The document discusses quality management and external quality assessment programs for laboratories. It provides definitions for key terms like quality management, quality control, quality assurance, and proficiency testing. It describes the purpose and goals of internal quality control procedures like control charts, quality control materials, and corrective actions. It also covers external quality assessment programs, including sample requirements, testing procedures, and performance evaluation reports. The document emphasizes the importance of quality management systems in ensuring accurate and reliable laboratory test results.
Quality in clinical laboratory is a continuous journey of improving processes through team work, innovative solutions, regulatory compliance with final objective to meet the evolving needs of clinicians & patients.
Quality in clinical laboratory is a continuous journey of improving processes through team work, innovative solutions, regulatory compliance with final objective to meet the evolving needs of clinicians & patients.
Harmonization of Laboratory Indicators, 09 03-2017Ola Elgaddar
Most of Medical labs are having KPIs to monitor their performance and enhance process improvement. This presentation discusses in short the IFCC attempts to reach a consensus and harmonize medical labs quality indicators.
A routine session on quality assurance practice in a medical laboratory to sensitize and provide basics to those interested in working in a medical testing laboratory.
Laboratory Internal Quality Control presentation master revision, 2014Adel Elazab Elged
Short presentation about using internal quality control material in clinical laboratory to ensure analytical quality laboratory results for the sake of better patient care and minimizing errors in diagnosis, management, and follow up.
QUALITY
Conformance to the requirements of users or customers satisfaction of their needs and expectations.
Total Quality Management
A management approach that focuses on processes and their improvement.
Troubleshooting Poor EQA/QC Performance in the Laboratory Randox
Step by step guide for clinical laboratories wishing to troubleshoot poor QC or EQA performance. Tips on how to distinguish between random error and systematic error. Suggested corrective actions are also provided.
Preanalytical quality control practices in clinical laboratoryDr. Rajesh Bendre
Preanalytical variables contribute maximally to lab errors. However, these variables are most difficult to control as they include human dependency for phlebotomy skills & pretest patient conditioning. Quantifying & monitoring these variables is also more challenging. Use of checklists, continuous training, competency assessments, internal audits & clinician education for appropriate test utilization form some of the tools for improving the preanalytical processes.
This is a series of notes on clinical pathology, useful for postgraduate students and practising pathologists. It covers all internal and external quality control techniques. The topics are presented point wise for easy reproduction.
Harmonization of Laboratory Indicators, 09 03-2017Ola Elgaddar
Most of Medical labs are having KPIs to monitor their performance and enhance process improvement. This presentation discusses in short the IFCC attempts to reach a consensus and harmonize medical labs quality indicators.
A routine session on quality assurance practice in a medical laboratory to sensitize and provide basics to those interested in working in a medical testing laboratory.
Laboratory Internal Quality Control presentation master revision, 2014Adel Elazab Elged
Short presentation about using internal quality control material in clinical laboratory to ensure analytical quality laboratory results for the sake of better patient care and minimizing errors in diagnosis, management, and follow up.
QUALITY
Conformance to the requirements of users or customers satisfaction of their needs and expectations.
Total Quality Management
A management approach that focuses on processes and their improvement.
Troubleshooting Poor EQA/QC Performance in the Laboratory Randox
Step by step guide for clinical laboratories wishing to troubleshoot poor QC or EQA performance. Tips on how to distinguish between random error and systematic error. Suggested corrective actions are also provided.
Preanalytical quality control practices in clinical laboratoryDr. Rajesh Bendre
Preanalytical variables contribute maximally to lab errors. However, these variables are most difficult to control as they include human dependency for phlebotomy skills & pretest patient conditioning. Quantifying & monitoring these variables is also more challenging. Use of checklists, continuous training, competency assessments, internal audits & clinician education for appropriate test utilization form some of the tools for improving the preanalytical processes.
This is a series of notes on clinical pathology, useful for postgraduate students and practising pathologists. It covers all internal and external quality control techniques. The topics are presented point wise for easy reproduction.
