Rheumatic fever can cause inflammation of the heart valves, known as rheumatic heart disease. Repeated attacks can lead to scarring of the valves over time, most commonly affecting the mitral and aortic valves. The main manifestations include mitral stenosis, mitral insufficiency, aortic insufficiency, and tricuspid valve disease. Symptoms vary depending on the severity of valve involvement and complications such as heart failure or pulmonary hypertension. Treatment involves medications to prevent future rheumatic fever attacks as well as surgical interventions like valve repair or replacement for severe cases.
This document discusses the chronic sequelae of rheumatic fever, including various types of valvular heart disease and myocarditis. It provides details on the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, investigations and management of mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, tricuspid stenosis and tricuspid regurgitation. Echocardiography and Doppler ultrasound are important diagnostic tools, and treatment involves medical management as well as surgical interventions like valvuloplasty or valve replacement depending on the severity of disease.
The document discusses several types of congenital heart diseases that can present in adults, including atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus, coarctation of the aorta, tetralogy of Fallot, Ebstein's anomaly, and transposition of the great arteries. It provides details on the anatomy, clinical presentation, diagnostic workup, and treatment options for each condition.
Aortic stenosis is a narrowing of the aortic valve that obstructs blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta. It can be congenital due to conditions like bicuspid aortic valve, or acquired through rheumatic heart disease, atherosclerosis or idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Over time, the obstruction causes the left ventricle to hypertrophy to maintain cardiac output, which can lead to heart failure. Symptoms include chest pain, syncope and dyspnea that worsen with exertion. Examination may reveal murmurs, decreased pulses and elevated blood pressure. Echocardiography can diagnose the severity of stenosis. Treatment involves managing symptoms, avoiding
Aortic regurgitation occurs when the aortic valve does not close properly, allowing blood to flow back into the left ventricle. It can be caused by conditions that damage the aortic valve such as rheumatic fever or a congenital heart defect. Symptoms may include breathlessness, fatigue, and chest pain. Diagnosis is made through echocardiogram which can assess the severity. Treatment depends on severity but may involve lifestyle changes, medications, or aortic valve replacement surgery if symptoms worsen or damage to the heart progresses. Prognosis depends on severity and treatment, with severe untreated cases having a high risk of heart failure or sudden cardiac death.
This document discusses various types of valvular heart disease including stenosis, regurgitation, and specific valve diseases like mitral stenosis. It covers the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and diagnostic studies for each type. Treatment options discussed include medications, percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty, various surgical repair procedures like valvuloplasty, annuloplasty and chordoplasty, and valve replacements using mechanical or biologic prosthetic valves. Nursing management focuses on assessment, monitoring, education, and addressing diagnoses like activity intolerance and fluid overload.
This document discusses various types of valvular heart disease including stenosis, regurgitation, and specific valve diseases like mitral stenosis. It covers the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and diagnostic studies for each type. Treatment options discussed include medications, percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty, various surgical repair procedures like valvuloplasty, annuloplasty and chordoplasty, and valve replacements using mechanical or biologic prosthetic valves. Nursing management focuses on assessment, monitoring, education, and addressing diagnoses like activity intolerance and fluid overload.
This document discusses congenital heart disease. Some key points:
1. Congenital heart disease results from abnormalities present from birth. It is the most common form of heart disease in infants and children.
2. Causes include genetic factors, maternal infections, drugs/alcohol exposure. Presentations include cyanosis, heart failure, murmurs.
3. Types include septal defects, obstructions, malpositions. Defects are classified as acyanotic (left-to-right shunts) or cyanotic (right-to-left shunts).
4. Specific conditions discussed include ventricular septal defect, tetralogy of Fallot, coarctation of
Aortic regurgitation is a condition where the aortic valve leaks, causing blood to flow back into the left ventricle from the aorta during diastole. It can be chronic or acute, with chronic causes including rheumatic heart disease, infections, and connective tissue disorders. Symptoms are usually mild at first and include palpitations and fatigue, but can progress to cardiac failure. Signs include a high-volume pulse, elevated systolic blood pressure with low diastolic pressure, a diastolic murmur heard at the heart base, and signs of left ventricular volume overload. Echocardiography can confirm the diagnosis and severity. Treatment involves managing heart failure symptoms medically, but severe
This document discusses the chronic sequelae of rheumatic fever, including various types of valvular heart disease and myocarditis. It provides details on the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, investigations and management of mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, tricuspid stenosis and tricuspid regurgitation. Echocardiography and Doppler ultrasound are important diagnostic tools, and treatment involves medical management as well as surgical interventions like valvuloplasty or valve replacement depending on the severity of disease.
