Question of the week 2 feb 2017
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A 71-year-old woman presented with acute shortness of breath and elevated blood pressure. Examination found elevated jugular venous pressure, crackles in both lungs, and leg swelling. Echocardiogram showed left ventricular hypertrophy, hyperdynamic wall motion, and normal ejection fraction of 70%. The most likely cause of her dyspnea is heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, as indicated by her symptoms of edema, rales, and elevated filling pressures despite normal ejection fraction.
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Rheumatic heart disease sushila
Rheumatic fever is an autoimmune condition that occurs after a Group A streptococcal infection, typically affecting the heart, joints, and brain. It causes inflammation of the heart valves, which can lead to scarring and deformity known as rheumatic heart disease. Symptoms of rheumatic heart disease include shortness of breath, palpitations, and swelling from fluid buildup. Treatment involves antibiotics to prevent initial and recurrent streptococcal infections, along with medications, surgery, and lifestyle changes to manage valve damage and heart failure. Complications can include arrhythmias, valve stenosis, heart failure, and endocarditis if left untreated.
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This document provides information on mitral regurgitation and mitral stenosis. Mitral regurgitation involves blood flowing back from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole due to issues with the mitral valve closing properly. Causes include degenerative valve changes, ischemia, and rheumatic heart disease. Symptoms include fatigue, dyspnea, and palpitations. Mitral stenosis is a narrowing of the mitral valve opening, usually caused by rheumatic fever which thickens the valve leaflets. It presents with dyspnea, orthopnea, palpitations, and hemoptysis. Both conditions are investigated using echocardiography and ECG and treated medically
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Rheumatic fever is caused by a streptococcal infection and commonly presents in children and young adults in developing countries. It can cause valvular heart disease by generating an immune response that damages the heart valves. The mitral and aortic valves are most often affected, leading to stenosis or regurgitation and symptoms like dyspnea and palpitations. Treatment involves antibiotics to prevent initial infection, lifestyle changes, and potentially valve repair or replacement surgery for severe cases.
Mitral stenosis
Mitral stenosis is commonly caused by rheumatic heart disease which leads to inflammation and fusion of the mitral valve leaflets, reducing the mitral valve orifice area. Severe mitral stenosis, defined as a mitral valve area less than 1.0 cm2, can cause pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary edema, atrial fibrillation, and right heart failure as the heart tries to maintain sufficient cardiac output against the back pressure. Physical exam may reveal signs of pulmonary hypertension like a loud pulmonary component to S2, as well as a tapping apex, opening snap, and mid-diastolic rumble on cardiac auscultation. Echocardiography can determine the severity of mitral stenosis and assess
Mitral stenosis
Mitral stenosis is usually caused by rheumatic fever, which causes fusion and thickening of the mitral valve, restricting its opening. This restricts blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, causing left atrial pressure to rise and lead to pulmonary congestion and breathlessness. The elevated left atrial pressure also raises pulmonary pressures over time, causing pulmonary hypertension, right heart strain, and eventual right heart failure if left untreated. Diagnosis is made through echocardiogram and symptoms include dyspnea, fatigue, chest pain, cough, and palpitations from potential atrial fibrillation. Treatment involves antibiotics to prevent future rheumatic fever, diuretics, and potentially mitral
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Rheumatic heart disease sushila
Rheumatic fever is an autoimmune condition that occurs after a Group A streptococcal infection, typically affecting the heart, joints, and brain. It causes inflammation of the heart valves, which can lead to scarring and deformity known as rheumatic heart disease. Symptoms of rheumatic heart disease include shortness of breath, palpitations, and swelling from fluid buildup. Treatment involves antibiotics to prevent initial and recurrent streptococcal infections, along with medications, surgery, and lifestyle changes to manage valve damage and heart failure. Complications can include arrhythmias, valve stenosis, heart failure, and endocarditis if left untreated.
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This presentation contains details of clinical features, diagnosis and management of tricuspid stenosis
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This document discusses valvular heart disorders, focusing on mitral valve stenosis and regurgitation. It defines stenosis as a narrowing of the valve orifice, while regurgitation is the incomplete closure of the mitral valve, allowing blood to flow back into the left atrium. The most common cause of both is rheumatic heart disease. Symptoms of mitral stenosis include dyspnea and fatigue, while regurgitation causes fatigue, dyspnea, and palpitations. Diagnosis is via echocardiogram. Treatment depends on severity but may include medications, balloon valvuloplasty, or valve replacement surgery.
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This document provides information on mitral regurgitation and mitral stenosis. Mitral regurgitation involves blood flowing back from the left ventricle to the left atrium during systole due to issues with the mitral valve closing properly. Causes include degenerative valve changes, ischemia, and rheumatic heart disease. Symptoms include fatigue, dyspnea, and palpitations. Mitral stenosis is a narrowing of the mitral valve opening, usually caused by rheumatic fever which thickens the valve leaflets. It presents with dyspnea, orthopnea, palpitations, and hemoptysis. Both conditions are investigated using echocardiography and ECG and treated medically
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Rheumatic fever is caused by a streptococcal infection and commonly presents in children and young adults in developing countries. It can cause valvular heart disease by generating an immune response that damages the heart valves. The mitral and aortic valves are most often affected, leading to stenosis or regurgitation and symptoms like dyspnea and palpitations. Treatment involves antibiotics to prevent initial infection, lifestyle changes, and potentially valve repair or replacement surgery for severe cases.