Types of validation & validation of specific dosage.pptxankitanakashe21
Validation is a proven assurance of the process efficiency and sturdiness, and it is the full-fledged quality control tool for the pharmaceutical industries. It eliminates the chances of batch failures as the products are manufactured as per pre optimization of each manufacturing steps. The conventional process of testing at last stage created much problems in maintaining the uniformity of each batch but with the introduction of concept of validation, it has been easy to maintain the batch uniformity of the product along with imparting quality in them.
Master Quality control for clinical laboratories.pptxJULIUSMATERN
https://clinicallabgurus.com/
The secrets to achieving precision and accuracy in clinical laboratories with our groundbreaking eBook, "Mastering Quality Control for Clinical Laboratories." This comprehensive guide empowers laboratory professionals, technicians, and students with the knowledge and skills necessary to ensure the highest standards of quality in diagnostic testing.
Dive deep into the core concepts of quality control, as this eBook takes you on a journey through the laboratory path of workflow. Learn the essential definitions of key terms, including Accuracy, Quality Control Products, Normal Control, Abnormal Control, QC Database, and Validation. Understand the negative consequences of neglecting quality control practices and discover the vital role that quality control products/materials play in maintaining excellence.
Explore the nuanced world of controls, distinguishing between built-in and traditional controls. Gain insights into Electronic Control, Embedded Control, and Traditional Control, and differentiate between Dependent and Independent Quality Control. Delve into the intricacies of open-vial stability versus shelf-life stability and grasp the distinctions between Assayed, Un-assayed, and In-House Control.
Navigate the selection process for quality control materials based on shelf life, open-vial stability, and clinically relevant decision levels. Develop the skills to define and calculate mean, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, coefficient of variation ratio, and standard deviation index, ensuring a robust statistical foundation.
Our eBook doesn't stop there. Learn to identify trends and shifts, construct Levey-Jennings charts, and evaluate graphed data for out-of-control events. Assess instruments, reagents, and control products using the coefficient of variation, and discover how to design quality control when faced with new control and no previous data.
Address common challenges, such as setting ranges without historical data, utilizing temporary SD with limited data, and the effects of relying on package insert data without developing your own mean and SD from your data. Navigate discrepancies in ranges and learn strategic solutions to ensure accuracy and reliability in your laboratory practices.
"Mastering Quality Control for Clinical Laboratories" is your indispensable guide to elevating the standards of clinical laboratory practices. Whether you're a seasoned professional or a student entering the field, this eBook is your key to mastering the art and science of quality control in clinical laboratories. Invest in your expertise, and unlock a new level of precision in diagnostic testing. Order your copy today!
PLEASE JOIN OUR BLOG FOR MORE UPDATES,PRESENTATIONS AND ONLINE COURSES FOR CLINICAL LABORATORY
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control course online certification at
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
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How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
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Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Quality control lecture CPath master 2014 Ain Shams
1.
2.
3. All management systems are focused on
getting the job done.
More efficient and effective management
guarantees the job to be done in the
proper way.
Larger profit Better serviceVs
4. STAGE ACTIVITIES PERFORMED
1. TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT Management approach centered around
“Customer Satisfaction”
2. QUALITY MANAGEMENT All of the below plus the economic
aspects of “Cost of Quality”
3. QUALITY SYSTEM “Comprehensive and Coordinated”
efforts to meet quality objectives
4. QUALITY ASSURANCE Systematic activities to provide
“Confidence” that the organization
meets requirements for quality
5. QUALITY CONTROL Operational techniques applied to
“Specific Tasks” for quality and
regulatory compliance.
5.