The document discusses several types of congenital heart diseases that can present in adults, including atrial septal defects, ventricular septal defects, patent ductus arteriosus, coarctation of the aorta, tetralogy of Fallot, Ebstein's anomaly, and transposition of the great arteries. It provides details on the anatomy, clinical presentation, diagnostic workup, and treatment options for each condition.
Aortic stenosis is a narrowing of the aortic valve that obstructs blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta. It can be congenital due to conditions like bicuspid aortic valve, or acquired through rheumatic heart disease, atherosclerosis or idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis. Over time, the obstruction causes the left ventricle to hypertrophy to maintain cardiac output, which can lead to heart failure. Symptoms include chest pain, syncope and dyspnea that worsen with exertion. Examination may reveal murmurs, decreased pulses and elevated blood pressure. Echocardiography can diagnose the severity of stenosis. Treatment involves managing symptoms, avoiding
Aortic regurgitation occurs when the aortic valve does not close properly, allowing blood to flow back into the left ventricle. It can be caused by conditions that damage the aortic valve such as rheumatic fever or a congenital heart defect. Symptoms may include breathlessness, fatigue, and chest pain. Diagnosis is made through echocardiogram which can assess the severity. Treatment depends on severity but may involve lifestyle changes, medications, or aortic valve replacement surgery if symptoms worsen or damage to the heart progresses. Prognosis depends on severity and treatment, with severe untreated cases having a high risk of heart failure or sudden cardiac death.
This document discusses various types of valvular heart disease including stenosis, regurgitation, and specific valve diseases like mitral stenosis. It covers the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and diagnostic studies for each type. Treatment options discussed include medications, percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty, various surgical repair procedures like valvuloplasty, annuloplasty and chordoplasty, and valve replacements using mechanical or biologic prosthetic valves. Nursing management focuses on assessment, monitoring, education, and addressing diagnoses like activity intolerance and fluid overload.
This document discusses various types of valvular heart disease including stenosis, regurgitation, and specific valve diseases like mitral stenosis. It covers the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and diagnostic studies for each type. Treatment options discussed include medications, percutaneous balloon valvuloplasty, various surgical repair procedures like valvuloplasty, annuloplasty and chordoplasty, and valve replacements using mechanical or biologic prosthetic valves. Nursing management focuses on assessment, monitoring, education, and addressing diagnoses like activity intolerance and fluid overload.
This document discusses congenital heart disease. Some key points:
1. Congenital heart disease results from abnormalities present from birth. It is the most common form of heart disease in infants and children.
2. Causes include genetic factors, maternal infections, drugs/alcohol exposure. Presentations include cyanosis, heart failure, murmurs.
3. Types include septal defects, obstructions, malpositions. Defects are classified as acyanotic (left-to-right shunts) or cyanotic (right-to-left shunts).
4. Specific conditions discussed include ventricular septal defect, tetralogy of Fallot, coarctation of
Aortic regurgitation is a condition where the aortic valve leaks, causing blood to flow back into the left ventricle from the aorta during diastole. It can be chronic or acute, with chronic causes including rheumatic heart disease, infections, and connective tissue disorders. Symptoms are usually mild at first and include palpitations and fatigue, but can progress to cardiac failure. Signs include a high-volume pulse, elevated systolic blood pressure with low diastolic pressure, a diastolic murmur heard at the heart base, and signs of left ventricular volume overload. Echocardiography can confirm the diagnosis and severity. Treatment involves managing heart failure symptoms medically, but severe
Valvular heart disease can be caused by conditions like rheumatic fever, infections, and aging. The main types are aortic and mitral stenosis, and aortic and mitral regurgitation. Symptoms depend on the valve affected and include shortness of breath, chest pain, and fatigue. Exams may reveal murmurs. Tests like echocardiograms can evaluate the severity of stenosis or regurgitation. Treatment involves medications, valve repair or replacement surgery, depending on symptoms and severity. Early surgery is often recommended for severe aortic stenosis to prevent heart failure.
