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Quantum Computing Explained

A quantum computer performs calculations based on quantum mechanics, the behavior of particles at the subatomic level. Unlike conventional computers that use bits of 0s and 1s, quantum computers use quantum bits or qubits that can be 0 and 1 simultaneously. This superposition allows quantum computers to manipulate enormous combinations of states at once, potentially performing calculations millions of times faster than classical computers. If built, quantum computers could revolutionize computing in the 21st century by tapping directly into the vast potential of quantum mechanics.

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What is a quantum computer?  A quantum computer is a machine that performs calculations based on the laws of quantum mechanics, which is the behavior of particles at the sub-atomic level. The nineteenth century was known as the machine age, the twentieth century will go down in history as the information age. I believe the twenty- first century will be the quantum age. Paul Davies, Professor Natural Philosophy – Australian Centre for Astrobiology
Allowing computers to take advantage of quantum mechanical behaviour allows us to do more than cram increasingly many microscopic components onto a silicon chip. it gives us a whole new framework in which information can be processed in fundamentally new ways. Rather than store information using bits represented by 0s or 1s as conventional digital computers do, quantum computers use quantum bits, or qubits, to encode information as 0s, 1s, or both at the same time. This superposition of states— along with the other quantum mechanical phenomena of entanglement and tunneling—enables quantum computers to manipulate enormous combinations of states at once.
Representation of Data • Quantum computers, which have not been built yet, would be based on the strange principles of quantum mechanics, in which the smallest particles of light and matter can be in different places at the same time. • In a quantum computer, one "qubit" - quantum bit - could be both 0 and 1 at the same time. So with three qubits of data, a quantum computer could store all eight combinations of 0 and 1 simultaneously. That means a three-qubit quantum computer could calculate eight times faster than a three-bit digital computer. • Typical personal computers today calculate 64 bits of data at a time. A quantum computer with 64 qubits would be 2 to the 64th power faster, or about 18 billion billion times faster. (Note: billion billion is correct.)
To speed computation, quantum computer tap directly into an unimaginably vast fabric of reality–the strange and counterintuitive world of quantum mechanics. While we are only at the beginning of this journey, quantum computing has the potential to lead to breakthroughs in science, business, and other domains.
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