Mitral stenosis
Mitral stenosis is commonly caused by rheumatic heart disease which leads to inflammation and fusion of the mitral valve leaflets, reducing the mitral valve orifice area. Severe mitral stenosis, defined as a mitral valve area less than 1.0 cm2, can cause pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary edema, atrial fibrillation, and right heart failure as the heart tries to maintain sufficient cardiac output against the back pressure. Physical exam may reveal signs of pulmonary hypertension like a loud pulmonary component to S2, as well as a tapping apex, opening snap, and mid-diastolic rumble on cardiac auscultation. Echocardiography can determine the severity of mitral stenosis and assess
Mitral stenosis
Mitral stenosis is usually caused by rheumatic fever, which causes fusion and thickening of the mitral valve, restricting its opening. This restricts blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, causing left atrial pressure to rise and lead to pulmonary congestion and breathlessness. The elevated left atrial pressure also raises pulmonary pressures over time, causing pulmonary hypertension, right heart strain, and eventual right heart failure if left untreated. Diagnosis is made through echocardiogram and symptoms include dyspnea, fatigue, chest pain, cough, and palpitations from potential atrial fibrillation. Treatment involves antibiotics to prevent future rheumatic fever, diuretics, and potentially mitral
7.Valvular heart disease pathology
This document discusses different types of valvular heart disease including stenosis, regurgitation, and functional regurgitation. It provides details on specific valve diseases like mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, aortic stenosis, and aortic regurgitation. For each condition, it outlines the causes, pathophysiology or effects, which depend on the degree and duration of the disease. Long term effects can include hypertrophy and failure of the left or right ventricle leading to pulmonary congestion, edema, and heart failure.
Acute right-ventricular-failure
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Disorders of the heart valves commonly result from infective endocarditis, rheumatic fever, ischemia, trauma, or congenital defects. The two major types are stenosis, where the valve opening narrows, and regurgitation, where the valve does not close properly. Aortic stenosis causes the left ventricle to work harder and hypertrophy. Mitral stenosis obstructs blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. Aortic and mitral regurgitation cause the heart to pump blood twice per cycle, leading to dilation and failure over time. Imaging like echocardiography is used to diagnose valve disorders while treatment involves managing symptoms medically or replacing defective valves surgically.
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Valvular heart disease can cause mitral regurgitation and mitral stenosis. Rheumatic fever is a common cause of valvular heart disease and results in scarring of the heart valves over multiple attacks. Mitral stenosis causes the mitral valve to narrow over time, increasing the pressure in the lungs and right side of the heart. Mitral regurgitation occurs when the mitral valve does not close properly, allowing blood to flow back into the left atrium. Both conditions can cause shortness of breath and heart failure if left untreated. Echocardiography is the primary test used to diagnose valvular heart disease and determine severity.
Valvular heart disease final
Valvular heart disease can be caused by conditions like rheumatic fever, infections, and aging. The main types are aortic and mitral stenosis, and aortic and mitral regurgitation. Symptoms depend on the valve affected and include shortness of breath, chest pain, and fatigue. Exams may reveal murmurs. Tests like echocardiograms can evaluate the severity of stenosis or regurgitation. Treatment involves medications, valve repair or replacement surgery, depending on symptoms and severity. Early surgery is often recommended for severe aortic stenosis to prevent heart failure.
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2) The document discusses the different types of valvular heart diseases including their etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. The types covered include mitral stenosis/regurgitation, aortic stenosis/regurgitation, tricuspid stenosis, and pulmonic stenosis.
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The document discusses the anatomy, causes, diagnosis, and management of aortic regurgitation (AR). It provides details on the location of the aortic valve, variants such as bicuspid aortic valve, and common causes of AR including rheumatic heart disease. Physical exam findings, echocardiography parameters, and indications for surgery to replace the aortic valve are summarized. Medical management including vasodilator therapy to reduce afterload is also reviewed.
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Kindly leave your comment if you found this helpful ;)
Some of the slides, i hide it from my real presentations for my own reference. Download to see all of them.
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This document discusses diseases of the heart valves, including causes, pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations, and management. It focuses on rheumatic heart disease as a common cause of valve disease. Rheumatic fever results from an immune response to streptococcal infection and can cause inflammation of the heart valves and tissues. Over time, this leads to valve stenosis or regurgitation. The major valves affected are the mitral and aortic valves. Clinical exam findings and imaging tests like echocardiogram are used to diagnose valve disease and determine severity. Treatment involves medications for symptoms as well as surgical procedures like valve repair or replacement in severe cases.
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Mitral valve stenosis involves a blockage of blood flow through the mitral valve due to abnormalities of the valve leaflets. It is commonly caused by rheumatic fever or infective endocarditis. Risk factors include acute rheumatic fever or streptococcal infections. The narrowed valve orifice increases pressures in the left atrium and lungs. Symptoms include fatigue, palpitations, and dyspnea. Diagnosis involves echocardiogram, electrocardiogram, and chest x-ray. Treatment may include diuretics, anticoagulants, balloon valvuloplasty, or valve replacement surgery. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for fluid overload, promoting rest and oxygenation, and educ
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Valvular heart disease assessment of lesion severity
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This document discusses different types of valvular heart disease. It begins by explaining that valvular heart disease is characterized by damage or defects to the heart's valves, which normally ensure proper blood flow. Stenotic valves become narrowed and prevent full opening, while incompetent valves do not close completely and allow blood to leak back. Over time, the heart compensates by enlarging and thickening, losing efficiency.
The document then examines specific valve diseases in more detail, outlining their causes, effects on heart function, symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment options. Diseases covered include mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, tricuspid regurgitation
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Aortic regurgitation is a condition where the aortic valve leaks, causing blood to flow back into the left ventricle from the aorta during diastole. It can be chronic or acute, with chronic causes including rheumatic heart disease, infections, and connective tissue disorders. Symptoms are usually mild at first and include palpitations and fatigue, but can progress to cardiac failure. Signs include a high-volume pulse, elevated systolic blood pressure with low diastolic pressure, a diastolic murmur heard at the heart base, and signs of left ventricular volume overload. Echocardiography can confirm the diagnosis and severity. Treatment involves managing heart failure symptoms medically, but severe
Congestive heart failure (chf) sushila
1. Heart failure is the inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the tissues' needs for oxygen and nutrients.
2. It can be caused by mechanical abnormalities of the heart, myocardial abnormalities, or altered cardiac rhythm/conduction disturbances.
3. Symptoms of heart failure depend on whether the left or right side of the heart is affected and include shortness of breath, edema, fatigue, cough, and liver/spleen enlargement.