A short update on aortic regurgitation drmohitmathur
Aortic regurgitation can be caused by primary valve disease or primary aortic root disease. In the initial stages, increased blood flow to the left ventricle maintains cardiac output but causes increased pressure over time. Eventually, the left ventricle's function deteriorates as blood flows backward, leading to further enlargement and heart failure if untreated. Surgical replacement of the aortic valve is often needed to treat severe chronic aortic regurgitation before left ventricular dysfunction progresses. Homoeopathic treatment may help prevent immune-mediated valve damage in some cases.
The document outlines valvular heart diseases, including how heart valves work and the main types of valve disease. It defines valve disease as occurring when valves do not work properly. The two main types are stenosis, where the valve does not open fully, and regurgitation, where the valve does not close fully. It then describes the anatomy and function of each heart valve and the specific diseases that can affect each one, such as mitral stenosis and mitral regurgitation.
Kindly leave your comment if you found this helpful ;)
Some of the slides, i hide it from my real presentations for my own reference. Download to see all of them.
This document discusses heart failure, including its classification, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, investigations, and clinical syndromes. It describes how heart failure occurs when the heart is overloaded or the heart muscle is disordered. It discusses the neuroendocrine and cellular changes that occur in heart failure and how this impacts fluid retention, circulatory pressures, and organ function. Specifically, it outlines the features of left heart failure including common causes, symptoms of pulmonary congestion, physical exam findings, investigations such as echocardiography and natriuretic peptide levels, and how to differentiate it from other conditions like pulmonary disease.
Valvular Heart Disease-Fifth year students-27-7-22 . Samir Rafla.pptxSamirRafla1
This document provides an overview of mitral stenosis, including its etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, physical exam findings, diagnostic testing, and management. Key points include:
- Mitral stenosis is usually caused by rheumatic fever and leads to thickening and fusion of the mitral valve leaflets.
- It causes elevated left atrial pressure and pulmonary hypertension over time.
- Symptoms include dyspnea and hemoptysis due to pulmonary congestion. Physical exam may reveal a diastolic murmur and opening snap.
- Echocardiogram can assess the severity of stenosis while ECG often shows left atrial enlargement. Treatment involves managing pulmonary congestion, rate control for
The document discusses mitral stenosis and mitral regurgitation. For mitral stenosis, rheumatic heart disease is the leading cause and results in thickening and fusion of the mitral valve leaflets. This narrowing of the valve orifice leads to elevated left atrial pressures and pulmonary hypertension. Symptoms include dyspnea and palpitations. Mitral regurgitation can be acute or chronic, and has various etiologies such as rheumatic heart disease. Chronic mitral regurgitation results in left ventricular and left atrial enlargement, while acute mitral regurgitation can cause pulmonary edema due to a sudden rise in left atrial pressures. Echocardiography is important for evaluating
This document defines cardiac failure and heart failure, describes the types and causes, and discusses the pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations, and treatment. Heart failure is a clinical syndrome where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, or can only do so with elevated filling pressures. It can be systolic or diastolic in nature. Common causes include ischemic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, valvular disease, and hypertension. Symptoms include breathlessness, fatigue, and fluid retention. Echocardiography, biomarkers like BNP, and cardiac imaging are used in diagnosis and assessment. Treatment aims to relieve symptoms, improve quality of life, and reduce mortality through medications, device therapies, and lifestyle changes.
Cardiac failure, also known as heart failure, results from any structural or functional disorder that impairs the heart's ability to fill with or eject blood. The causes include pump failure, pressure overload, volume overload, and multifactorial causes. The main types are left ventricular failure, right ventricular failure, and chronic heart failure. Signs and symptoms include dyspnea, orthopnea, edema, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves physical exam, chest x-ray, electrocardiogram, and echocardiogram.
