1. Quantum theory proposes that energy is transferred in discrete quanta or packets rather than continuously, as first suggested by Max Planck in 1900 to explain blackbody radiation curves.
2. Heinrich Hertz experimentally demonstrated electromagnetic radiation in the late 1880s by generating and detecting radio waves, verifying James Clerk Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism.
3. Hertz made important discoveries about the properties of electromagnetic waves, including their ability to be reflected, refracted, and polarized, but did not realize the significance of his work.
Planck's Quantum Theory and Discovery of X-raysSidra Javed
Planck's quantum theory
Discovery of X-rays and explanation of production of X-rays, relation between atomic number and frequency of X-rays, application and uses of X-rays.
Planck's Quantum Theory and Discovery of X-raysSidra Javed
Planck's quantum theory
Discovery of X-rays and explanation of production of X-rays, relation between atomic number and frequency of X-rays, application and uses of X-rays.
The frequency spectrum of a time-domain signal is a representation of that signal in the frequency domain. The frequency spectrum can be generated via a Fourier transform of the signal, and the resulting values are usually presented as amplitude and phase, both plotted versus frequency.
Lloyd's Register presentation to 1st blue shipping summit 2011Lloyd's Register
Lloyd's Register's Ship Energy Manager, Dr Zabi Bazari, speaking to 1st Blue Shipping Summit in Athens today, highlighted the potentials for energy saving in shipping.
His main message was that despite significant energy savings that can potentially be achieved, this may not be realisable if current shipping regulatory, legal and financial frameworks are not developed along the line to support the uptake of new technologies and processes.
He argued that a robust regulatory framework together with enhanced contractual arrangement, between charterers and ship owners at one side to facilitate cost-benefit sharing from energy saving operation processes, and also between technology suppliers and ship owners on risk-benefit sharing arising from energy saving technologies are not being fully utilised yet.
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
NEED FOR CYBER LAWS
CYBER LAWS IN INDIA
CYBER CRIMES
OFFENCES AND LAWS IN CYBER SPACE
CYBER LAWS AMENDMENTS
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
What is Cyber Law?
Cyber Law is the lawgoverning cyber space.Cyber space is a very wideterm and includescomputers, networks,software, data storagedevices (such as hard disks,USB disks etc), theInternet, websites, emailsand even electronic devicessuch as cell phones, ATMmachines etc.
Cyber lawencompasses lawsrelating to
:
1. Cyber Crimes
2. Electronic and DigitalSignatures
3. Intellectual Property
4. Data Protection andPrivacy
NEED FOR CYBER LAWS
TACKLING CYBERCRIMES
INTELLECTUALPROPERTYRIGHTS ANDCOPYRIGHTSPROTECTION ACT
NEED FOR CYBER LAWS
1. Cyberspace is an
intangible
dimension that is impossible togovern and regulate usingconventional law.
2. Cyberspace has complete
disrespect for jurisdictionalboundaries
. A person in Indiacould break into a bank’selectronic vault hosted on acomputer in USA and transfermillions of Rupees to anotherbank in Switzerland, all withinminutes. All he would need is alaptop computer and a cellphone.
3. Cyberspace
handlesgigantic traffic volumesevery second
. Billions ofemails are crisscrossing theglobe even as we read this,millions of websites are beingaccessed every minute andbillions of dollars areelectronically transferredaround the world by banksevery day.
4. Cyberspace is
absolutelyopen to participation by all.
A ten year-old in Bhutan canhave a live chat session with aneight year-old in Bali withoutany regard for the distance orthe anonymity between them
ABOUT AUTHOR
Sumit Verma
Chitkara University
Undergraduate
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