6. Quality : degree to which a set of inherent characteristics
fulfills requirements
Quality control: part of quality management focused on
fulfilling quality requirements
Quality assurance: part of quality management focused
on providing confidence that quality requirements will be
fulfilled
Quality management: coordinated activities to direct and
control an organization with regard to quality
7. 1942-521942-52 US Military develop requirements for contractors for shell, aircraft, missileUS Military develop requirements for contractors for shell, aircraft, missile
supplierssuppliers (Quality without 100% inspection)(Quality without 100% inspection)
19471947 International Organization for Standardization (ISO)International Organization for Standardization (ISO) created to adopt industrialcreated to adopt industrial
standardsstandards
19591959 US Department of Defense establishedUS Department of Defense established MIL-Q-9858MIL-Q-9858 quality managementquality management
19631963 MIL-Q-9858 is internationalized as anMIL-Q-9858 is internationalized as an ABCAABCA standardstandard
19681968 NATO adopts MIL-Q-9858A as Allied Quality Assurance Publication 1 (NATO adopts MIL-Q-9858A as Allied Quality Assurance Publication 1 (AQAP-1AQAP-1))
19791979 British Standards Institute (BSI) developed AQAP-1 for civilian useBritish Standards Institute (BSI) developed AQAP-1 for civilian use BS 5750BS 5750
8. Calibration: the process of testing and
adjustment of an instrument, kit, or test system to
provide a known relationship between the
measurement response and the value of the
substance measured by the test procedure
Effectiveness: the extent to which planned
activities are realized and planned results
achieved
Efficiency: the relationship between the results
achieved and the resources used
9. Non-QMS processes – processes that are not
contained in either the QSEs or in the laboratory’s
path of workflow, such as those within the finance,
sales, or marketing functions.
Path of workflow: the sequential processes in a
laboratory’s activities that transform a request for
examination into the laboratory information that is
captured in the report of results.
Plan: written account of intended future course of
actions aimed at achieving specific goal(s) or
objective(s) within a specific timeframe and explains in
detail what needs to be done, when, how, and by
whom.
10.
11.
Organization
Customer Focus
Facilities and Safety
Personnel
Purchasing and Inventory
Equipment
Process Management
Pre-examination
Examination
Post-examination
Documents and Records
Information Management
Nonconforming Event Management
Assessments
Continual Improvement
Pree-xamination
Examination
Post-examination
Information Management
Quality System Essentials -
those elements which must
be applied to all operations
in the service’s path of
workflow
Path of Workflow - as it
relates to the processes
involved in the pre-, during and
post- phases of delivery of
services with the laboratory as
an example
18. ⇒ Done during daily routine work
⇒ Provides an immediate control
⇒ Errors are corrected immediately
⇒ Routinely collect and analyze data from
every test run or procedure
Why do we need Internal Quality Control?
! Ensure that test results are reliable
(trustable)
! Ensure that test results are reproducible
(Closeness of the results of assays of the
same test carried under changed conditions)
! Control quality of daily routine work
19. Monitoring quality of laboratory testing,
accuracy and precision of laboratory results
22. It ensures continual check that the laboratory’s work does not
fluctuate and that reports are validated before they are
released.
