Radiation protection, also known as radiological protection, is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as "The protection of people from harmful effects of exposure to ionizing radiation, and the means for achieving this". Exposure can be from a source of radiation external to the human body or due to internal irradiation caused by the ingestion of radioactive contamination.
Ionizing radiation is widely used in industry and medicine, and can present a significant health hazard by causing microscopic damage to living tissue. There are two main categories of ionizing radiation health effects. At high exposures, it can cause "tissue" effects, also called "deterministic" effects due to the certainty of them happening, conventionally indicated by the unit gray and resulting in acute radiation syndrome. For low level exposures there can be statistically elevated risks of radiation-induced cancer, called "stochastic effects" due to the uncertainty of them happening, conventionally indicated by the unit sievert.
Fundamental to radiation protection is the avoidance or reduction of dose using the simple protective measures of time, distance and shielding. The duration of exposure should be limited to that necessary, the distance from the source of radiation should be maxi mised, and the source shielded wherever possible. To measure personal dose uptake in occupational or emergency exposure, for external radiation personal dosimeters are used, and for internal dose to due to ingestion of radioactive contamination, bioassay techniques are applied.
Radiation protection, also known as radiological protection, is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as "The protection of people from harmful effects of exposure to ionizing radiation, and the means for achieving this". Exposure can be from a source of radiation external to the human body or due to internal irradiation caused by the ingestion of radioactive contamination.
Ionizing radiation is widely used in industry and medicine, and can present a significant health hazard by causing microscopic damage to living tissue. There are two main categories of ionizing radiation health effects. At high exposures, it can cause "tissue" effects, also called "deterministic" effects due to the certainty of them happening, conventionally indicated by the unit gray and resulting in acute radiation syndrome. For low level exposures there can be statistically elevated risks of radiation-induced cancer, called "stochastic effects" due to the uncertainty of them happening, conventionally indicated by the unit sievert.
Fundamental to radiation protection is the avoidance or reduction of dose using the simple protective measures of time, distance and shielding. The duration of exposure should be limited to that necessary, the distance from the source of radiation should be maxi mised, and the source shielded wherever possible. To measure personal dose uptake in occupational or emergency exposure, for external radiation personal dosimeters are used, and for internal dose to due to ingestion of radioactive contamination, bioassay techniques are applied.
This power-point presentation is very important for radiology resident radiologist and radiographers and technician. this includes principles, technique , biological effects of radiation and how to protect, whats should normal radiation dose with latest update. This slide also includes ALARA PRINCIPLE thanks.
This power-point presentation is very important for radiology resident radiologist and radiographers and technician. this includes principles, technique , biological effects of radiation and how to protect, whats should normal radiation dose with latest update. This slide also includes ALARA PRINCIPLE thanks.
Radiation is energy that is given off by particular materials and devices.
Radiation protection, also known as radiological protection, is defined by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as "The protection of people from harmful effects of exposure to ionizing radiation, and the means for achieving this". Exposure can be from a source of radiation external to the human body or due to internal irradiation caused by the ingestion of radioactive contamination
radiation control safety, role of Organization in radiation protection and environmental radiological surveillance.
Factors that affect radiation dose:
Regulations and procedures have been developed and implemented to limit radiation dose by regulating the use, storage, transport, and disposal of radioactive material by controlling time, distance and shielding
Time
The short the time spent near the source, the smaller the dose
Distance
The greater the distance the smaller the dose
Shielding
Use of materials to absorb the radiation dose
Units of Radiation Measurements, Quality Specification, Half-Value Thickness,...Dr. Dheeraj Kumar
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JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
In this webinar, we will review the benefits of leveraging InfluxDB and Grafana when executing load tests and demonstrate how these tools are used to visualize performance metrics.
Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
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- Demonstration of InfluxDB and Grafana using a practice web application
To view the webinar recording, go to:
https://www.rttsweb.com/jmeter-integration-webinar
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2. Radiation units
• Units of Radioactivity
Curie
Becquerel
• Units of Radiation doses
1) Units of Exposure
Roentgen
C/kg
2) Units of Absorption
Physical dose – Rad/ Gray
Biological dose – rem/seivert
3. Units of radioactivity
• Curie: corresponds to activity of 1 gram of Radium 226
• Original unit
• 1 Curie = 3.7 x 1010 radioactive decay per second
• SI unit is Becquerel
• 1 Bq = 1 radioactive decay per second
= 2.703 x 10-11 Ci
• Also as a measure of quantity of radioactive material
i.e. the no. of atoms that will produce 1 Ci of radiation is
N = 3.7 x 1010
ƛ
• 1 gram of Cobalt 60 prod 44 TBq of radioactivity
883µg of 60Co produces 1 Ci of radiation
4. Unit of Exposure X
• Measure of ionization produced in air by photons
• Cannot measure photon energies more than 3 MeV
• The actual amount of energy that reaches the body
• Exposure = Total no. of ions of one sign
mass of air
• SI unit is C/kg
• Special unit is Roentgen
5. • Roentgen is defined as the quantity of radiation which
liberates by ionization one esu of electricity per cm3 of air
under standard temp and pressure.
1 Roentgen = 2.58 x 10-4 C/kg
6.
7. Absorption Dose D
• Physical Dose
• Amount of energy deposited in a unit mass of human
tissue or medium
• Original unit is rad
1 rad = 100 erg/g
• SI unit is Gray
1 Gray = 1 J/kg
1 Gray = 100 rad
8. How is exposure and
absorbed dose related?
• Conversion factor is the F factor
• It converts the amount of exposure in Roentgen to the
amount of absorbed dose in rad
• F factor depends on the effective Z of the medium and the
type of ionizing radiation used
• F factor for air and soft tissue is nearly 1
• While for bone it is 4
9. Equivalent Dose H
• Biological dose/effective dose/committed dose
• Represents stochastic biological effects of ionising
radiation
• It is a weighted average of absorbed dose taking into
account both the type f ionising radiation and the type of
medium
• Conversion factor is the Q factor
• x rays and gamma rays 1
alpha rays 20
neutrons 5 – 20
10. Equivalent dose H
H = Q factor x D
• cgs unit is rem (roentgen equivalent in man)
• SI unit is sievert
• 1 sievert = 100 rem
11. Effective Dose Equivalent
• Co relates a dose to a specific tissue to a
equivalent risk factor from whole body dose
• Tissue weighting factor WT
• Effective Dose Equivalent = Equivalent dose x WT
12. ORGAN WT
GONADS 0.2
COLON 0.12
RED BONE MARROW 0.12
LUNG 0.12
STOMACH 0.12
BLADDER 0.05
CHEST 0.05
LIVER 0.05
THYROID 0.05
ESOPHAGUS 0.05
SKIN 0.01
BONE SURFACE 0.01
OTHERS 0.05
15. kerma
• Acronym for Kinetic Energy released per unit mass
• K = sum of kinetic energy all charged particle liberated
by ionizing radiation per unit weight of matter
• K = dE
dm
• Unit is J/kg
• It is different from absorbed dose as some of the kinetic
energy escapes from the absorbing volume
16. FLUENCE
• Fluence is the particle flux or radiative flux integrated
over time
• Fluence = total no. of particles that intersect a unit area in
a specified time