1) Rheumatic valvular heart disease is caused by an autoimmune response to a group A streptococcal infection where antibodies cross-react with the heart valves, commonly causing mitral stenosis or regurgitation.
2) Mitral stenosis results from progressive scarring and fusion of the mitral valve from rheumatic fever, restricting blood flow from the left atrium to ventricle. Symptoms include breathlessness and pulmonary congestion.
3) Mitral regurgitation occurs when the mitral valve does not close properly in systole, allowing blood to flow back into the left atrium. It can be caused by rheumatic fever, valve prolapse, or papillary muscle damage
Cardiovascular and hemolynphatic diseases word printableDevon Avis
This document summarizes various diseases of the cardiovascular and hemolymphatic systems in horses. It describes the pathogenesis, clinical signs, lesions, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of conditions like congestive heart failure, acute heart failure, peripheral circulatory failure, valvular diseases, endocarditis, pericarditis, septal defects, and hemolymphatic diseases like anemia and hemorrhage. Key points include that congestive heart failure develops when the heart can no longer maintain circulatory equilibrium at rest, valvular diseases cause murmurs from turbulent blood flow, endocarditis can be caused by bacterial infection of heart valves, and anemia results from a decrease in circulating blood volume.
Anaesthetic management of a patient with mitral stenosis put for non-cardiac ...Ankur Khandelwal
Mitral stenosis is a narrowing of the mitral valve that causes obstruction of blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. Rheumatic fever is the most common cause. Symptoms range from none in mild cases, to shortness of breath with exertion in moderate cases, to shortness of breath at rest in severe cases. Diagnosis is made through echocardiogram which can assess the severity based on metrics like mitral valve area and pressure gradients. Treatment depends on symptoms and severity, ranging from medications and lifestyle changes in mild cases, to balloon valvuloplasty or surgical commissurotomy in moderate to severe cases. Anesthetic management aims to avoid tachycardia and
This document summarizes heart failure, including its classification, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, investigations, and management. Heart failure means the heart cannot pump sufficient blood for the body's needs. It can affect the left side, right side, or both sides of the heart. Management involves correcting underlying causes, reducing demands on the heart through diet and exercise, and pharmacological therapy including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and other drugs to modify neuroendocrine and renal responses. The goals of treatment are to alleviate symptoms and improve prognosis.
This document provides an overview of congenital heart disease (CHD) and anesthesia considerations for CHD. It begins with definitions and classifications of CHD, including acyanotic and cyanotic defects. Specific conditions discussed include atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, pulmonary stenosis, aortic stenosis, and coarctation of the aorta. For each condition, the document outlines etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment considerations.
Disorders of the heart valves commonly result from infective endocarditis, rheumatic fever, ischemia, trauma, or congenital defects. The two major types are stenosis, where the valve opening narrows, and regurgitation, where the valve does not close properly. Aortic stenosis causes the left ventricle to work harder and hypertrophy. Mitral stenosis obstructs blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. Aortic and mitral regurgitation cause the heart to pump blood twice per cycle, leading to dilation and failure over time. Imaging like echocardiography is used to diagnose valve disorders while treatment involves managing symptoms medically or replacing defective valves surgically.
This document discusses valvular heart diseases. It describes how valves can become narrowed (stenosis) or fail to close adequately (regurgitation). The main causes of valve disease are discussed for both regurgitation and stenosis. Doppler echocardiography is highlighted as the most useful technique for assessing valvular function but may detect minor abnormalities. Regular review is important for patients with valve disease to monitor progression. Specific valve diseases like mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, and aortic stenosis are then described in more detail including causes, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, and management.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Valvular heart disease can be caused by conditions like rheumatic fever, infections, and aging. The main types are aortic and mitral stenosis, and aortic and mitral regurgitation. Symptoms depend on the valve affected and include shortness of breath, chest pain, and fatigue. Exams may reveal murmurs. Tests like echocardiograms can evaluate the severity of stenosis or regurgitation. Treatment involves medications, valve repair or replacement surgery, depending on symptoms and severity. Early surgery is often recommended for severe aortic stenosis to prevent heart failure.