It is based on monitoring the procedures which are actually
used for the tests in the laboratory. It includes:
· Control charts with tests on control materials
· Duplicate tests on all specimens or on a proportion of the
specimens
· Delta check, comparing current test results with previous
results
· Consistency of mean values of patient data
23. Use 2-3 levels of controls covering the
medical decision points
At least 20 control values over a period of
20-30 days for each level of control
Perform statistical analysis
Develop Levey-Jenning chart
Run -regularly- with patient samples
Monitor control values on chart using
Westgard rules
Take immediate corrective action, if needed
Record actions taken (if any)
24. QC material must be available in large
quantities stored in small aliquots (Ideally
should last for at least 1 year)
Always consider as Biohazardous
Requires very accurate reconstitution if
needed
Always deal with and store as recommended
by manufacturer
25. Need data set of at least 20 points obtained
over 20-30 days better by different operators
in different times of day
Calculate mean, standard deviation,
Coefficient of variation and determine target
ranges
Develop Levey-Jenning charts
Plot –on the chart- control values each run/
day
Make decisions regarding acceptability of run
using Westgard rules
Monitor over time and at defined intervals
30. Ideally should have control values clustered around
the mean (+/-2 SD) with little variation in the upward
or downward direction
Imprecision = large amount of scatter around the
mean. Usually caused by errors in technique
Inaccuracy = may see as a trend or a shift, usually
caused by change in the testing process
Random error = no pattern. Usually poor technique,
malfunctioning equipment
31. Random Error (RE):
Imprecision
Causes:
1. Pipetting error
2. Temperature error
3. Mixing defect
4. Machine need
troubleshooting
Systematic Error
(SE): Inaccuracy
Causes:
1. Deterioration of
control material
2. Deterioration of
calibrator
3. Deterioration of
reagents
49. When you're running 2 or 4 control levels, use
the rules:
13s/22s/R4s/41s/10x
When you're running 3 control levels, use a set
that works for multiples of threes:
13s/2of32s/R4s/ 31s/12x
50. Rejection rule = Out of control=
1. Stop testing
2. Identify and correct problem
3. Repeat testing on pt samples and control
4. Don’t report pt results until problem is
solved and controls indicate proper
performance
51. Change one variable at a time to troubleshoot an out of control
test.
The variables are usually common to all instruments or
procedure systems and include the following:
1. Try a fresh vial of QC
2. Try a new reagent (same lot)
3. Try a new consumable (water, part, solution, tubing) if
applicable.
4. Try a new reagent (new lot)
5. Recalibrate (current calibrator)
6. Recalibrate (new lot calibrator)
If a system cannot be brought into control, notify
senior staff. Do not process patient samples for the
test affected.
52. When changing to a new lot number of control material,
ideally there should be an overlap period while the new
material is being analyzed to establish the new control
limits.
In cases where the overlap period is not sufficient, it is
possible to establish the mean value for the new control
material in a short time, over say a five-day period, or to
start with the manufacturer’s values.
Then apply the previous estimate of SD to establish the
control limits.
These control limits should be temporary, until sufficient
data is collected to provide good estimates of both the
mean and SD of the new material.
53. New lots of a quality control material should be
analyzed for each analyte in parallel with the lot of
control material in current use.
Ideally, a minimum of at least 20 measurements should
be made on separate days when the measurement
system is known to be stable, based on QC results
from existing lots.
If the desired 20 data points from 20 days are not
available, provisional values may have to be
established from data collected over fewer than 20
days.
Possible approaches include making no more than four
control measurements per day for five different days
54. Retained patients samples
◦ Original samples must be assayed in the lab under accepted control run
conditions
◦ Stored aliquited immediately after finishing 1st
analysis
◦ Storage conditions must meet the requirements for analytes to be
measured
◦ Avoid repeated warming/ thawing
◦ Stability of the measurand must be carefully respected
◦ Better to be alternating with QC material
◦ Result of the 1st
assay is used as the base for comparison and calculation
(as if gold value)
◦ Allowable analytical imprecision is used for judgment of acceptance or
rejection
◦ Data calculated from biological variations/ CLIA limits are used for the
issue
55. Result comparison with an in-control method/
instrument/ procedure for the measurand
◦ The in-control instrument/ method is considered the
reference one
◦ Not more than one hour time gap between the parallel
assays
◦ Principles of assays must be considered if different
◦ Inaccuracy limits is used for comparison
◦ Data calculated from biological variations/ CLIA limits
are used for the issue
56. Individual Patient Results:
◦ Clinical Correlations
◦ Correlation with other laboratory tests
◦ Intralaboratory duplicates
◦ Delta check with previous test results
◦ Limit Check
Multiple Patients:
◦ Test distribution statistics
◦ Monitoring patients means
59. Inter-laboratory comparisons and other
performance evaluations that may extend
throughout all phases of the testing cycle,
including interpretation of results; determination
of individual and collective laboratory
performance characteristics of examination
procedures by means of interlaboratory
comparison
60. A program in which multiple samples are
periodically sent to members of a group of
laboratories for analysis and/or identification, in
which each laboratory’s results are compared with
those of other laboratories in the group and/or with
an assigned value, and reported to the
participating laboratory and others
61. Introduced into laboratory medicine more than 60
years ago to address that results for aliquots of the
same sample were different when measured by
different laboratories.
