The document provides guidelines for diabetic eye care developed by the International Council of Ophthalmology (ICO). It aims to improve eye care quality worldwide by addressing screening and management of diabetic retinopathy for different resource settings. The guidelines describe classifying and screening for diabetic retinopathy, detailed eye exams, treating retinopathy and macular edema, and managing special circumstances. It includes tables outlining follow-up schedules and treatment recommendations based on retinopathy severity and resource level.
Pigment dispersion syndrome is characterized by the dispersion of pigment granules from the iris pigment epithelium throughout the anterior segment of the eye. This can lead to elevated intraocular pressure and pigmentary glaucoma. It typically affects young, myopic white males and is caused by rubbing of the iris pigment epithelium against the lens zonules due to posterior bowing of the peripheral iris. Diagnosis is based on finding the classic triad of Krukenberg spindle on the cornea, midperipheral iris transillumination defects, and dense trabecular pigmentation on gonioscopy.
Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSR) is characterized by localized serous retinal detachment caused by leakage from the choroid through hyperpermeable areas of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). It typically affects males aged 25-55 and can be associated with stress, pregnancy, corticosteroid use, and obstructive sleep apnea. Patients may experience blurred vision, metamorphopsia, and micropsia. Diagnostic testing includes OCT, FA, and ICGA to detect choroidal vascular abnormalities and RPE leaks. While many cases resolve spontaneously, recurrent or chronic CSR can cause permanent vision loss and may be treated with corticosteroid cessation, laser, photodynamic
This document discusses various diagnostic devices and therapeutic devices for dry eye disease. For diagnosis, it describes devices such as LipiView and LipiScan which measure lipid layer thickness and image meibomian glands, InflammaDry which detects inflammation biomarker MMP-9, TearLab and I-Pen which measure tear osmolarity, and Ocular Surface Analyser which performs multiple tear film tests. For treatment, it outlines thermal pulsation systems like LipiFlow, neurostimulation device TrueTear, intense pulse light therapy, BlephEx, iLux, and TearCare system which all aim to treat meibomian gland dysfunction and dry eye symptoms.
This document discusses restrictive strabismus, which is characterized by limited eye movement out of proportion to the ocular deviation. It can be caused by mechanical or neurological issues. The document then classifies restrictive strabismus as either congenital (e.g. Duane's retraction syndrome, Brown's syndrome) or acquired (e.g. thyroid ophthalmopathy, orbital injury, tumors). Specific conditions like Duane's retraction syndrome and Brown's syndrome are further described in terms of symptoms, prevalence, and management approaches including non-surgical and surgical options.
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the uvea, which consists of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. It describes the layers, muscles, blood supply, and functions of each part. The iris controls the pupil size and divides the eye into anterior and posterior chambers. The ciliary body produces aqueous humor and contains muscles that allow for accommodation. The choroid provides blood supply to the outer retina and regulates heat and light absorption. Overall, the uvea is the middle vascular layer that nourishes ocular tissues and helps control intraocular pressure and accommodation.
This document provides information on various orthoptic instruments used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in treating binocular vision anomalies. It describes the principles, construction, procedures, and uses of several instruments including the diploscope, cherioscope, reading bars, Remy separator, Tibb's binocular trainer, and synoptophore. The diploscope and cherioscope are used to detect suppression and exercise fusion. Reading bars are home exercise devices that use physiological diplopia. The Remy separator and Tibb's trainer are haploscopic instruments used for diagnosis and treatment. The synoptophore can measure deviations, fusion, and stereopsis, and is used to treat suppression and abnormal retinal correspondence.
Pachychoroid spectrum of disease now also include central serous chorioretinopathy. The presentation include history, pathogenesis, clinical features, diffrential and treatment of CSCR
Pigment dispersion syndrome is characterized by the dispersion of pigment granules from the iris pigment epithelium throughout the anterior segment of the eye. This can lead to elevated intraocular pressure and pigmentary glaucoma. It typically affects young, myopic white males and is caused by rubbing of the iris pigment epithelium against the lens zonules due to posterior bowing of the peripheral iris. Diagnosis is based on finding the classic triad of Krukenberg spindle on the cornea, midperipheral iris transillumination defects, and dense trabecular pigmentation on gonioscopy.
Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSR) is characterized by localized serous retinal detachment caused by leakage from the choroid through hyperpermeable areas of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). It typically affects males aged 25-55 and can be associated with stress, pregnancy, corticosteroid use, and obstructive sleep apnea. Patients may experience blurred vision, metamorphopsia, and micropsia. Diagnostic testing includes OCT, FA, and ICGA to detect choroidal vascular abnormalities and RPE leaks. While many cases resolve spontaneously, recurrent or chronic CSR can cause permanent vision loss and may be treated with corticosteroid cessation, laser, photodynamic
This document discusses various diagnostic devices and therapeutic devices for dry eye disease. For diagnosis, it describes devices such as LipiView and LipiScan which measure lipid layer thickness and image meibomian glands, InflammaDry which detects inflammation biomarker MMP-9, TearLab and I-Pen which measure tear osmolarity, and Ocular Surface Analyser which performs multiple tear film tests. For treatment, it outlines thermal pulsation systems like LipiFlow, neurostimulation device TrueTear, intense pulse light therapy, BlephEx, iLux, and TearCare system which all aim to treat meibomian gland dysfunction and dry eye symptoms.
