1) Radiation is energy transmitted through space or matter in the form of waves or particles. It is classified as ionizing or non-ionizing. 2) X-rays are a type of ionizing electromagnetic radiation that was discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Röntgen. They are produced within diagnostic X-ray tubes and are widely used in medical imaging due to their ability to pass through objects. 3) Diagnostic X-rays are the largest man-made source of radiation exposure to the general population. While they provide medical benefits, high doses can cause radiation sickness or increase cancer risk. Risk is kept as low as reasonably achievable.

1. Basic of
RADIATION
& Diagnostic X’ ray
JONATHAN LALRINMAWIA
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS
GOVT ZIRTIRI RESIDENTIAL SCIENCE COLLEGE
7-03-2016 1

2. Radiation is the emission or
transmission of energy in the form of
waves or particles through space or
through a material medium.
Example
- Visible light
- X-Rays
- UV
- Airport security scanners
- Heat from our body
7-03-2016 2
Fig: Remote Control
emitting IR rays

3. CLASSIFICATION OF RADIATION
Ionising Radiation & Non-ionising Radiation
7-03-2016 3
Fig: ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM

4. NON-IONISING RADIATION
“any type of EM that does not carry
enough energy to completely remove
an electron from an atom or molecule”
- Lower UV (EM)
- Visible light
- IR
- Microwaves &
- Radio waves
7-03-2016 4

5. IONISING RADIATION
“radiation that carries enough energy to
free electrons from atoms or molecules”
1. Gamma rays
2. X-rays
3. Higher UV (EM)
4. Neutron
5. Alpha
6. Beta
7-03-2016 5

6. DIRECT VS INDIRECT IONISATION
Direct ionising - Charged particles (alpha,
beta) directly causes ionization and
excitation of atoms.
Indirect ionising - During interaction with
matter, uncharged particle (neutrons,
photon) can transfer energy to charged
particles.
7-03-2016 6

7. • X-rays were first
discovered in 1895
by the German
physicist William
Roentgen.
• He called them
‘x’ rays, ‘x’ for
‘unknown’.
Energy 100 eV to
100 keV
W C ROENTGEN
7-03-2016 7

8. X’ RAY PRODUCTION
7-03-2016 8

9. DIAGNOSTIC X RAY TUBE
7-03-2016 9

10. 1. Due to their penetrating ability, X-rays
are widely used to image the inside of
objects, e.g., in medical radiography,
fluoroscopy, airport security, X-ray
crystallography etc.
2. Diagnostic X-rays are the largest man-
made source of radiation exposure to
the general population, contributing
about 14% of the total annual exposure
worldwide from all sources.
7-03-2016 10

11. 3. High radiation dose in short period of
time causes radiation sickness, skin burn
etc., while lower doses can give an
increased risk of radiation-induced
cancer, speed aging, gene mutation etc.
“In medical imaging this increased health
risk is generally outweighed by the
benefits of the examination”
ALARA - As Low As Reasonably Achievable
7-03-2016 11

12. AERB
• Atomic Energy Regulatory Board was
constituted on Nov. 15, 1983 by President of
India to ensure the use of ionising radiation
and nuclear energy in India doesn’t cause
undue risk to health, safety and the
environment.
• H & FW Dep., GOM and AERB, GOI signed
MOU on setting up of Radiation Safety
Agency (RSA) in Mizoram on 25th March, 2010
7-03-2016 12

13. e-LORA (e-Licensing Of
Radiation applications)
- QA
8 diagnostic x ray &
2 CT Scan Licensed
13 institutions registered
by RSA to AERB
7-03-2016 13
QA Pet division(Kulikawn)

14. REFERENCE
1. Protection of the patient in diagnostic radiology, GOI,
AERB, Bombay
2. IARC (31 May 2011). "IARC Classifies Radiofrequency
Electromagnetic Fields As Possibly Carcinogenic To
Humans" (PDF). Press Release (Press release).
3.. Kwan-Hoong Ng (20–22 October 2003). "Non-Ionizing
Radiations – Sources, Biological Effects, Emissions and
Exposures" (PDF). Proceedings of the International
Conference on Non-Ionizing Radiation
at UNITEN ICNIR2003 Electromagnetic Fields and Our
Health.
7-03-2016 14

15. 4. "Ionizing & Non-Ionizing Radiation".
5. John E. Moulder. "Static Electric and
Magnetic Fields and Human Health".
WHO/IARC Classifies Electromagnetic
Fields as Possibly Carcingenic to Humans
6. Helv. Chim. Acta vol. 83 (2000), pp. 1766
7. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences,
2004, 3, 337-340, doi:10.1039/b316210a
8. "UW EH&S Hazards of Ultraviolet Light".
7-03-2016 15