A short update on aortic regurgitation drmohitmathur
Aortic regurgitation can be caused by primary valve disease or primary aortic root disease. In the initial stages, increased blood flow to the left ventricle maintains cardiac output but causes increased pressure over time. Eventually, the left ventricle's function deteriorates as blood flows backward, leading to further enlargement and heart failure if untreated. Surgical replacement of the aortic valve is often needed to treat severe chronic aortic regurgitation before left ventricular dysfunction progresses. Homoeopathic treatment may help prevent immune-mediated valve damage in some cases.
The document outlines valvular heart diseases, including how heart valves work and the main types of valve disease. It defines valve disease as occurring when valves do not work properly. The two main types are stenosis, where the valve does not open fully, and regurgitation, where the valve does not close fully. It then describes the anatomy and function of each heart valve and the specific diseases that can affect each one, such as mitral stenosis and mitral regurgitation.
Kindly leave your comment if you found this helpful ;)
Some of the slides, i hide it from my real presentations for my own reference. Download to see all of them.
This document discusses heart failure, including its classification, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, investigations, and clinical syndromes. It describes how heart failure occurs when the heart is overloaded or the heart muscle is disordered. It discusses the neuroendocrine and cellular changes that occur in heart failure and how this impacts fluid retention, circulatory pressures, and organ function. Specifically, it outlines the features of left heart failure including common causes, symptoms of pulmonary congestion, physical exam findings, investigations such as echocardiography and natriuretic peptide levels, and how to differentiate it from other conditions like pulmonary disease.
Valvular Heart Disease-Fifth year students-27-7-22 . Samir Rafla.pptxSamirRafla1
This document provides an overview of mitral stenosis, including its etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms, physical exam findings, diagnostic testing, and management. Key points include:
- Mitral stenosis is usually caused by rheumatic fever and leads to thickening and fusion of the mitral valve leaflets.
- It causes elevated left atrial pressure and pulmonary hypertension over time.
- Symptoms include dyspnea and hemoptysis due to pulmonary congestion. Physical exam may reveal a diastolic murmur and opening snap.
- Echocardiogram can assess the severity of stenosis while ECG often shows left atrial enlargement. Treatment involves managing pulmonary congestion, rate control for
The document discusses mitral stenosis and mitral regurgitation. For mitral stenosis, rheumatic heart disease is the leading cause and results in thickening and fusion of the mitral valve leaflets. This narrowing of the valve orifice leads to elevated left atrial pressures and pulmonary hypertension. Symptoms include dyspnea and palpitations. Mitral regurgitation can be acute or chronic, and has various etiologies such as rheumatic heart disease. Chronic mitral regurgitation results in left ventricular and left atrial enlargement, while acute mitral regurgitation can cause pulmonary edema due to a sudden rise in left atrial pressures. Echocardiography is important for evaluating
This document defines cardiac failure and heart failure, describes the types and causes, and discusses the pathophysiology, clinical features, investigations, and treatment. Heart failure is a clinical syndrome where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, or can only do so with elevated filling pressures. It can be systolic or diastolic in nature. Common causes include ischemic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, valvular disease, and hypertension. Symptoms include breathlessness, fatigue, and fluid retention. Echocardiography, biomarkers like BNP, and cardiac imaging are used in diagnosis and assessment. Treatment aims to relieve symptoms, improve quality of life, and reduce mortality through medications, device therapies, and lifestyle changes.
Cardiac failure, also known as heart failure, results from any structural or functional disorder that impairs the heart's ability to fill with or eject blood. The causes include pump failure, pressure overload, volume overload, and multifactorial causes. The main types are left ventricular failure, right ventricular failure, and chronic heart failure. Signs and symptoms include dyspnea, orthopnea, edema, and fatigue. Diagnosis involves physical exam, chest x-ray, electrocardiogram, and echocardiogram.
1) Rheumatic valvular heart disease is caused by an autoimmune response to a group A streptococcal infection where antibodies cross-react with the heart valves, commonly causing mitral stenosis or regurgitation.
2) Mitral stenosis results from progressive scarring and fusion of the mitral valve from rheumatic fever, restricting blood flow from the left atrium to ventricle. Symptoms include breathlessness and pulmonary congestion.