Hypertensive heart disease (hhd)
Hypertensive heart disease (HHD) is a hypertrophic adaptive response of the heart to hypertension that can progress to myocardial dysfunction, cardiac dilatation, congestive heart failure, and sudden death if not controlled. The degree of hypertrophy varies depending on the underlying cause, ranging from 350-1000 grams. The pattern of hypertrophy also reflects the stimulus, with pressure overload causing a concentric thickening pattern and volume overload a dilation with increased ventricular diameter. Chronic cor pulmonale is characterized by a markedly dilated and hypertrophied right ventricle secondary to prolonged pulmonary hypertension from obstruction or compression of the lungs.
Heart failure (mma) 3
1. Heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs or can only do so with increased filling pressure.
2. Common causes of heart failure include coronary artery disease, hypertension, cardiomyopathy, valvular heart disease, and arrhythmias.
3. Symptoms of heart failure depend on whether it affects the left side, right side, or both ventricles, and include fatigue, breathlessness, leg swelling, and liver congestion.
Rheumatic heart disease
Valvular heart disease refers to pathological conditions affecting the heart valves. The two main types are stenosis, which is a failure of a valve to open completely, and regurgitation, which is a failure of a valve to close completely. Valvular heart diseases can be either congenital or acquired later in life. Rheumatic heart disease is a major acquired cause, resulting from rheumatic fever following a streptococcal throat infection, and often leads to mitral stenosis over time due to scarring. Calcific aortic stenosis is also common, usually due to age-related degeneration and calcium buildup on the aortic valve.
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F2 rangel irayda mipresentacion
El documento habla sobre la diferencia entre traductor e intérprete, destacando que un traductor se enfoca en traducir textos escritos mientras que un intérprete se dedica a la traducción oral y simultánea.
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7.Valvular heart disease pathology
This document discusses different types of valvular heart disease including stenosis, regurgitation, and functional regurgitation. It provides details on specific valve diseases like mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, aortic stenosis, and aortic regurgitation. For each condition, it outlines the causes, pathophysiology or effects, which depend on the degree and duration of the disease. Long term effects can include hypertrophy and failure of the left or right ventricle leading to pulmonary congestion, edema, and heart failure.
Acute right-ventricular-failure
- Right heart failure is characterized by low cardiac output, hypotension, hepatic enlargement and raised jugular venous pressure. It has a high mortality rate comparable to left heart failure.
- Failure occurs when the right ventricle can no longer compensate for increased volume. Determining preload is difficult but high right atrial pressures indicate elevated right ventricular pressures and volume.
- Treatment aims to reduce afterload and optimize preload. Afterload reduction can be achieved through selective pulmonary vasodilation using inhaled nitric oxide, prostacyclins or phosphodiesterase inhibitors.
Valvular heart disease
Valvular heart disease accounts for 10-20% of cardiac surgery procedures in the US. The document discusses the causes, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of two common types: mitral stenosis and mitral regurgitation. Mitral stenosis is usually caused by rheumatic fever and results in obstruction of blood flow from the left atrium to ventricle. Symptoms range from mild shortness of breath to pulmonary edema. Diagnosis involves echocardiography and treatment may involve medications, balloon valvuloplasty or valve replacement surgery. Mitral regurgitation occurs when the mitral valve does not close properly, allowing blood to flow back into the left atrium. It can be acute or chronic, with symptoms
Lecture 10 valvular heart disease - Pathology
Disorders of the heart valves commonly result from infective endocarditis, rheumatic fever, ischemia, trauma, or congenital defects. The two major types are stenosis, where the valve opening narrows, and regurgitation, where the valve does not close properly. Aortic stenosis causes the left ventricle to work harder and hypertrophy. Mitral stenosis obstructs blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. Aortic and mitral regurgitation cause the heart to pump blood twice per cycle, leading to dilation and failure over time. Imaging like echocardiography is used to diagnose valve disorders while treatment involves managing symptoms medically or replacing defective valves surgically.
14 Valvular Heart Disease
Valvular heart disease can cause mitral regurgitation and mitral stenosis. Rheumatic fever is a common cause of valvular heart disease and results in scarring of the heart valves over multiple attacks. Mitral stenosis causes the mitral valve to narrow over time, increasing the pressure in the lungs and right side of the heart. Mitral regurgitation occurs when the mitral valve does not close properly, allowing blood to flow back into the left atrium. Both conditions can cause shortness of breath and heart failure if left untreated. Echocardiography is the primary test used to diagnose valvular heart disease and determine severity.
Valvular heart disease final
Valvular heart disease can be caused by conditions like rheumatic fever, infections, and aging. The main types are aortic and mitral stenosis, and aortic and mitral regurgitation. Symptoms depend on the valve affected and include shortness of breath, chest pain, and fatigue. Exams may reveal murmurs. Tests like echocardiograms can evaluate the severity of stenosis or regurgitation. Treatment involves medications, valve repair or replacement surgery, depending on symptoms and severity. Early surgery is often recommended for severe aortic stenosis to prevent heart failure.
Valvular Heart Diseases
1) Valvular heart disease is characterized by damage or defects to the heart's valves, with the two most common types being aortic stenosis and mitral regurgitation.
2) The document discusses the different types of valvular heart diseases including their etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. The types covered include mitral stenosis/regurgitation, aortic stenosis/regurgitation, tricuspid stenosis, and pulmonic stenosis.
3) Nursing management of valvular heart disease involves monitoring for symptoms, ensuring proper medical and surgical treatments are followed, and health education about valvular heart conditions.
Aortic regurgitation
The document discusses the anatomy, causes, diagnosis, and management of aortic regurgitation (AR). It provides details on the location of the aortic valve, variants such as bicuspid aortic valve, and common causes of AR including rheumatic heart disease. Physical exam findings, echocardiography parameters, and indications for surgery to replace the aortic valve are summarized. Medical management including vasodilator therapy to reduce afterload is also reviewed.
VALVULAR HEART DISEASE
Kindly leave your comment if you found this helpful ;)
Some of the slides, i hide it from my real presentations for my own reference. Download to see all of them.