This document discusses restrictive strabismus, which is characterized by limited eye movement out of proportion to the ocular deviation. It can be caused by mechanical or neurological issues. The document then classifies restrictive strabismus as either congenital (e.g. Duane's retraction syndrome, Brown's syndrome) or acquired (e.g. thyroid ophthalmopathy, orbital injury, tumors). Specific conditions like Duane's retraction syndrome and Brown's syndrome are further described in terms of symptoms, prevalence, and management approaches including non-surgical and surgical options.
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of the uvea, which consists of the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. It describes the layers, muscles, blood supply, and functions of each part. The iris controls the pupil size and divides the eye into anterior and posterior chambers. The ciliary body produces aqueous humor and contains muscles that allow for accommodation. The choroid provides blood supply to the outer retina and regulates heat and light absorption. Overall, the uvea is the middle vascular layer that nourishes ocular tissues and helps control intraocular pressure and accommodation.
This document provides information on various orthoptic instruments used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in treating binocular vision anomalies. It describes the principles, construction, procedures, and uses of several instruments including the diploscope, cherioscope, reading bars, Remy separator, Tibb's binocular trainer, and synoptophore. The diploscope and cherioscope are used to detect suppression and exercise fusion. Reading bars are home exercise devices that use physiological diplopia. The Remy separator and Tibb's trainer are haploscopic instruments used for diagnosis and treatment. The synoptophore can measure deviations, fusion, and stereopsis, and is used to treat suppression and abnormal retinal correspondence.
Pachychoroid spectrum of disease now also include central serous chorioretinopathy. The presentation include history, pathogenesis, clinical features, diffrential and treatment of CSCR
This document discusses the pathophysiology and evaluation of blunt ocular trauma using ultrasound techniques. It begins by explaining the different mechanisms of blunt trauma impact depending on the size of the object hitting the eye. It then outlines the different locations within the eye that can be injured, including the anterior segment, posterior segment, adnexa, and orbit. The document proceeds to describe specific injuries that can occur to structures like the cornea, iris, lens, vitreous, retina, and optic nerve. It emphasizes the importance of ultrasound, particularly ultrasonography and ultrasound biomicroscopy, in evaluating intraocular injuries and structural abnormalities in cases of blunt trauma where clinical examination is difficult or limited. Finally, it provides examples of ultrasound findings from
The document summarizes 7 different types of Amsler grid charts used to detect vision problems resulting from macular degeneration or other eye diseases. The standard Amsler grid (Chart 1) consists of a grid pattern with 0.5cm white squares against a black background, arranged in 20 horizontal and vertical rows. Chart 2 has diagonal lines intersecting at the center to help patients with central scotomas fixate. Chart 3 uses red squares instead of white to help detect nutritional amblyopia or toxic maculopathy. Chart 4 consists of randomly spaced white dots instead of lines. Charts 5-7 vary the line patterns and orientations to detect different types of visual distortions or subtle macular issues.
Please look at the light and tell me what you see
Patient: I see two lights that are side by side
Assistant: Now I am going to move the lights closer together. Tell me if you still see two lights or if they merge into one.
Patient: As you move the lights closer, they are now merging into one light.
Assistant: Thank you. That demonstrates you do not have diplopia in primary position. Now I am going to move the light up, down, left, and right. Please tell me if you see one light or two lights as I move it to different positions.
This tests for diplopia in different gazes which helps localize the site of the problem causing diplopia
Este documento describe la anatomía y varias patologías de los párpados. Describe la anatomía de los párpados, incluidas las glándulas y músculos. Luego resume varias enfermedades de los párpados como blefaritis, chalazion, orzuelo, xantelasma, tumores benignos y malignos, y alteraciones en la posición del párpado como ectropión y entropión. Finalmente, menciona otras patologías como triquiasis, distiquiasis, ptosis y alteraciones congénitas.
The cornea consists of 5 layers:
1. Epithelium - acts as a barrier and is regenerated every 7 days through cell migration.
2. Bowman's layer - acellular layer that provides strength.
3. Stroma - thick collagenous layer that gives the cornea its strength and transparency.
4. Descemet's membrane - basement membrane secreted by the endothelium that increases in thickness with age.
5. Endothelium - single cell layer that regulates hydration of the stroma and maintains corneal transparency.
This document provides an overview of slit lamp biomicroscopy. It describes the basic components and design of the slit lamp, including the illumination, observation, and mechanical systems. Various techniques for examining the eye using the slit lamp are covered, such as diffuse illumination, sclerotic scatter, focal slit illumination, and retroillumination from the iris or fundus. A brief history of the development of the slit lamp is also presented.
