This document discusses the cyclotron, a type of particle accelerator. It begins with an introduction and overview of key topics like principles, construction, diagrams, workings, calculations, applications, and limitations. Some key points made are: - A cyclotron accelerates charged particles like protons and deuterons using electric and magnetic fields, generating energies from 1 MeV to over 100 MeV. - It works on the principle that a charged particle moving perpendicular to a magnetic field experiences a force causing it to travel in a circular path, with increasing radius and velocity over time due to an oscillating electric field. - Important applications of cyclotrons include production of beams for nuclear physics experiments and cancer particle therapy.

1. Group Members :
Sahib Ullah (BEE-F14-207)
Faisal Khan (BEE-F14-291)
Zain Aslam (BEE-F14-270)

2.  Introduction to cyclotron.
 Principles.
 Construction.
 Diagram
 Working of cyclotron.
 Calculations.
 Applications.
 Limitations.
 Advantages.

3. A cyclotron is a device used to accelerate charged particles to high energies without use of high
voltage
It is a circular particle accelerator capable of generating particle energies between a 1 MeV to
more than 100 MeV
Accelerate charged particles like protons, deuterons, etc. ions using electric and magnetic
field

4.  The cyclotron was one of the earliest types of particle accelerators, and is still used as the
first stage of some large multi-stage particle accelerators.
 One of the most interesting applications of motion of charge particles in electric and
magnetic fields is Cyclotron.
 Cyclotrons produce very high energy Charge Particles,
 𝑲. 𝑬 =
𝟏
𝟐
𝒎𝒗 𝟐
 E.O Lawrence and M.S Livingston invented this machine in 1934.

5. This is a charged particle accelerating device. The motion of the charged particle
under perpendicular magnetic field is only applied in the apparatus named cyclotron.
Cyclotron works on the principle that a charged particle moving normal /
perpendicular to a magnetic field experiences magnetic Lorentz force due to which the
particle moves in a circular path.
Lorentz’s Force is the basic principle of Cyclotron.
Conceptually this device is very simple but it has huge uses in the field of engineering,
physics and medicine.

6. This device basically has three main constructional parts:
Large sized electromagnet to create uniform magnetic field in between its two
face-to-face placed magnetic opposite poles.
Two low height hollow half cylinders made of high
conductive metals. These components of cyclotron are called Dees.
A high-frequency alternating high voltage source.

7. I. Magnetic system.
II. Ion source system.
III. Dees.
IV. RF system.
V. Extraction system.
VI. Vacuum system.
VII. Target assembly.

9.  When a positive ion of charge q and mass m is emitted from the source, it is
accelerated towards the Dee having a negative potential at that instant of time.
 Due to the normal magnetic field, the ion experiences magnetic Lorentz force and
moves in a circular path.
 By the time the ion arrives at the gap between the Dees, the polarity of the Dees
gets reversed.
 Hence the particle is once again accelerated and moves into the other Dee with a
greater velocity along a circle of greater radius.

10. Thus the particle moves in a spiral path of increasing radius and when it comes near
the edge, it is taken out with the help of a deflector plate (D.P).
The particle with high energy is now allowed to hit the target T.
o When the particle moves along a circle of radius r with a velocity v, the magnetic
Lorentz force provides the necessary centripetal force.
Bqv = v m 2/ r

11. Production of charge particle
Acceleration of charge particle
Extraction of beam
Bombardment of target

12. In magnetic field magnetic force acts as a centripetal force.
𝒒𝒗𝑩 =
𝒎𝒗 𝟐
𝒓
𝒓 =
𝒎𝒗
𝒒𝑩
Radius at each turn increase due to increase in velocity, therefor its behaves like
Spiral. Now angular frequency, from equation above we get,

13.  𝒂𝒔 𝝎 = 𝟐𝝅𝒇 So the frequency is
𝒇 =
𝒒𝑩
𝟐𝝅𝒎
 Now time period T, 𝑎𝑠 𝒇 =
𝟏
𝑻
𝑻 =
𝟐𝝅𝒎
𝒒𝑩
 Frequency and Time period is
 independent of radius.
𝒗 =
𝒒𝒓𝑩
𝒎
𝒓𝝎 =
𝒒𝒓𝑩
𝒎
𝒂𝒔 𝒗 = 𝒓𝝎
𝝎 =
𝒒𝑩
𝒎

14. On the basis of
 Ions
 Shielding
 Energy
 Direction

15.  Best source of high-energy beams used for experiment in nuclear physics, where high
energy collisions are required.
 Cyclotrons can be used in particle therapy to treat cancer.
 Cyclotron beams can be used to bombard other atoms to produce short-lived positron-
emitting isotopes suitable for PET imaging .

16. Maintaining a uniform magnetic field over a large area of the Dees is difficult.
At high velocities, relativistic variation of mass of the particle upsets the
resonance condition.
At high frequencies, relativistic variation of mass of the electron is appreciable
and hence electrons cannot be accelerated by cyclotron.

17.  It cannot accelerate neutron, because neutron do not have any charge.
 The energy of charged particles emerging from cyclotron, is limited due to variation of mass with
velocity, i.e.
𝒎 =
𝒎 𝟎
𝟏 −
𝒗 𝟐
𝒄 𝟐
Where 𝒎 𝟎 is the rest mass, m is the mass in motion when velocity is v and c is the velocity of light.

18. Utilizes a single, electrical driver.
o This saves energy and $.
High power due to continuous stream of particles.
Compact design.