Heart Vulvular diseases and heart sounds
This document discusses diseases of the heart valves, including causes, pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations, and management. It focuses on rheumatic heart disease as a common cause of valve disease. Rheumatic fever results from an immune response to streptococcal infection and can cause inflammation of the heart valves and tissues. Over time, this leads to valve stenosis or regurgitation. The major valves affected are the mitral and aortic valves. Clinical exam findings and imaging tests like echocardiogram are used to diagnose valve disease and determine severity. Treatment involves medications for symptoms as well as surgical procedures like valve repair or replacement in severe cases.
Mitral valve stenosis powerpoint
Mitral valve stenosis involves a blockage of blood flow through the mitral valve due to abnormalities of the valve leaflets. It is commonly caused by rheumatic fever or infective endocarditis. Risk factors include acute rheumatic fever or streptococcal infections. The narrowed valve orifice increases pressures in the left atrium and lungs. Symptoms include fatigue, palpitations, and dyspnea. Diagnosis involves echocardiogram, electrocardiogram, and chest x-ray. Treatment may include diuretics, anticoagulants, balloon valvuloplasty, or valve replacement surgery. Nursing care focuses on monitoring for fluid overload, promoting rest and oxygenation, and educ
Valvular heart disease
The document discusses various types of heart valve disorders including stenosis, regurgitation, and prolapse of the mitral, aortic, tricuspid, and pulmonary valves. It describes the causes, effects, symptoms, treatments including medications, valvuloplasty, and valve replacement surgery for each type of valve disorder. Nursing diagnoses and interventions are also provided focusing on monitoring cardiac function and output, managing fluid volume and electrolytes, conserving energy, and educating the patient.
Valvular Heart Disease
This document discusses valvular heart disease, including the spectrum of disease for the aortic, mitral, and tricuspid valves. Key points include descriptions of chronic and acute aortic stenosis and regurgitation, mitral regurgitation and stenosis including etiologies and physical exam findings. Diagnosis is via ECG, echocardiogram, and cardiac catheterization. Treatment depends on severity and includes medical management as well as surgical interventions like valve replacement or repair.
Valvular heart disease assessment of lesion severity
This document discusses the assessment of severity in valvular heart disease. It addresses three main issues in managing patients with valvular heart disease: assessing disease severity, determining the effect on the cardiovascular system, and deciding the timing and type of intervention. Disease severity is classified as mild, moderate, or severe based on physical exam findings, echocardiography, and other tests. Only severe disease generally causes symptoms and requires intervention. Assessment of severity integrates data from multiple tests and should guide decisions about treatment.
Valvular heart disease
This document discusses different types of valvular heart disease. It begins by explaining that valvular heart disease is characterized by damage or defects to the heart's valves, which normally ensure proper blood flow. Stenotic valves become narrowed and prevent full opening, while incompetent valves do not close completely and allow blood to leak back. Over time, the heart compensates by enlarging and thickening, losing efficiency.
The document then examines specific valve diseases in more detail, outlining their causes, effects on heart function, symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatment options. Diseases covered include mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, tricuspid regurgitation
Aortic Regurgitation
Aortic regurgitation is a condition where the aortic valve leaks, causing blood to flow back into the left ventricle from the aorta during diastole. It can be chronic or acute, with chronic causes including rheumatic heart disease, infections, and connective tissue disorders. Symptoms are usually mild at first and include palpitations and fatigue, but can progress to cardiac failure. Signs include a high-volume pulse, elevated systolic blood pressure with low diastolic pressure, a diastolic murmur heard at the heart base, and signs of left ventricular volume overload. Echocardiography can confirm the diagnosis and severity. Treatment involves managing heart failure symptoms medically, but severe
Congestive heart failure (chf) sushila
1. Heart failure is the inability of the heart to pump sufficient blood to meet the tissues' needs for oxygen and nutrients.
2. It can be caused by mechanical abnormalities of the heart, myocardial abnormalities, or altered cardiac rhythm/conduction disturbances.
3. Symptoms of heart failure depend on whether the left or right side of the heart is affected and include shortness of breath, edema, fatigue, cough, and liver/spleen enlargement.
Hypertensive heart disease (hhd)
Hypertensive heart disease (HHD) is a hypertrophic adaptive response of the heart to hypertension that can progress to myocardial dysfunction, cardiac dilatation, congestive heart failure, and sudden death if not controlled. The degree of hypertrophy varies depending on the underlying cause, ranging from 350-1000 grams. The pattern of hypertrophy also reflects the stimulus, with pressure overload causing a concentric thickening pattern and volume overload a dilation with increased ventricular diameter. Chronic cor pulmonale is characterized by a markedly dilated and hypertrophied right ventricle secondary to prolonged pulmonary hypertension from obstruction or compression of the lungs.
Heart failure (mma) 3
1. Heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs or can only do so with increased filling pressure.
2. Common causes of heart failure include coronary artery disease, hypertension, cardiomyopathy, valvular heart disease, and arrhythmias.
3. Symptoms of heart failure depend on whether it affects the left side, right side, or both ventricles, and include fatigue, breathlessness, leg swelling, and liver congestion.
Rheumatic heart disease
Valvular heart disease refers to pathological conditions affecting the heart valves. The two main types are stenosis, which is a failure of a valve to open completely, and regurgitation, which is a failure of a valve to close completely. Valvular heart diseases can be either congenital or acquired later in life. Rheumatic heart disease is a major acquired cause, resulting from rheumatic fever following a streptococcal throat infection, and often leads to mitral stenosis over time due to scarring. Calcific aortic stenosis is also common, usually due to age-related degeneration and calcium buildup on the aortic valve.
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F2 rangel irayda mipresentacion
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This document defines cardiac failure and heart failure, describes the types and causes, and discusses the pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations, and treatment. Heart failure is a clinical syndrome where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, or can only do so with elevated filling pressures. It can be systolic or diastolic in nature. Common causes include ischemic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, valvular disease, and hypertension. Symptoms include breathlessness, fatigue, and fluid retention. Echocardiography, biomarkers like BNP, and cardiac imaging are used in diagnosis and assessment. Treatment aims to relieve symptoms, improve quality of life, and reduce mortality through medications, device therapies, and lifestyle changes.