Optics of contact lens and nomenclature copy [repaired] (1)Manjusha Lakshmi
A contact lens is an artificial device placed on the cornea or sclera for optical or therapeutic purposes. Contact lenses are classified based on their anatomical location, nature of material, and wearing schedule. Key parameters of contact lenses include the base curve, diameter, power, edge clearance, and central thickness. Contact lenses provide vision correction and can also be used for therapeutic reasons like drug delivery or treating corneal diseases.
Lenses of slit lamp biomicroscope & indirect ophthalmoscope.Ayat AbuJazar
This document discusses different lenses used for ophthalmic examination, including Volk double aspheric lenses, Goldmann three mirror lenses, and indirect ophthalmoscope lenses. Volk lenses come in 60D, 78D, and 90D powers and are used for slit lamp biomicroscopy. The 60D provides high magnification of the posterior pole, while the 78D is for general diagnosis and the 90D is for small pupils. Goldmann three mirror lenses provide a 3D view of the anterior chamber and fundus and require a coupling agent. Indirect lenses act as condensing lenses, with higher powered lenses providing less magnification but wider field of view.
This document discusses normal tension glaucoma, which is a type of open-angle glaucoma where the intraocular pressure is normal but the optic nerve is still damaged, leading to visual field loss. It is caused by chronic low blood flow to the optic nerve head, which makes the nerve susceptible to normal IOP levels. While elevated IOP is a major risk factor for glaucoma, normal tension glaucoma occurs without elevated pressure. The document covers classification of glaucoma, risk factors and clinical features of normal tension glaucoma such as optic nerve changes and visual field defects, as well as diagnostic evaluation and treatment options which aim to lower IOP as much as possible without complications.
Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is a chronic abnormality of the meibomian glands that results in an altered tear film and ocular surface disease. The meibomian glands secrete an oily substance called meibum that prevents tear film evaporation. MGD can be obstructive or non-obstructive and is commonly caused by ductal blockage that impairs meibum secretion. Symptoms include eye irritation, redness, burning and watering. Treatment involves warm compresses, lid scrubs, and topical agents like antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, and tear supplements.
1) Phacoemulsification uses ultrasonic energy and fluidics to remove cataracts through a small incision. The phaco machine contains components that generate ultrasonic power and control irrigation and aspiration fluidics.
2) Parameters such as phaco power, aspiration flow rate, vacuum level, and bottle height must be adjusted based on the stage of surgery and density of the cataract to efficiently emulsify and remove the lens while minimizing thermal and mechanical stress on ocular tissues.
3) Proper functioning and settings of the phaco foot pedal, hand piece, needle, and aspiration and irrigation systems are crucial for achieving optimal phacodynamics and successful cataract surgery outcomes
This document discusses the history and development of phacoemulsification devices and techniques. It begins with Charles Kelman developing the first ultrasonic device for removing plaque and debris from teeth in the 1960s. Over the following decades, phacoemulsification machines were developed for ophthalmic use, including the original Cavitron device. The document then describes the components, functions, and technical aspects of modern phacoemulsification consoles and handpieces in detail over multiple pages. It covers topics like phaco power delivery, fluidics management, and techniques for controlling surge.
Role of bandage contact lens in corneal wound healingRabindraAdhikary
Bandage contact lenses help promote corneal wound healing. The document analyzes the results of a study of 15 patients who wore bandage contact lenses to treat various corneal defects. It finds that contact lenses were most commonly used to treat viral keratitis with sealed ulcers, and that wounds typically healed within 2-3 weeks. The study concludes that bandage contact lenses are effective for restoring normal vision in cases of sterile corneal defects and ulcers.
Heidelberg Retinal Tomography II (HRT II) is a diagnostic imaging technique that uses confocal laser scanning to generate 3D topographic images of the optic disc and retinal nerve fiber layer. It provides quantitative measurements of parameters like cup-to-disc ratio, rim area, and cup shape that are useful for diagnosing and monitoring glaucoma. The HRT II obtains multiple optical sections to build a 3D image with a resolution of 10 micrometers per pixel. It has good test-retest reproducibility and can detect glaucomatous nerve damage earlier than conventional techniques. However, small optic discs continue to present challenges for accurate classification of glaucoma status.
Keratoconus is a degenerative eye condition where the cornea thins and changes shape, causing vision problems. The cause is unknown but risk factors include eye rubbing and genetics. Symptoms include progressively worsening vision not fully corrected by glasses. Diagnosis involves examining the cornea shape using keratometry and topography to detect thinning, steepening, and irregular astigmatism. Mild cases may need no treatment, while progressive cases can be managed with contact lenses or corneal cross-linking depending on severity.
Over 112,000 people in Indiana have diabetic retinopathy, which is around 20% of diabetics in the state. About 60% of diabetics receive an annual eye exam, but each year between 12,000 to 24,000 new cases of blindness occur from diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy is caused by changes in the blood vessels in the eye and can be detected and treated through annual dilated eye exams and procedures like laser surgery. Maintaining good control of blood sugar and receiving regular eye exams can help reduce the risk of vision loss from diabetic eye disease.
