gm counter .working principle of gm counter, construction, advantage and disadvantage of gm counter.
Scintillation counter, its history, solid and liquid scintillation, scintillation cocktail, photomultiplier tube, advantage, and disadvantage.
gm counter .working principle of gm counter, construction, advantage and disadvantage of gm counter.
Scintillation counter, its history, solid and liquid scintillation, scintillation cocktail, photomultiplier tube, advantage, and disadvantage.
Different Types of Radioactive Counters or detectors used in analyzing low or high penetrating power radiation or particles are explained briefly with their advantages and disadvantages.
Medha Thakur (M.Sc Chemistry)
Complete detail about the Radiopharmaceutical, General Introduction, Radioactive substance, Radioactive rays like alpha, beta and gamma rays. All the Measurement method to determine the radioactivity of any element and widely used instrument Geiger Muller Counter. And some Radiopharmaceutical product used in many diagnosis , treatment such like sodium iodide solution & capsule, Rose Bengal I 131 and Application of Radiopharmaceuticals.
Pharmaceutical Inorganic chemistry UNIT-V Radiopharmaceutical.pptx
Isotopes Types of decay
Alpha rays, which could barely penetrate a piece of paper
Beta rays, which could penetrate 3 mm of aluminium
Gamma rays, which could penetrate several centimetres of lead
Units of Radioactivity:
Measurement of Radioactivity
The measurement of nuclear radiation and detection is an important aspect in the identification of type of radiations (, , ) and to assay the radionuclide emitting the radiation, suitable detectors are required. The radiations are identified on the basis of their properties.
e.g. Ionization effect is measured in Ionization Chamber, Proportional Counter and Geiger Muller Counter.
The scintillation effect of radiation is measured using scintillation detector and the photographic effect is measured by Autoradiography.
Gas Filled Detectors:
Ionization Chamber:
Proportional Counters:
Geiger-Muller Counter
Properties of α, β, γ radiations
Half –life of Radioelement
Sodium Iodide (I131)
Handling and Storage of Radioactive Material:
Storage of Radioactive Substances –
Precautions For Handling Radioactive Substances
Labelling of Radioactive Substances
Pharmaceutical Application Of Radioactive Substances
Summary
- Reading and Learning strategy
- In the book: Right there & think and search
- In my head: Author and you & on my own
- QAR exercise
- When to use QAR
- Why to use QAR etc.
Summary
- Why do we ask questions?
- What questions do we ask?
- Question can
- FA & SA
- What teachers are expected to do..
- Bloom's Taxonomy with examples..
- Convergent Vs Divergent question
- Criteria for good test
- Prepare students for
- Avoid..
- Remember to..
Research can be report in two ways; written and oral. This is a technique to report research in oral(seminar, workshop, conference etc.). It is also applicable to any type of presentation.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...
Radiation detectors
1. Jonathan Lalrinmawia
Research Scholar
Supervisor Co-supervisor
Prof. R.C Tiwari Dr. Kham Suan Pau
Dean S. P. S., MZU RSO & Med. Phy. MSCI
Department of Physics, MZU - 2015
RADIATION DETECTORS
Presented by
2. OUTLINE
• Introduction
• Why to Detect Radiation?
• Interaction of Radiation with Matter
• Types of Detectors
• How to Detect Radiation?
• Conclusion
• References
3. INTRODUCTION
Radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in the
form of waves or particles through space or through a
material medium.
Ionizing or non-ionizing depending on the energy.
The action or process of identifying the presence of
something concealed.
What is Radiation?
What is Detection?
5. WHY TO DETECT RADIATION?
1. Research application
2. Environmental Safety
3. Power regulation in nuclear reactors
4. Personal protection of occupational workers
5. Estimation of Radiation dose in treatment of
patients
6. Calibration of radioactive isotopes etc..
7. • Detection, characterization and effects of radiation are almost
entirely dependent upon their interaction with matter.
• Direct ionizing radiation charged particles (alpha particles,
beta particles ;coulomb interaction with matter) it directly
causes ionization and excitation of atoms.
• Indirect ionizing radiation (neutrons, photon) which have no
charge and during interaction with matter can transfer energy
to charged particles.
8. TYPES OF DETECTOR
Gas – Filled
Detectors
Charged Coupled
Detectors
Solid State
Detectors
Ionization
Chamber
Proportional
Counter
GM
Counter
P-I-N
Junction
Scintillation
Counter
Silicon
Drift
Indirect Direct
9. IONISATION CHAMBER
Gas molecules get ionized when energetic charged particles
propagated through a gas.
A metallic cylinder filled with with a suitable gas at atmospheric
pressure
A metal rod (fixed along the axis of cylinder) connected to a counter
through an amplifier.
PRINCIPLE
CONSTRUCTION
Amplifier Counter
10. A suitable potential difference is applied between cylinder
and applied electrode.
When an energetic charged particle is allowed to enter the
cylinder, ionization of gas molecules takes place.
+ve and –ve ions so created, start moving towards oppositely
charged electrodes (cylinder and rod)
Depending upon the number of particles entering the
cylinder, an electric pulse of proportional magnitude is
developed.
This pulse reaches an electronic counter after amplification
and number of particles is counted.
WORKING
11. Two types of ionization chamber
The type of gas is so chosen that the response time of gas is
small relative to the frequency of the entering particles.
Different pulses are recorded for each particle entering the
cylindrical chamber.
The type of gas is so chosen that the response time of gas is
large relative to the frequency of the entering particles.