Heart failure management
This document defines and describes heart failure, its causes, forms, and pathophysiology. Heart failure is defined as the inability of the heart to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It is most often caused by impaired contractility from conditions like ischemic heart disease or cardiomyopathy. Heart failure can present as systolic or diastolic dysfunction and can affect the left or right ventricle. The body undergoes adaptive and maladaptive changes like neurohormonal activation to try to maintain cardiac output as heart function declines.
Heart Failure
This document provides an overview of heart failure, including its pathophysiology, types, clinical presentation, investigations, and management. Heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs and can develop due to conditions that weaken the heart such as heart attacks or high blood pressure. Symptoms depend on whether the left side, right side, or both sides of the heart are affected. Management involves treating the underlying cause, reducing symptoms through medications, lifestyle changes, and addressing complications.
Anaesthetic management of mitral valvular heart disease
1. Mitral stenosis is most commonly caused by rheumatic fever and results in thickening and calcification of the mitral valve, reducing the valve orifice area and obstructing blood flow from the left atrium to ventricle.
2. The pathophysiology involves elevated left atrial pressure, pulmonary hypertension, and reduced cardiac output. Symptoms range from easy fatigability to pulmonary edema.
3. Physical exam findings include an opening snap, rumbling diastolic murmur, and signs of right heart failure in severe cases. Severity is graded based on orifice area, pulmonary artery pressure, and NYHA functional
Aortic Regurgitation - Rivin
Aortic regurgitation occurs when the aortic valve does not close properly, allowing blood to flow back into the left ventricle. It can be caused by conditions that damage the aortic valve such as rheumatic fever or a congenital heart defect. Symptoms may include breathlessness, fatigue, and chest pain. Diagnosis is made through echocardiogram which can assess the severity. Treatment depends on severity but may involve lifestyle changes, medications, or aortic valve replacement surgery if symptoms worsen or damage to the heart progresses. Prognosis depends on severity and treatment, with severe untreated cases having a high risk of heart failure or sudden cardiac death.
5. heart failure
This document provides an overview of heart failure, including its causes, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and management. Heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It may be due to conditions that weaken the heart muscle such as coronary artery disease. Symptoms depend on whether the left, right or both ventricles are affected and include shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling and fluid retention. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms, improving cardiac function and preventing future damage through medications, lifestyle changes and device-based therapies.
5. heart failure
This document provides an overview of heart failure, including its causes, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and management. Heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs. It may be due to conditions that weaken the heart muscle such as coronary artery disease. Symptoms depend on whether the left, right or both ventricles are affected and include shortness of breath, fatigue, swelling and fluid retention. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms, improving cardiac function and preventing future damage through medications, lifestyle changes and device therapies.
Heart failure 2019
This document discusses heart failure, providing definitions, epidemiology, classifications, etiologies, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment. Heart failure is defined as a clinical syndrome resulting from structural or functional impairment of ventricular filling or ejection of blood. Approximately 2% of developed countries have heart failure, with risk increasing with age. Coronary artery disease is the leading cause. Heart failure can be classified as systolic or diastolic, high-output or low-output, acute or chronic, and right-sided or left-sided. Common causes include coronary artery disease, hypertension, cardiomyopathy, and valvular disease. Treatment involves removing precipitating causes, correcting underlying causes, preventing cardiac
Rheumatic Heart Disease.ppt
Rheumatic fever can cause inflammation of the heart valves, known as rheumatic heart disease. Repeated attacks can lead to scarring of the valves over time, most commonly affecting the mitral and aortic valves. The main manifestations include mitral stenosis, mitral insufficiency, aortic insufficiency, and tricuspid valve disease. Symptoms vary depending on the severity of valve involvement and complications such as heart failure or pulmonary hypertension. Treatment involves medications to prevent future rheumatic fever attacks as well as surgical interventions like valve repair or replacement for severe cases.
Cardiac murmers
This document discusses the differential diagnosis and evaluation of various cardiac murmurs. It presents 6 clinical cases involving patients with different cardiac murmurs and conditions such as aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, tricuspid regurgitation, and prosthetic valve dysfunction. For each case, it describes the history, physical exam findings, appropriate tests, diagnosis, complications, and management considerations for the underlying heart condition.
Aortic Stenosis
Aortic stenosis is a narrowing of the aortic valve that obstructs blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta. It can be congenital due to conditions like bicuspid aortic valve, or acquired through rheumatic heart disease, atherosclerosis or idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Over time, the obstruction causes the left ventricle to hypertrophy to maintain cardiac output, which can lead to heart failure. Symptoms include chest pain, syncope and dyspnea that worsen with exertion. Examination may reveal murmurs, decreased pulses and elevated blood pressure. Echocardiography can diagnose the severity of stenosis. Treatment involves managing symptoms, avoiding
Valvular heart disease and anaesthesia
Valvular heart disease refers to disorders of the cardiac valves that cause stenosis or regurgitation. Common types include mitral stenosis and regurgitation, aortic stenosis and regurgitation. Anesthesia management focuses on maintaining normal heart rate and rhythm, preload, afterload, and contractility based on the specific valve affected to optimize cardiac output. Regional techniques like epidurals are generally preferred over general anesthesia when possible.
Acyanotic Heart Disease
This document summarizes key aspects of acyanotic heart disease, including ventricular septal defects (VSDs), atrial septal defects (ASDs), patent ductus arteriosus (PDAs), aortic stenosis (AS), coarctation of the aorta, bicuspid aortic valve, and pulmonary stenosis. It covers clinical findings, management, natural history, complications, and treatment options for each condition. It also discusses ductal-dependent lesions that require prostaglandin E1 treatment, such as hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
hypertrophic myocardium.pptx
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a genetic heart condition characterized by thickened heart muscle. It is defined as thickening of the left ventricle in the absence of another cause like hypertension. The thickening can occur in any part of the left ventricle but commonly involves the septum. HCM is diagnosed based on echocardiogram findings showing thickened heart muscle of 15mm or more. Management involves preventing sudden cardiac death through ICD implantation in high risk patients and treating heart failure symptoms with medications like beta blockers.