This document discusses the pathophysiology and evaluation of blunt ocular trauma using ultrasound techniques. It begins by explaining the different mechanisms of blunt trauma impact depending on the size of the object hitting the eye. It then outlines the different locations within the eye that can be injured, including the anterior segment, posterior segment, adnexa, and orbit. The document proceeds to describe specific injuries that can occur to structures like the cornea, iris, lens, vitreous, retina, and optic nerve. It emphasizes the importance of ultrasound, particularly ultrasonography and ultrasound biomicroscopy, in evaluating intraocular injuries and structural abnormalities in cases of blunt trauma where clinical examination is difficult or limited. Finally, it provides examples of ultrasound findings from
The document summarizes 7 different types of Amsler grid charts used to detect vision problems resulting from macular degeneration or other eye diseases. The standard Amsler grid (Chart 1) consists of a grid pattern with 0.5cm white squares against a black background, arranged in 20 horizontal and vertical rows. Chart 2 has diagonal lines intersecting at the center to help patients with central scotomas fixate. Chart 3 uses red squares instead of white to help detect nutritional amblyopia or toxic maculopathy. Chart 4 consists of randomly spaced white dots instead of lines. Charts 5-7 vary the line patterns and orientations to detect different types of visual distortions or subtle macular issues.
Please look at the light and tell me what you see
Patient: I see two lights that are side by side
Assistant: Now I am going to move the lights closer together. Tell me if you still see two lights or if they merge into one.
Patient: As you move the lights closer, they are now merging into one light.
Assistant: Thank you. That demonstrates you do not have diplopia in primary position. Now I am going to move the light up, down, left, and right. Please tell me if you see one light or two lights as I move it to different positions.
This tests for diplopia in different gazes which helps localize the site of the problem causing diplopia
Este documento describe la anatomía y varias patologías de los párpados. Describe la anatomía de los párpados, incluidas las glándulas y músculos. Luego resume varias enfermedades de los párpados como blefaritis, chalazion, orzuelo, xantelasma, tumores benignos y malignos, y alteraciones en la posición del párpado como ectropión y entropión. Finalmente, menciona otras patologías como triquiasis, distiquiasis, ptosis y alteraciones congénitas.
The cornea consists of 5 layers:
1. Epithelium - acts as a barrier and is regenerated every 7 days through cell migration.
2. Bowman's layer - acellular layer that provides strength.
3. Stroma - thick collagenous layer that gives the cornea its strength and transparency.
4. Descemet's membrane - basement membrane secreted by the endothelium that increases in thickness with age.
5. Endothelium - single cell layer that regulates hydration of the stroma and maintains corneal transparency.
This document provides an overview of slit lamp biomicroscopy. It describes the basic components and design of the slit lamp, including the illumination, observation, and mechanical systems. Various techniques for examining the eye using the slit lamp are covered, such as diffuse illumination, sclerotic scatter, focal slit illumination, and retroillumination from the iris or fundus. A brief history of the development of the slit lamp is also presented.
Optics of contact lens and nomenclature copy [repaired] (1)Manjusha Lakshmi
A contact lens is an artificial device placed on the cornea or sclera for optical or therapeutic purposes. Contact lenses are classified based on their anatomical location, nature of material, and wearing schedule. Key parameters of contact lenses include the base curve, diameter, power, edge clearance, and central thickness. Contact lenses provide vision correction and can also be used for therapeutic reasons like drug delivery or treating corneal diseases.
Lenses of slit lamp biomicroscope & indirect ophthalmoscope.Ayat AbuJazar
This document discusses different lenses used for ophthalmic examination, including Volk double aspheric lenses, Goldmann three mirror lenses, and indirect ophthalmoscope lenses. Volk lenses come in 60D, 78D, and 90D powers and are used for slit lamp biomicroscopy. The 60D provides high magnification of the posterior pole, while the 78D is for general diagnosis and the 90D is for small pupils. Goldmann three mirror lenses provide a 3D view of the anterior chamber and fundus and require a coupling agent. Indirect lenses act as condensing lenses, with higher powered lenses providing less magnification but wider field of view.
This document discusses normal tension glaucoma, which is a type of open-angle glaucoma where the intraocular pressure is normal but the optic nerve is still damaged, leading to visual field loss. It is caused by chronic low blood flow to the optic nerve head, which makes the nerve susceptible to normal IOP levels. While elevated IOP is a major risk factor for glaucoma, normal tension glaucoma occurs without elevated pressure. The document covers classification of glaucoma, risk factors and clinical features of normal tension glaucoma such as optic nerve changes and visual field defects, as well as diagnostic evaluation and treatment options which aim to lower IOP as much as possible without complications.
Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) is a chronic abnormality of the meibomian glands that results in an altered tear film and ocular surface disease. The meibomian glands secrete an oily substance called meibum that prevents tear film evaporation. MGD can be obstructive or non-obstructive and is commonly caused by ductal blockage that impairs meibum secretion. Symptoms include eye irritation, redness, burning and watering. Treatment involves warm compresses, lid scrubs, and topical agents like antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, and tear supplements.