3) Mitral regurgitation occurs when the mitral valve does not close properly in systole, allowing blood to flow back into the left atrium. It can be caused by rheumatic fever, valve prolapse, or papillary muscle damage
Cardiovascular and hemolynphatic diseases word printableDevon Avis
This document summarizes various diseases of the cardiovascular and hemolymphatic systems in horses. It describes the pathogenesis, clinical signs, lesions, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of conditions like congestive heart failure, acute heart failure, peripheral circulatory failure, valvular diseases, endocarditis, pericarditis, septal defects, and hemolymphatic diseases like anemia and hemorrhage. Key points include that congestive heart failure develops when the heart can no longer maintain circulatory equilibrium at rest, valvular diseases cause murmurs from turbulent blood flow, endocarditis can be caused by bacterial infection of heart valves, and anemia results from a decrease in circulating blood volume.
Anaesthetic management of a patient with mitral stenosis put for non-cardiac ...Ankur Khandelwal
Mitral stenosis is a narrowing of the mitral valve that causes obstruction of blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. Rheumatic fever is the most common cause. Symptoms range from none in mild cases, to shortness of breath with exertion in moderate cases, to shortness of breath at rest in severe cases. Diagnosis is made through echocardiogram which can assess the severity based on metrics like mitral valve area and pressure gradients. Treatment depends on symptoms and severity, ranging from medications and lifestyle changes in mild cases, to balloon valvuloplasty or surgical commissurotomy in moderate to severe cases. Anesthetic management aims to avoid tachycardia and
This document summarizes heart failure, including its classification, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, investigations, and management. Heart failure means the heart cannot pump sufficient blood for the body's needs. It can affect the left side, right side, or both sides of the heart. Management involves correcting underlying causes, reducing demands on the heart through diet and exercise, and pharmacological therapy including diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and other drugs to modify neuroendocrine and renal responses. The goals of treatment are to alleviate symptoms and improve prognosis.
This document provides an overview of congenital heart disease (CHD) and anesthesia considerations for CHD. It begins with definitions and classifications of CHD, including acyanotic and cyanotic defects. Specific conditions discussed include atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, pulmonary stenosis, aortic stenosis, and coarctation of the aorta. For each condition, the document outlines etiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment considerations.
Disorders of the heart valves commonly result from infective endocarditis, rheumatic fever, ischemia, trauma, or congenital defects. The two major types are stenosis, where the valve opening narrows, and regurgitation, where the valve does not close properly. Aortic stenosis causes the left ventricle to work harder and hypertrophy. Mitral stenosis obstructs blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle. Aortic and mitral regurgitation cause the heart to pump blood twice per cycle, leading to dilation and failure over time. Imaging like echocardiography is used to diagnose valve disorders while treatment involves managing symptoms medically or replacing defective valves surgically.
This document discusses valvular heart diseases. It describes how valves can become narrowed (stenosis) or fail to close adequately (regurgitation). The main causes of valve disease are discussed for both regurgitation and stenosis. Doppler echocardiography is highlighted as the most useful technique for assessing valvular function but may detect minor abnormalities. Regular review is important for patients with valve disease to monitor progression. Specific valve diseases like mitral stenosis, mitral regurgitation, and aortic stenosis are then described in more detail including causes, pathophysiology, symptoms, signs, and management.
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Kosmoderma Academy, a leading institution in the field of dermatology and aesthetics, offers comprehensive courses in cosmetology and trichology. Our specialized courses on PRP (Hair), DR+Growth Factor, GFC, and Qr678 are designed to equip practitioners with advanced skills and knowledge to excel in hair restoration and growth treatments.
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8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT or Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that serves a range of roles in the human body. It is sometimes referred to as the happy chemical since it promotes overall well-being and happiness.
It is mostly found in the brain, intestines, and blood platelets.
5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
2. Rheumatic involvement of the
valves and endocardium is the most
important manifestation of
rheumatic fever .
The valvular lesions
Begin as small verrucae composed of
fibrin and blood cells along the borders
of one or more of the heart valves
As the inflammation subsides, the
verrucae tend to disappear and leave
scar tissue.