Heart failure
Heart failure is a common and serious condition where the heart muscle is unable to pump sufficiently. It can have multiple causes and the prevalence increases significantly with age. Prognosis remains poor with high mortality rates. Diagnosis involves evaluating symptoms, signs, and testing like echocardiogram. Management focuses on general measures like diet, exercise, and reducing risk factors as well as specific treatments targeting the underlying cause and physiology of heart failure.
Congenital heart disease (1)
This document discusses congenital heart disease. Some key points:
1. Congenital heart disease results from abnormalities present from birth. It is the most common form of heart disease in infants and children.
2. Causes include genetic factors, maternal infections, drugs/alcohol exposure. Presentations include cyanosis, heart failure, murmurs.
3. Types include septal defects, obstructions, malpositions. Defects are classified as acyanotic (left-to-right shunts) or cyanotic (right-to-left shunts).
4. Specific conditions discussed include ventricular septal defect, tetralogy of Fallot, coarctation of
Valvularheartdisease 101005111315-phpapp01
anaesthetic management during non cardiac surgeries in patients suffering from valvular heart disease and cardiomyopathies
Constrictive pericarditis
Constrictive pericarditis is caused by scarring and thickening of the pericardium, restricting cardiac filling. It is diagnosed using echocardiography which shows septal bounce, exaggerated mitral inflow, and hepatic vein reversal. While similar to restrictive cardiomyopathy, constrictive pericarditis shows increased ventricular interaction and respiratory effects on cardiac physiology. Surgical pericardiectomy is usually required for treatment but is high risk, with post-op complications common. Long-term survival depends on the underlying cause of constriction.
VALVULAR HEART DISEASES.pptx
This document discusses valvular heart diseases. It describes how valves can become narrowed (stenosis) or fail to close adequately (regurgitation). The main causes of valve disease are discussed for both regurgitation and stenosis. Doppler echocardiography is highlighted as the most useful technique for assessing valvular function but may detect minor abnormalities. Regular review is important for patients with valve disease to monitor progression. Specific valve diseases like mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, and aortic stenosis are then described in more detail including causes, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, and management.
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Anaesthetic management of mitral valvular heart disease
Anaesthetic management of mitral valvular heart disease
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Diabetes and Ramadan
This document provides guidelines for managing diabetes during Ramadan fasting. It was created by the International Diabetes Federation and Diabetes and Ramadan International Alliance. The guidelines cover epidemiology of diabetes and Ramadan fasting, physiology changes during fasting, risk stratification for fasting, diabetes education, and medication adjustments. The goal is to enhance healthcare provider knowledge to safely support patients with diabetes who choose to fast during Ramadan.
ITP
This review article summarizes the 2011 evidence-based practice guideline published by the American Society of Hematology for the diagnosis and treatment of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). The guideline was created using a rigorous evidence-based approach and provides treatment recommendations using the GRADE system where evidence exists. It identifies a lack of evidence in several key areas of ITP therapy, such as comparative studies of front-line therapies and management of bleeding. The guideline covers diagnosis and treatment of ITP in both children and adults, including recommendations for initial treatment, management of non-responders, treatment of specific secondary forms of ITP, and treatment during pregnancy.
Diarrhea WHO
Two types of acute diarrhoeal emergencies are cholera, which causes acute watery diarrhoea, and Shigella dysentery, which causes acute bloody diarrhoea. Both are transmitted through contaminated water, food, hands, and vomit or stool of sick individuals. The first steps in managing a diarrhoeal outbreak are determining if there are an unusual number of similar cases, identifying whether patients have cholera or Shigella by their symptoms, and being prepared for a potential increase in cases.
Diabetic eye care 2017
The document provides guidelines for diabetic eye care developed by the International Council of Ophthalmology (ICO). It aims to improve eye care quality worldwide by addressing screening and management of diabetic retinopathy for different resource settings. The guidelines describe classifying and screening for diabetic retinopathy, detailed eye exams, treating retinopathy and macular edema, and managing special circumstances. It includes tables outlining follow-up schedules and treatment recommendations based on retinopathy severity and resource level.
AML NCCN 2017
This document discusses special considerations for managing chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) during pregnancy and in the pediatric population. For pregnancy:
- Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) used to treat CML are teratogenic and known to cause fetal toxicities. TKI therapy during pregnancy has been associated with higher rates of miscarriage and fetal abnormalities.
- If a patient wants to conceive, discontinuing TKI therapy may be considered if a deep molecular response has been maintained for at least 2 years. Close monitoring would be needed if CML recurs during pregnancy.
- For pediatric CML management, no evidence-based recommendations exist since CML is relatively rare in children. Specialized care at a cancer center is
Transfusion medicine 2
This document discusses several minor blood group systems beyond ABO and Rh, including I/i, Lewis, P, MN, and SsU. It provides details on the antigens and antibodies in each system, including frequencies, clinical significance, and serological characteristics. The key points are:
- Over 500 antigens beyond ABO have been identified on red blood cells.
- The I/i, Lewis, P, MN, and SsU systems involve antigens that are inherited based on allelic genes and their interactions.
- Antibodies in these systems are usually naturally occurring and clinically insignificant, though some like anti-S, anti-s, and anti-U can cause hemolytic disease of the new
AHA Heart failure 2017
This document provides a focused update to the 2013 ACCF/AHA guidelines for the management of heart failure. It was developed by a writing group comprised of experts from the ACC, AHA, HFSA, and other organizations. The update provides new recommendations on the use of biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of heart failure as well as for treatment of stages A through D. It also includes new recommendations on treating anemia, hypertension, and sleep disordered breathing in heart failure patients. The update was reviewed and approved by several committees and is intended to provide guidance for clinicians on best practices in heart failure management.
Lipid guidelines
These guidelines provide recommendations for managing dyslipidemia and preventing cardiovascular disease. They were developed by a writing committee and task force of experts based on reviews of current literature. The guidelines note that medical decisions should be made using clinical judgment and local resources, as rapid changes in the field may lead to periodic revisions. The document aims to assist healthcare professionals while not replacing their independent judgment.