1) Phacoemulsification uses ultrasonic energy and fluidics to remove cataracts through a small incision. The phaco machine contains components that generate ultrasonic power and control irrigation and aspiration fluidics.
2) Parameters such as phaco power, aspiration flow rate, vacuum level, and bottle height must be adjusted based on the stage of surgery and density of the cataract to efficiently emulsify and remove the lens while minimizing thermal and mechanical stress on ocular tissues.
3) Proper functioning and settings of the phaco foot pedal, hand piece, needle, and aspiration and irrigation systems are crucial for achieving optimal phacodynamics and successful cataract surgery outcomes
This document discusses the history and development of phacoemulsification devices and techniques. It begins with Charles Kelman developing the first ultrasonic device for removing plaque and debris from teeth in the 1960s. Over the following decades, phacoemulsification machines were developed for ophthalmic use, including the original Cavitron device. The document then describes the components, functions, and technical aspects of modern phacoemulsification consoles and handpieces in detail over multiple pages. It covers topics like phaco power delivery, fluidics management, and techniques for controlling surge.
Role of bandage contact lens in corneal wound healingRabindraAdhikary
Bandage contact lenses help promote corneal wound healing. The document analyzes the results of a study of 15 patients who wore bandage contact lenses to treat various corneal defects. It finds that contact lenses were most commonly used to treat viral keratitis with sealed ulcers, and that wounds typically healed within 2-3 weeks. The study concludes that bandage contact lenses are effective for restoring normal vision in cases of sterile corneal defects and ulcers.
Heidelberg Retinal Tomography II (HRT II) is a diagnostic imaging technique that uses confocal laser scanning to generate 3D topographic images of the optic disc and retinal nerve fiber layer. It provides quantitative measurements of parameters like cup-to-disc ratio, rim area, and cup shape that are useful for diagnosing and monitoring glaucoma. The HRT II obtains multiple optical sections to build a 3D image with a resolution of 10 micrometers per pixel. It has good test-retest reproducibility and can detect glaucomatous nerve damage earlier than conventional techniques. However, small optic discs continue to present challenges for accurate classification of glaucoma status.
Keratoconus is a degenerative eye condition where the cornea thins and changes shape, causing vision problems. The cause is unknown but risk factors include eye rubbing and genetics. Symptoms include progressively worsening vision not fully corrected by glasses. Diagnosis involves examining the cornea shape using keratometry and topography to detect thinning, steepening, and irregular astigmatism. Mild cases may need no treatment, while progressive cases can be managed with contact lenses or corneal cross-linking depending on severity.
Over 112,000 people in Indiana have diabetic retinopathy, which is around 20% of diabetics in the state. About 60% of diabetics receive an annual eye exam, but each year between 12,000 to 24,000 new cases of blindness occur from diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy is caused by changes in the blood vessels in the eye and can be detected and treated through annual dilated eye exams and procedures like laser surgery. Maintaining good control of blood sugar and receiving regular eye exams can help reduce the risk of vision loss from diabetic eye disease.
Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes that affects the small blood vessels in the retina. It is the leading cause of blindness in working age adults. Strict control of blood sugar and blood pressure can help prevent and slow the progression of diabetic retinopathy. Annual eye exams are important for early detection and treatment if needed to prevent vision loss. As diabetic retinopathy progresses, it is classified into mild, moderate, and severe non-proliferative stages and proliferative stage. Treatments include laser therapy and anti-VEGF injections to prevent further vision loss.
This document discusses diabetic retinopathy, its causes, stages, treatments, and prevention. It is progressive retinal vessel dysfunction caused by long-term hyperglycemia. Key factors that contribute to its development include hypertension, hyperlipidemia, female sex, pregnancy, smoking, obesity, and poor metabolic control. Stages include non-proliferative and proliferative retinopathy. Treatments include anti-VEGF drugs, laser photocoagulation, vitrectomy, and strict control of blood sugar and blood pressure to prevent its progression.
This document discusses diabetic retinopathy (DR), a complication of diabetes that can lead to blindness. It defines DR and outlines its prevalence, risk factors, signs and symptoms, pathogenesis, grading scales, screening recommendations, treatment approaches, and criteria for referral. DR affects the small blood vessels in the retina and ranges from mild non-proliferative DR to more severe proliferative DR. Screening is crucial and treatment depends on the stage, with options like laser therapy and intraocular injections.