3. With repeated attacks of rheumatic
fever, new verrucae form near the
previous ones, and the mural
endocardium and chordae tendineae
become involved
Valves involved
The mitral , followed by the aortic
valve;
Right-sided heart manifestations are
rare
5. MITRAL INSUFFICIENCY
Pathophysiology
Mitral insufficiency is the result of some loss
of valvular substance and shortening and
thickening of the chordae tendineae.
heart failure is caused by a combination of
mitral insufficiency coupled with
inflammatory disease of the pericardium,
myocardium, endocardium, and epicardium.
Because of the high volume load and
inflammatory process, the left ventricle
becomes enlarged.
The left atrium dilates as blood regurgitates
into this chamber.
6. Increased left atrial pressure results
in pulmonary congestion and
symptoms of left-sided heart
failure.
Spontaneous improvement usually
occurs with time, even in patients in
whom mitral insufficiency is severe
at the onset.
The resultant chronic lesion is most
often mild or moderate in severity,
and the patient is asymptomatic.
7. More than half of patients with acute
mitral insufficiency no longer have
the mitral murmur 1 yr later.
In patients with severe chronic mitral
insufficiency, pulmonary arterial
pressure becomes elevated, the right
ventricle and atrium become
enlarged, and right-sided heart
failure subsequently develops
8. Clinical Manifestations
The physical signs of mitral
insufficiency depend on its
severity.
With mild disease,
No signs of heart failure ,
the prericordium is quiet,
a high-pitched holosystolic murmur
at the apex that radiates to the
axilla.
9. With severe mitral insufficiency,
signs of chronic heart failure .
The heart is enlarged,
heaving apical left ventricular impulse
an apical systolic thrill.
accentuated 2nd heart sound if
pulmonary hypertension .
A holosystolic murmur at the apex with
radiation to the axilla.
10. Investigation
Mild disease
Normal electrocardiogram and roentgenograms
With more severe insufficiency,
ECG
prominent bifid P waves,
signs of left ventricular hypertrophy,
right ventricular hypertrophy if pulmonary
hypertension is present.
CXR,
prominence of the left atrium and ventricle
Congestion of perihilar vessels,.
Calcification of the mitral valve
Echocardiography
11. Complications.
cardiac failure
precipitated by
progression of the rheumatic process,
the onset of atrial fibrillation,
infective endocarditis.
The effects of chronic mitral
insufficiency may become manifest
after many years
right ventricular failure
atrial and ventricular arrhythmias
12. Treatment.
Medical treatment
In patients with mild mitral insufficiency,
prophylaxis against rheumatic recurrences .
Treatment of complicating
heart failure ,
arrhythmia
infective endocarditis .
Afterload-reducing agents (ACE inhibitors) may
reduce the regurgitate volume
preserve left ventricular function.
Surgical treatment
annuloplasty
valve replacement
13. MITRAL STENOSIS
Pathophysiology.
Mitral stenosis of rheumatic origin results from
fibrosis of the mitral ring,
commissural adhesions, and
contracture of
the valve leaflets,
chordae, and
papillary muscles over time.
It takes 10 yr or more for the lesion to become
fully established, although the process may
occasionally be accelerated.
14. Rheumatic mitral stenosis is seldom
encountered before adolescence and is not
usually recognized until adult life.
Significant mitral stenosis results in
increased pressure and enlargement and
hypertrophy of the left atrium, pulmonary
venous hypertension, increased pulmonary
vascular resistance, and pulmonary
hypertension.
Right ventricular and atrial dilatation and
hypertrophy ensue and are followed by
right-sided heart failure
15. Clinical Manifestations.
The correlation between symptoms and
the severity of obstruction is good.
Patients with mild lesions are
asymptomatic.
More severe degrees of obstruction are
associated with exercise intolerance and
dyspnea.
Critical lesions can result in
orthopnea,
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea,
pulmonary edema,
atrial arrhythmias.
16. pulmonary hypertension
manifested by,
functional tricuspid insufficiency,
hepatomegaly,
ascites,
edema.
Hemoptysis caused by
rupture of bronchial and pleurohilar
veins
pulmonary infarction
17. clinical manifestations (continued)
increased Jugular venous pressure in
severe disease
with heart failure,
tricuspid valve disease,
severe pulmonary hypertension.