Hcv guidance april-2017
This document provides an overview of the process and methods used to develop recommendations for the testing, management, and treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. A panel of HCV experts from various medical fields develops the guidance using an evidence-based approach. Recommendations are rated based on the strength of evidence. The guidance is intended to be a living document that is regularly updated as new treatments and information become available. Strict processes are in place to manage conflicts of interest among panel members.
Drug in pregnancy
This document provides information on drugs that are contraindicated (Pregnancy Category X) for use during pregnancy. It lists the generic and brand names of drugs across several therapeutic categories including cardiovascular, dermatological, gastrointestinal, infections/infestations, musculoskeletal, neoplasms, nutrition, OB/GYN, pain/pyrexia, respiratory, and urogenital systems. For some drugs, it specifies the trimester or stage of pregnancy during which they should be avoided. The document also explains the pregnancy categories (A, B, C, D, X) used to qualify contraindications and precautions for drug use during pregnancy.
Dnr dissussion
Muslims believe that death comes by divine decree and marks the beginning of an eternal journey in the afterlife. Some terminally ill Muslim patients receive care in intensive care units that prolong their lives through significant medical intervention when they may instead suffer without meaningful benefit. There is limited information available about Islamic beliefs regarding end of life issues for Muslims living in non-Muslim countries. Withdrawal of futile treatment is permitted in Islamic law for terminally ill patients to allow death to take its natural course. "Do not resuscitate" orders are also permitted in certain situations according to Islamic rulings if three physicians agree treatment would be non-beneficial. However, hydration and pain management should continue until death.
Diabetes and its complications
This document reviews recent guidelines for treating painful diabetic neuropathy (DPN) and compares their recommendations. It finds that the main drug classes recommended as first-line treatment are anticonvulsants like pregabalin and gabapentin, antidepressants like tricyclic antidepressants and duloxetine, and opioids. Pregabalin and duloxetine are the only drugs approved to treat neuropathic pain in diabetes. The guidelines differ in their methodologies, with some based more quantitatively on clinical trial evidence while others incorporate additional factors. Patient characteristics may also influence which treatment is most appropriate.
Stroke NICE 2017
This document provides guidance from NICE on the assessment and treatment of acute stroke. It outlines recommendations for promptly admitting patients to specialist stroke units, performing brain imaging, providing thrombolysis or mechanical clot retrieval if appropriate, administering antiplatelets or anticoagulants, managing blood pressure and blood sugar, assessing swallowing function and providing nutrition, and carrying out carotid imaging and endarterectomy if indicated. The pathway is designed to optimize stroke care from initial presentation through the acute and subacute phases of recovery.
Dexamethasone and sore throat
1) A randomized clinical trial of 576 adults with acute sore throat found that a single dose of oral dexamethasone did not increase the proportion of patients with complete resolution of symptoms at 24 hours compared to placebo.
2) However, at 48 hours significantly more patients in the dexamethasone group experienced complete resolution of symptoms than those in the placebo group.
3) The study found no other significant differences between the dexamethasone and placebo groups in secondary outcomes such as duration of symptoms, health care use, time off work, or medication use.
Dm and Ramadhan
This document provides guidelines for managing diabetes during Ramadan fasting. It was created by the International Diabetes Federation and Diabetes and Ramadan International Alliance. The guidelines cover epidemiology of diabetes during Ramadan, physiology of fasting and how it impacts diabetes, risk stratification of patients, education recommendations, and medication adjustments for various diabetes medications and high-risk patient groups, such as those with type 1 diabetes. The goal is to enhance healthcare professionals' knowledge to best support patients during Ramadan fasting.
May Hegglin Anomaly
May-Hegglin anomaly is part of a spectrum of disorders called MYH9-related disease. Mutations in the MYH9 gene cause macrothrombocytopenia (low platelet count with large platelets) and basophilic inclusions in white blood cells. A diagnosis can be facilitated by platelet electron microscopy and MYH9 gene sequencing. While each disorder in the spectrum has some unique characteristics, they are all characterized by macrothrombocytopenia and are now considered manifestations of MYH9-related disease.
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It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
Gene Expression System-viral gene delivery Mpharm(Pharamaceutics)
Gene therapy can be broadly defined as the transfer of genetic material to cure a disease or at least to improve the clinical status of a patient.
One of the basic concepts of gene therapy is to transform viruses into genetic shuttles, which will deliver the gene of interest into the target cells.
Safe methods have been devised to do this, using several viral and non-viral vectors.
In the future, this technique may allow doctors to treat a disorder by inserting a gene into a patient's cells instead of using drugs or surgery.
The biggest hurdle faced by medical research in gene therapy is the availability of effective gene-carrying vectors that meet all of the following criteria:
Protection of transgene or genetic cargo from degradative action of systemic and endonucleases,
Delivery of genetic material to the target site, i.e., either cell cytoplasm or nucleus,
Low potential of triggering unwanted immune responses or genotoxicity,
Economical and feasible availability for patients .
Viruses are naturally evolved vehicles that efficiently transfer their genes into host cells.
Choice of viral vector is dependent on gene transfer efficiency, capacity to carry foreign genes, toxicity, stability, immune responses towards viral antigens and potential viral recombination.
There are a wide variety of vectors used to deliver DNA or oligo nucleotides into mammalian cells, either in vitro or in vivo.
The most common vector system based on retroviruses, adenoviruses, herpes simplex viruses, adeno associated viruses.
biomechanics of running. Dr.dhwani.pptx
The biomechanics of running involves the study of the mechanical principles underlying running movements. It includes the analysis of the running gait cycle, which consists of the stance phase (foot contact to push-off) and the swing phase (foot lift-off to next contact). Key aspects include kinematics (joint angles and movements, stride length and frequency) and kinetics (forces involved in running, including ground reaction and muscle forces). Understanding these factors helps in improving running performance, optimizing technique, and preventing injuries.
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- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
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- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
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NARCOTICS- POLICY AND PROCEDURES FOR ITS USE
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Hemodialysis: Chapter 6, Hemodialysis Adequacy and Dose - Dr.Gawad
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Breast cancer: Post menopausal endocrine therapy
Breast cancer in postmenopausal women with hormone receptor-positive (HR+) status is a common and complex condition that necessitates a multifaceted approach to management. HR+ breast cancer means that the cancer cells grow in response to hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This subtype is prevalent among postmenopausal women and typically exhibits a more indolent course compared to other forms of breast cancer, which allows for a variety of treatment options.