Incidence of Glaucoma & Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Diabetes Mellit...QUESTJOURNAL
Background: Vision is a means of communication of man with the external world. The impact of visual loss due to various ocular morbidities has profound implications for the person affected and the society as a whole. Diabetes has become one of the world’s most important public health problems & WHO indicate that 19% of world’s diabetic population lives in India. Diabetes related microvascular complications cause visual disability even in younger age group individuals. Aim: To estimate the magnitude of Glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy in diabetic patients in our institution. To create awareness about avoidable blindness in diabetic patients.To enlighten and thereby motivate the patient for further evaluation and follow up. Materials and methods: The study is a hospital- based , non- interventional, cross-sectional study. The ocular disorders are evaluated in 500 consecutive diabetic patients attending ophthalmology out patient department of Kanyakumari medical college hospital. Estimation of visual acuity, slit lamp examination, intraocular pressure, retinoscopy & fundus examination, visual field analysis , gonioscopy are done to detail the defective vision. Result analysis Data is analysed using SPSS. The common manifestations are cataract- 346 (69%), diabetic retinopathy- 94 patients (18.8%), glaucoma– 34 (6.8%). Patients with cataract are well managed by cataract extraction techniques. Prime importance is to create awareness and also diagnose the early changes of retinopathy and glaucoma.Treatment of glaucoma if instituted early will go a long way in preventing avoidable blindness Therefore periodic visual screening along with control of hyperglycemia and associated risk factors is needed to ensure good quality of vision.
This document presents information on diabetic retinopathy including its causes, risk factors, stages, diagnosis, and treatment. It begins with an introduction by Sonali Diwate and objectives of the presentation. It then outlines the topics to be discussed and provides details on the types and pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. The stages of diabetic retinopathy from mild nonproliferative to proliferative are explained. Risk factors, diagnostic tests, management approaches like laser therapy and anti-VEGF injections, potential biomarkers and conclusions are summarized. The document aims to raise awareness of diabetic retinopathy as a public health problem and discuss treatments and management of the disease.
Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of blindness that can develop in people with diabetes. It occurs when high blood sugar levels damage the blood vessels in the retina. Early stages may be asymptomatic, but later stages can cause vision loss. Risk factors include duration of diabetes and poor blood sugar control. Annual dilated eye exams and tight blood sugar management can prevent or delay vision loss from diabetic retinopathy. Treatment options depend on the stage but may include laser surgery or injections to stabilize severe vision loss.
This document provides guidelines for managing diabetic retinopathy from the International Council of Ophthalmology in 2017. It discusses the epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy, noting that it affects 1 in 3 people with diabetes and is a leading cause of preventable blindness. The pathogenesis involves microvascular changes from prolonged hyperglycemia. Treatment involves optimizing blood glucose and blood pressure control, as well as focal laser treatment, panretinal laser photocoagulation, or anti-VEGF injections depending on the severity of the retinopathy and presence of macular edema. Follow-up examinations are recommended based on the classification and severity of the diabetic retinopathy.
This document discusses diabetic retinopathy, which is a leading cause of blindness. It affects the microvasculature of the eye similarly to how diabetes damages other organs. Tight control of blood glucose levels can significantly reduce the risk of developing retinopathy or slow its progression. However, initially tightening glucose control can sometimes cause a transient worsening of existing retinopathy. The duration and severity of diabetes are also risk factors for retinopathy and vision loss. Regular eye exams are important for early detection and treatment.
This document discusses diabetic retinopathy, which is damage to the retina caused by diabetes. It can be non-proliferative or proliferative. Symptoms may include blurred or fluctuating vision. Diagnosis involves eye exams and imaging tests. Treatment options include laser surgery, injections of corticosteroids or anti-VEGF drugs, and vitrectomy surgery in severe cases. Nursing care focuses on managing risks, teaching patients how to care for their eyes, and reducing anxiety.
Diabetic retinopathy for GENERAL OPHTHALMOLOGISTAjayDudani1
Diabetic retinopathy is damage to the blood vessels of the retina due to diabetes. It can progress to proliferative diabetic retinopathy where new abnormal blood vessels grow on the retina or optic disc which can lead to vision loss. A clinical trial studied whether initial treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy with injections of the anti-VEGF drug ranibizumab followed by deferred pan-retinal photocoagulation if needed could provide visual outcomes equal to or better than prompt pan-retinal photocoagulation. At two years, vision was maintained or improved in the ranibizumab group while remaining unchanged in the laser group, suggesting anti-VEGF therapy may delay or reduce the need for laser treatment
Diabetic retinopathy is damage to the blood vessels of the retina due to diabetes. A study compared the standard treatment of pan-retinal photocoagulation (PRP) to initial treatment with intravitreal anti-VEGF injections (ranibizumab) to delay or prevent the need for PRP. At 2 years, vision was maintained or improved in the ranibizumab group while vision remained unchanged in the PRP group. The study suggests initial treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy with anti-VEGF injections like ranibizumab may be as effective as immediate PRP treatment and could help delay or reduce the need for destructive PRP therapy.
Diabetic macular edema results from a breakdown of the blood-retina barrier due to hyperglycemia, causing fluid leakage into the retina. It occurs in over 7% of diabetics and is a leading cause of vision loss. Optical coherence tomography is used to classify edema as center-involved or non-center-involved and detect morphological features. Treatment involves controlling systemic factors, and first-line therapy is with anti-VEGF agents, though corticosteroids are an alternative. A comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach is needed to manage the condition and prevent vision loss.