In mild disease, heart size is normal .
moderate cardiomegaly is usual with severe
mitral stenosis.
Cardiac enlargement can be massive when
atrial fibrillation and heart failure supervene.
A parasternal right ventricular lift is palpable
when pulmonary pressure is high.
18. Clinical manifestations (Continued)
The principal auscultatory findings are
a loud 1st heart sound,
an opening snap of the mitral valve, and
a long, low-pitched, rumbling mitral diastolic
murmur with presystolic accentuation at the apex.
The mitral diastolic murmur may be virtually
absent in patients who are in heart failure.
A holosystolic murmur secondary to tricuspid
insufficiency may be audible.
In the presence of pulmonary hypertension, the
pulmonic component of the 2nd heart sound is
accentuated.
An early diastolic murmur may be caused by
associated aortic insufficiency or secondary
pulmonary valvular insufficiency
19. Treatment.
Surgical valvotomy
balloon catheter mitral
valvuloplasty .
indicated for symptomatic, stenotic,
pliable, noncalcified valves of
patients without atrial arrhythmias
or thrombi
20. AORTIC INSUFFICIENCY
In chronic rheumatic aortic insufficiency,
sclerosis of the aortic valve results in
distortion and retraction of the cusps.
Regurgitation of blood leads to volume
overload with dilatation and hypertrophy
of the left ventricle.
Combined mitral and aortic insufficiency is
more common than aortic involvement
alone
21. Clinical Manifestations.
palpitations
Excessive sweating
heat intolerance
Dyspnea on exertion
orthopnea
pulmonary edema;
angina precipitated by heavy exercise.
Nocturnal attacks with
sweating,
tachycardia,
chest pain, and
hypertension .
22. Clinical manifestations (continued)
wide pulse pressure
bounding peripheral pulses.
Elevated Systolic blood pressure.
In severe aortic insufficiency, the heart is
enlarged, with a left ventricular apical
heave.
A diastolic thrill may be present.
23. The diastolic murmur heard over the upper
and mid left sternal border with radiation to
the apex and the aortic area.
high-pitched blowing ,easily audible in full
expiration.
A systolic ejection murmur is frequent
because of the increased stroke volume.
An apical presystolic murmur (Austin Flint
murmur) resembling that of mitral stenosis
is sometimes heard and is a result of the
large regurgitant aortic flow in diastole that
prevents the mitral valve from opening fully
24. Investigations
CXR
show enlargement of the left ventricle and aorta.
ECG
may be normal,
but in advanced cases it reveals signs of left
ventricular hypertrophy and strain with prominent P
waves.
The echocardiogram
shows a large left ventricle and diastolic mitral valve
flutter or oscillation caused by regurgitant flow hitting
the valve leaflets.
Doppler studies demonstrate the degree of aortic
runoff into the left ventricle.
25. Treatment
medical
afterload reducers (ACE inhibitors)
and
prophylaxis against
recurrence of acute rheumatic fever and
the development of infective endocarditis.
Surgical intervention
valve replacement
26. PULMONARY VALVE DISEASE
Pulmonary insufficiency usually occurs on
a functional basis secondary to pulmonary
hypertension
a late finding with severe mitral stenosis.
The murmur (Graham Steell murmur) is
similar to that of aortic insufficiency, but
peripheral arterial signs (bounding pulses)
are absent.
The correct diagnosis is confirmed by two-
dimensional echocardiography and
Doppler study
27. TRICUSPID VALVE DISEASE
Primary tricuspid involvement is rare after
rheumatic fever.
Tricuspid insufficiency is more common
secondary to right ventricular dilatation
resulting from unrepaired left-sided
lesions.
The signs of tricuspid insufficiency
prominent pulsations of the jugular veins,
systolic pulsations of the liver,
and a blowing holosystolic murmur at the
LLSB that increases in intensity during
inspiration
28. Concomitant signs of mitral or aortic valve
disease, with or without atrial fibrillation, are
frequent.
Signs of tricuspid insufficiency decrease or
disappear when heart failure produced by the
left-sided lesions is successfully treated.
Tricuspid valvuloplasty may be required in
rare cases.