Diagnosis and Staging
The diagnosis of HR+ breast cancer begins with clinical evaluation, imaging, and biopsy. Imaging modalities such as mammography, ultrasound, and MRI help in assessing the extent of the disease. Histopathological examination and immunohistochemical staining of the biopsy sample confirm the diagnosis and hormone receptor status by identifying the presence of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) on the tumor cells.
Staging involves determining the size of the tumor (T), the involvement of regional lymph nodes (N), and the presence of distant metastasis (M). The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system is commonly used. Accurate staging is critical as it guides treatment decisions.
Treatment Options
Endocrine Therapy
Endocrine therapy is the cornerstone of treatment for HR+ breast cancer in postmenopausal women. The primary goal is to reduce the levels of estrogen or block its effects on cancer cells. Commonly used agents include:
Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators (SERMs): Tamoxifen is a SERM that binds to estrogen receptors, blocking estrogen from stimulating breast cancer cells. It is effective but may have side effects such as increased risk of endometrial cancer and thromboembolic events.
Aromatase Inhibitors (AIs): These drugs, including anastrozole, letrozole, and exemestane, lower estrogen levels by inhibiting the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens to estrogen in peripheral tissues. AIs are generally preferred in postmenopausal women due to their efficacy and safety profile compared to tamoxifen.
Selective Estrogen Receptor Downregulators (SERDs): Fulvestrant is a SERD that degrades estrogen receptors and is used in cases where resistance to other endocrine therapies develops.
Combination Therapies
Combining endocrine therapy with other treatments enhances efficacy. Examples include:
Endocrine Therapy with CDK4/6 Inhibitors: Palbociclib, ribociclib, and abemaciclib are CDK4/6 inhibitors that, when combined with endocrine therapy, significantly improve progression-free survival in advanced HR+ breast cancer.
Endocrine Therapy with mTOR Inhibitors: Everolimus, an mTOR inhibitor, can be added to endocrine therapy for patients who have developed resistance to aromatase inhibitors.
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is generally reserved for patients with high-risk features, such as large tumor size, high-grade histology, or extensive lymph node involvement. Regimens often include anthracyclines and taxanes.
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GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS AND GASTRITIS
Osvaldo Bernardo Muchanga
Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS result from the ingestion of pathogens that cause infections at the level of this tract, generally being transmitted by food, water and hands contaminated by microorganisms such as E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus, Rotavirus among others that are generally contained in feces, thus configuring a FECAL-ORAL type of transmission.
Among the factors that lead to the occurrence of gastrointestinal infections are the hygienic and sanitary deficiencies that characterize our markets and other places where raw or cooked food is sold, poor environmental sanitation in communities, deficiencies in water treatment (or in the process of its plumbing), risky hygienic-sanitary habits (not washing hands after major and/or minor needs), among others.
These are generally consequences (signs and symptoms) resulting from gastrointestinal infections: diarrhea, vomiting, fever and malaise, among others.
The treatment consists of replacing lost liquids and electrolytes (drinking drinking water and other recommended liquids, including consumption of juicy fruits such as papayas, apples, pears, among others that contain water in their composition).
To prevent this, it is necessary to promote health education, improve the hygienic-sanitary conditions of markets and communities in general as a way of promoting, preserving and prolonging PUBLIC HEALTH.
Gastritis and Gastric Health
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Among patients with gastritis and/or ulcers, one of the dilemmas is associated with the foods to consume in order to minimize the sensation of pain and discomfort. Patellar Instability: Diagnosis Management
Pictorial and detailed description of patellar instability with sign and symptoms and how to diagnose , what investigations you should go with and how to approach with treatment options . I have presented this slide in my 2nd year junior residency in orthopedics at LLRM medical college Meerut and got good reviews for it
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Question of the week 2 feb 2017
- 1. THURSDAY 2.2.2017 Question of the Week
- 2. History A 71-year-old woman presents to the emergency department with acute-onset shortness of breath. She has a history of hypertension but no known cardiac disease.
- 3. On examination she has a respiratory rate of 32 breaths per minute, a heart rate of 110 beats per minute, and a blood pressure of 192/96 mm Hg. Her jugular venous pressure is elevated, but she has no murmurs. She has bibasilar crackles in her lungs. Her lower extremities show symmetrical 1+ edema.
- 4. A bedside echocardiogram concentric left ventricular hypertrophy hyperdynamic wall motion an estimated left ventricular ejection fraction of 70%. The patient has no valvular regurgitation, stenosis, or outflow-tract abnormalities.
- 5. Question
- 6. Which one of the following cardiac conditions is most likely to be the cause of this patient's dyspnea? Mitral valve prolapse Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy Restrictive cardiomyopathy Chronic constrictive pericarditis
- 7. Your answer is correct. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction edema, rales, elevated filling pressures, and a normal left ventricular EF
- 8. HFpEF; commonly called diastolic heart failure Acute heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF; commonly called diastolic heart failure) is defined as clinical heart failure (edema, rales, and elevated filling pressures) in a patient with a normal left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction. Risk factors include advanced age and a history of hypertension or diabetes mellitus.
- 9. Mitral valve prolapse is often associated with a midsystolic click and may be associated with a late systolic murmur. It is generally a benign condition unless it is complicated by mitral regurgitation.
- 10. Restrictive cardiomyopathy is usually characterized by predominant peripheral venous congestion (right-sided heart failure) and echocardiographic evidence of infiltrative heart disease, with signs of elevated intracardiac pressures that result in dilated atria and a restrictive filling pattern.
- 11. Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy is characterized by an LV outflow tract murmur that increases with provocative maneuvers (i.e., Valsalva) and by echocardiographic findings of dynamic LV outflow obstruction.
- 12. Chronic constrictive pericarditis rare and has features, such as pericardial thickening and calcification, that are typically visualized during echocardiography.
- 13. Thank You