Novel Development in treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema, by Dr. Fritz Allen, presented at VO, Lecture Series 11, Feb 20, 2011
COPE Course ID: 30657-PS
This document discusses diabetic retinopathy, including:
- DR is a major cause of blindness and is classified as non-proliferative or proliferative.
- Tight control of blood glucose, blood pressure, and lipids can slow progression of DR.
- Laser photocoagulation is effective for treating diabetic macular edema and proliferative DR. Focal laser is used for edema localized to the macula, while panretinal photocoagulation scatters wider burns throughout the retina to induce regression of new vessels.
- Imaging like OCT and fluorescein angiography help diagnose and monitor DR and guide treatment.
This document summarizes studies on diabetic retinopathy and its treatment. It discusses factors that affect the onset and progression of diabetic retinopathy like diabetes duration and control. It also summarizes landmark studies like ETDRS, UKPDS, RIDE/RISE that established treatment guidelines. The document compares treatments for diabetic macular edema like laser photocoagulation, intravitreal injections of ranibizumab, aflibercept, bevacizumab and triamcinolone, and dexamethasone implant. It provides results and conclusions of clinical trials that demonstrated efficacy and safety of these treatments.
Management of Diabetic Ketoacidosis DKA 2013 Guidelines.pdfDr Musadiq
This document provides guidelines for the management of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in adults. It recommends managing DKA based on bedside monitoring of blood glucose and ketone levels using portable meters. The key steps in treatment include administering a fixed rate intravenous insulin infusion to suppress ketones and reverse acidosis, closely monitoring electrolytes, and involving the diabetes specialist team as soon as possible. Measurement of blood ketones rather than just glucose is important for assessing resolution of DKA. The guidelines emphasize point-of-care monitoring and emphasize the role of the diabetes specialist team in management and discharge planning.
C12 british diabetes societies management of dka 2013Diabetes for all
This document provides guidelines for the management of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in adults. It recommends monitoring blood ketone levels using bedside meters as the primary indicator for assessing treatment response, rather than solely relying on blood glucose levels. The guidelines emphasize early involvement of diabetes specialist teams and note that mortality from DKA has declined significantly with improved care practices. The guidelines were updated in 2013 to reflect developments in near-patient testing technology and changes in how DKA often presents.
This document provides guidelines for managing diabetes during Ramadan fasting. It was created by the International Diabetes Federation and Diabetes and Ramadan International Alliance. The guidelines cover epidemiology of diabetes and Ramadan fasting, physiology changes during fasting, risk stratification for fasting, diabetes education, and medication adjustments. The goal is to enhance healthcare provider knowledge to safely support patients with diabetes who choose to fast during Ramadan.
This review article summarizes the 2011 evidence-based practice guideline published by the American Society of Hematology for the diagnosis and treatment of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). The guideline was created using a rigorous evidence-based approach and provides treatment recommendations using the GRADE system where evidence exists. It identifies a lack of evidence in several key areas of ITP therapy, such as comparative studies of front-line therapies and management of bleeding. The guideline covers diagnosis and treatment of ITP in both children and adults, including recommendations for initial treatment, management of non-responders, treatment of specific secondary forms of ITP, and treatment during pregnancy.
Two types of acute diarrhoeal emergencies are cholera, which causes acute watery diarrhoea, and Shigella dysentery, which causes acute bloody diarrhoea. Both are transmitted through contaminated water, food, hands, and vomit or stool of sick individuals. The first steps in managing a diarrhoeal outbreak are determining if there are an unusual number of similar cases, identifying whether patients have cholera or Shigella by their symptoms, and being prepared for a potential increase in cases.
This document discusses special considerations for managing chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) during pregnancy and in the pediatric population. For pregnancy:
- Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) used to treat CML are teratogenic and known to cause fetal toxicities. TKI therapy during pregnancy has been associated with higher rates of miscarriage and fetal abnormalities.
- If a patient wants to conceive, discontinuing TKI therapy may be considered if a deep molecular response has been maintained for at least 2 years. Close monitoring would be needed if CML recurs during pregnancy.
- For pediatric CML management, no evidence-based recommendations exist since CML is relatively rare in children. Specialized care at a cancer center is
This document discusses several minor blood group systems beyond ABO and Rh, including I/i, Lewis, P, MN, and SsU. It provides details on the antigens and antibodies in each system, including frequencies, clinical significance, and serological characteristics. The key points are:
- Over 500 antigens beyond ABO have been identified on red blood cells.
- The I/i, Lewis, P, MN, and SsU systems involve antigens that are inherited based on allelic genes and their interactions.
- Antibodies in these systems are usually naturally occurring and clinically insignificant, though some like anti-S, anti-s, and anti-U can cause hemolytic disease of the new
This document provides a focused update to the 2013 ACCF/AHA guidelines for the management of heart failure. It was developed by a writing group comprised of experts from the ACC, AHA, HFSA, and other organizations. The update provides new recommendations on the use of biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of heart failure as well as for treatment of stages A through D. It also includes new recommendations on treating anemia, hypertension, and sleep disordered breathing in heart failure patients. The update was reviewed and approved by several committees and is intended to provide guidance for clinicians on best practices in heart failure management.