The pulse showing ionization by each particle is not recorded
separately but a continuous flow of current is recorded.
The quantity measured is not the number of particles, but total
ionization charge accumulated on the electrodes.
Non-integrating type Ionization Chamber
Integrating type Ionization Chamber
12. PROPORTIONAL COUNTER
Gas molecules get ionized when energetic charged particles
propagated through a gas.
PRINCIPLE
CONSTRUCTION
A cylindrical tube containing a mixture of methane and argon.
A fine tungsten wire fixed along the axis of the tube.
Amplifier and Discriminator.
Amplifier Discriminator Amplifier
13. • When an energetic charged particle enters the cylindrical
tube, it ionizes the gas molecule colliding with the particle.
• The ions so produced, get accelerated due to high potential
difference between electrodes and cause further ionization
of gas molecules.
• The total number of ion pairs created by a single primary ion
is called multiplication factor of the gas.
• The charged accumulated on the electrodes, give rise to an
electric pulse that is fed to discriminator that is cuts-off low
voltage undesired noise pulses.
WORKING
14. The range of voltage, within which the counting rate remains
constant is called Plateau region.
PLATEAU REGION
Counting Rate
Voltage
Plateau Region
15. G M COUNTER
PRINCIPLE
Gas molecules get ionized when energetic charged particles
propagated through a gas.
The electrons produced by ionization, if accelerated by a high
potential can cause further ionization of gas molecules
thereby generating a large number of more electrons.
17. • Its consists of hollow cylindrical tube of length about 15 – 50
cm and is made of copper. ( called GM Tube)
• The GM tube is filled with some inert gas (generally argon) at
a pressure of 10 cm of HG, with 10% vapors of ethyl alcohol.
• GM tube is enclosed in a partially evacuated glass tube.
• A tungsten wire of about 0.5mm of diameter is fixed along
the axis of GM tube (but insulated from the tube).
• The tungsten wire is connected to the positive terminal and
metallic GM tube to the negative terminal of HT (about
1000V)
• A thin window (generally made of mica), is provided on one
side of tube for entrance of particles to be detected.
18. • When an energetic charged particle enters GM tube through
the window, the gas molecules which interact with the
charged particle get ionized.
• The generated electrons, get accelerated towards the central
anode and +ve ions towards cathode tube.
• The accelerated electrons cause ionization of more gas
molecules, generating large number of electrons within a very
short interval of time (called avalanche)
• The avalanche gives rise to a high current pulse.
• For each particle entering the tube, successive current pulses
are produced and counting is done by a suitable device.
WORKING
19. • During the working of GM counter, the heavier +ve ions take
enough time to reach the surface of cathode tube. Until all
the +ve ions have reached the surface of the cathode tube,
the next particle is not detected.
• The time interval for which GM counter is completely
insensitive to the incoming particles, is called dead time of
GM Counter (Generally of the order of a few hundred
microseconds)
• If N particles enter the tube per second and the counter
shows n particles per second, then dead time can be written
as:
DEAD TIME OF GM COUNTER
20. • Just on the completion of dead time of GM Tube, the slow
moving +ve ions reach the surface of cathode tube and get
discharged there. As a result a current pulse is again
generated, that gives and indication, as if another particle has
entered the GM tube, which is not the case in reality.
• Thus a single particle is counted twice (once at the starting
and the other the end of DEAD TIME INTERVAL)
• It is desirable that the +ve ion sheath formed around the
anode wire, must be eliminated before it reaches the cathode
tube.
• The process of eliminating undesired +ve ions sheath around
the central anode wire in GM tube is called quenching.
• Many methods have been suggested for quenching, but the
most acceptable method is “SELF QUENCHING METHOD”.
QUENCHING OF GM TUBE
21. • Some halogen gas is introduced along with inert gas in GM
Tube. The accelerated inert gas +ve ions, collide with halogen
gas molecules and ionize them.
• The electrons so created neutralize the already existing innert
gas +ve ions and the +ve halogen gas ions get very rapidly
drifted towards the surface of cathode tube where they get
neutralized.
SELF QUENCHING METHOD
22. HOW TO DETECT RADIATION ?
Choose a radiation detector working on a particular principle of
interaction (ionization, scintillation/etc) with known sensitivity
to estimate the radiation under detection.
For example: we are using
451P Ion chamber Survey Meter
to detect X-ray scattered radiation
It is designed to measure gamma
and x-ray radiation above 25 keV,
and beta radiation above 1 MeV,
using the latest CMOS and LCD
technology 451P ION CHAMBER SURVEY
METER
23. Specifications
Radiation Detected - Beta above 1 MeV & gamma above 25 KeV
Operating Ranges - 0 μR to 5 R/h
Accuracy - ± 10 % of reading between 10 % and 100 %
of full-scale indication on any range, exclusive of energy
response (calibration source is 137 Cs)
Detector - 230 cc active volume air ionization
chamber, pressurized to 8 atmospheres.
Environmental -20 °C to +50 °C
26. 6. Jones, R. Clark (1949). "A New Classification System for
Radiation Detectors". Journal of the Optical Society of
America 39 (5): 327–341.
7. Jones, R. Clark (1949). "Erratum: The Ultimate Sensitivity of
Radiation Detectors". Journal of the Optical Society of
America 39 (5): 343.
8. Jones, R. Clark (1949). "Factors of Merit for Radiation
Detectors". Journal of the Optical Society of America 39 (5):
344–356
9. Knoll, Glenn F (1999). Radiation detection and
measurement (3rd ed.). New York: Wiley.