10%) (Blast)
• Seed treatment with
carbendazim @ 1 gm/Kg of seed (Blast)
local materials like salt water and cow urine (Blast)
Agrosan G.N. or Ceresan @2.5g/Kg seed or Tricyclozole @ 1g/kg of
seeds (Blast)
Captan or Thiram @4g/Kg (Seedling blight)
03/17/16 51
52. • Spray Carbendazim 0.1% in nursery 10-12 days after sowing.
Repeat the spray 20-25 days after transplanting and 40 to 45
days after transplanting (Blast)
• Spot drench with Copper oxychloride at 0.25 per cent for
prevent spread of disease (Foot rot or wilt).
• Spray Pseudomonas sp. at 2 g/lit of water. First spray
immediately after noticing the symptom. Second and Third
sprays at flowering stage at 15 days interval (Blast)
• Foliar spray with Aureofungin sol (100ppm) at 50% earhead
emergence followed by a second spray of Pseudomonas sp. at
2g/lit of water 10 days later (Blast)
03/17/16 52
53. • Spray SAAF @ 0.2% at 50% flowering and one more need based spray
after 10 days was effective in controlling neck and finger blast (Blast)
• Spray Mancozeb @ 1.25Kg/ha (Seedling blight)
• Spray 1% Bordeaux mixture or Copper oxy chloride or DithaneZ-78
(2g/lit. water) (Seedling blight)
• In case of severe attack spray Dithane M-45 on the standing crop at the
rate of 2 g/litre of water.( Downy mildew)
• Resistant varieties
Blast : CO RA (14), Paiyur (RA)-2, GPU-28,GPU-45,GPU-48, L-5
A general observation stated that the pigmented types of ragi are more
resistant to blast than the non-pigmented ones. Inheritance of the purple
pigmentation is dominant over green. (Krishna Rao, 1948)
03/17/16 53
54. Name of
the
crop/variet
y
Year of
release
National
/State level
Adaptation zone
GPU 28 1996 State Karnataka
Highly resistant to both finger
and neck blast disease,
compact ear with tip incurved
GPU 45 2001 National
Madhya Pradesh,
Gujarath, Jharkhand,
Karnataka and
Maharashtra.
Early duration and highly
resistance to blast disease
GPU 67 2009 National
Chhattisgarh,
Jharkhand, Karnataka,
Maharashtra, Tamil
Nadu and Uttarakhand
Non lodging (Semi dwarf
stature) resistance to blast
diseases
GPU 66 2009 State Karnataka
Green plant parts with narrow
leaves light green, medium
compact ears with fingers tip
incurved. Resistant to neck
and finger blast
03/17/16 54
56. In vitro evaluation of antagonistic activity of Trichoderma species and P.
fluorescens against P. grisea isolates
Ethiopia Getachew et al., 201303/17/16 56
57. Somashekhara et al., 1998Bengaluru
Screening of finger millet genotypes for resistance to leaf blight during 1988-89.
03/17/16 57
58. Reaction of finger millet genotypes against neck and finger blast diseases during Kharif –
2008 and 2009 (highest of two years)
Ranichauri Bijendar kumar, 201103/17/16 58
59. Effect of bioagents and fungicides on blast incidence, grain yield, avoidable yield losses and
incremental benefit cost ratio for two years.
Ranichauri Bijendar kumar, 201103/17/16 59
60. Performances of blast managemenet practices on blast incidence, grain yield and avoidable
yield loss for 2008 and 2009 (pooled data)
Ranichauri Bijendar kumar, 201103/17/16 60
61. Effect of different levels of nitrogen on neck blast disease of finger millet during
2006 and 2007
Ranichauri Bijendar and Rashmi , 201203/17/16 61
62. Effect of different levels of nitrogen on finger blast disease of finger millet during
2006 and 2007
Ranichauri Bijendar and Rashmi , 201203/17/16 62
63. Established in 1986
Head Quarters at UAS, Bangalore
13 AICRP centres and 20 voluntary
centres located all over India.
Target crops - Finger millet, Foxtail
millet, Barnyard millet, Proso millet,
Little millet and Kodo millet
Focussed on developing appropriate
production technologies to meet
regional needs.
Work is multidisciplinary and applied
in nature
ALL INDIA COORDINATED SMALL MILLETS IMPROVEMENT
PROJECT
03/17/16 63
64. Centre Location Mandate
1.
P. C. Unit,
Bangalore
UAS,GKVK, Bangalore, Karnataka All Small Millets
2. Berhampur RARS, OUAT, Berhampur, Orissa Finger millet, Little millet
3. Coimbatore TNAU, Coimbatore Finger millet & other small millets
4. Dholi RAU, Dholi (Muzaffarpur), Bihar Proso millet, Finger millet, Barnyard millet
5. Dindori JNKVV, Dindori, M.P. Kodo millet, Little millet
6. Jagdalpur IGKVV, Jagadalpur, Chhattisgarh All Small Millets
7. Kolhapur MPKVV, Kolhapur, Maharashtra Finger millet and other small millets
8. Mandya UAS, Mandya, Karnataka Finger millet
9. Mysore CFTRI, Mysore, Karnataka Finger millet and other small millets
10. Nandyal ANGRAU, Nandyal, AP Foxtail millet
11. Ranchi BAU, Jharkhand Finger millet, Little millet
12. Ranichauri GBPAU&T, Uttarakhand Finger millet, Barnyard millet
13. Rewa Rewa M.P. Kodo millet, Little millet
14. Vizianagaram ANGRAU, Vizianagaram, AP. Finger millet
AICSMIP Centers
03/17/16 64