These guidelines provide recommendations for managing dyslipidemia and preventing cardiovascular disease. They were developed by a writing committee and task force of experts based on reviews of current literature. The guidelines note that medical decisions should be made using clinical judgment and local resources, as rapid changes in the field may lead to periodic revisions. The document aims to assist healthcare professionals while not replacing their independent judgment.
This document provides an overview of the process and methods used to develop recommendations for the testing, management, and treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. A panel of HCV experts from various medical fields develops the guidance using an evidence-based approach. Recommendations are rated based on the strength of evidence. The guidance is intended to be a living document that is regularly updated as new treatments and information become available. Strict processes are in place to manage conflicts of interest among panel members.
This document provides information on drugs that are contraindicated (Pregnancy Category X) for use during pregnancy. It lists the generic and brand names of drugs across several therapeutic categories including cardiovascular, dermatological, gastrointestinal, infections/infestations, musculoskeletal, neoplasms, nutrition, OB/GYN, pain/pyrexia, respiratory, and urogenital systems. For some drugs, it specifies the trimester or stage of pregnancy during which they should be avoided. The document also explains the pregnancy categories (A, B, C, D, X) used to qualify contraindications and precautions for drug use during pregnancy.
Muslims believe that death comes by divine decree and marks the beginning of an eternal journey in the afterlife. Some terminally ill Muslim patients receive care in intensive care units that prolong their lives through significant medical intervention when they may instead suffer without meaningful benefit. There is limited information available about Islamic beliefs regarding end of life issues for Muslims living in non-Muslim countries. Withdrawal of futile treatment is permitted in Islamic law for terminally ill patients to allow death to take its natural course. "Do not resuscitate" orders are also permitted in certain situations according to Islamic rulings if three physicians agree treatment would be non-beneficial. However, hydration and pain management should continue until death.
This document reviews recent guidelines for treating painful diabetic neuropathy (DPN) and compares their recommendations. It finds that the main drug classes recommended as first-line treatment are anticonvulsants like pregabalin and gabapentin, antidepressants like tricyclic antidepressants and duloxetine, and opioids. Pregabalin and duloxetine are the only drugs approved to treat neuropathic pain in diabetes. The guidelines differ in their methodologies, with some based more quantitatively on clinical trial evidence while others incorporate additional factors. Patient characteristics may also influence which treatment is most appropriate.
This document provides guidance from NICE on the assessment and treatment of acute stroke. It outlines recommendations for promptly admitting patients to specialist stroke units, performing brain imaging, providing thrombolysis or mechanical clot retrieval if appropriate, administering antiplatelets or anticoagulants, managing blood pressure and blood sugar, assessing swallowing function and providing nutrition, and carrying out carotid imaging and endarterectomy if indicated. The pathway is designed to optimize stroke care from initial presentation through the acute and subacute phases of recovery.
1) A randomized clinical trial of 576 adults with acute sore throat found that a single dose of oral dexamethasone did not increase the proportion of patients with complete resolution of symptoms at 24 hours compared to placebo.
2) However, at 48 hours significantly more patients in the dexamethasone group experienced complete resolution of symptoms than those in the placebo group.
3) The study found no other significant differences between the dexamethasone and placebo groups in secondary outcomes such as duration of symptoms, health care use, time off work, or medication use.
This document provides guidelines for managing diabetes during Ramadan fasting. It was created by the International Diabetes Federation and Diabetes and Ramadan International Alliance. The guidelines cover epidemiology of diabetes during Ramadan, physiology of fasting and how it impacts diabetes, risk stratification of patients, education recommendations, and medication adjustments for various diabetes medications and high-risk patient groups, such as those with type 1 diabetes. The goal is to enhance healthcare professionals' knowledge to best support patients during Ramadan fasting.
May-Hegglin anomaly is part of a spectrum of disorders called MYH9-related disease. Mutations in the MYH9 gene cause macrothrombocytopenia (low platelet count with large platelets) and basophilic inclusions in white blood cells. A diagnosis can be facilitated by platelet electron microscopy and MYH9 gene sequencing. While each disorder in the spectrum has some unique characteristics, they are all characterized by macrothrombocytopenia and are now considered manifestations of MYH9-related disease.
Histololgy of Female Reproductive System.pptxAyeshaZaid1
Dive into an in-depth exploration of the histological structure of female reproductive system with this comprehensive lecture. Presented by Dr. Ayesha Irfan, Assistant Professor of Anatomy, this presentation covers the Gross anatomy and functional histology of the female reproductive organs. Ideal for students, educators, and anyone interested in medical science, this lecture provides clear explanations, detailed diagrams, and valuable insights into female reproductive system. Enhance your knowledge and understanding of this essential aspect of human biology.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
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