PT/EQA programs are now an essential component of
a laboratory’s quality management system.
PT/EQA is a component of laboratory accreditation
requirements
62.
63.
64. Ideal samples for a PT/EQA program would fulfill a range of
criteria:
◦ Stable for the conditions under which they will be transported and
stored
◦ Homogeneous across all the aliquots produced
◦ Have analyte concentrations that include the expected clinical range
◦ Include appropriate sample types (e.g., urine, whole blood, serum)
◦ Available in sufficient volume
◦ Inexpensive enough for cost not to be an impediment
◦ Behave in clinical laboratory measurement procedures in
◦ the same manner as patient samples
◦ Samples from a single donor or pooled samples from multiple donors
can be used
65. Samples have traceable reference values (when
reference values are used)
Behave like patient samples (commutability)
The laboratory may also consider cost
Similarity of PT samples to patient samples
Method compatibility with peer groups
Size of peer groups
Frequency of challenges
Timeliness and usefulness of reports
Educational content
Customer service
66.
67. category 1 programs are limited because of:
• Technical aspects such as a lack of reference measurement
procedures, absence of certified reference materials, inability to prepare
commutable samples;
• Practical considerations such as the difficulty of preparing samples
covering the full measuring interval and the complicated logistics of
preparation and distribution of fresh or frozen samples;
• Psychological limitations such as lack of awareness of the quality
factors important in PT/EQA or unwillingness to adopt these;
• Economic concerns because distributing commutable samples in
sufficient quantity and providing target values with reference
measurement procedures is expensive
68. PT samples should be tested in the same manner as
patient samples, to the extent possible
Some laboratories may improperly test PT samples
differently from patient samples, by repeat testing of PT
samples when patient samples are tested only once, or by
having a specific analyst test PT samples rather than
rotating PT testing among all the personnel who perform
patient testing.
There should be no attempt to produce “best” results by
replicate analysis or testing immediately following internal
QC or recalibration
69. The core content of the result report should
resemble as closely as possible the content of a
routine clinical result report
If the usual report is deemed inappropriate for a
PT report, it may equally be inappropriate for a
clinical report
A copy of all PT reports should be retained within
the laboratory in order to verify the information
handling by the PT provider.
70. Sending a set of samples from an organizing body to a group of
participating laboratories for measurement of 1 or more analytes present in
the samples
Samples are intended to simulate the clinical samples usually measured
Laboratories are not informed of the analyte concentration or activity in a
particular sample
Timely schedules for running and reporting results are included
Laboratory perform measurements in the same manner as for patient
samples
Results for the samples are returned to the PT/EQA organizer for
evaluation of conformance to the expected results
71. The organizer prepares a report that includes:
◦ the results reported by a laboratory
◦ the method used for the measurements
◦ the target values expected for each analyte
◦ evaluation of whether the individual laboratory’s results met the
performance requirements
◦ Reports may also include evaluation of the performance of the
various measurement procedures used by the participants
The laboratory evaluates its performance according to
the provider report
72. Limits or quality standards around the target value are established against
which performance can be assessed by:
◦ Regulatory: wider like US CLIA, German Rili-BAeK
◦ Statistical: ± 2-3 SD
◦ Clinically-based: on a difference that may affect clinical decisions or on biological
variation
Total error limits including bias, imprecision, and analytical nonspecificity
can contribute to the variation in a single result
Have different limits to separately assess bias and imprecision when replicate
samples are included
PT/EQA limits are set as a minimum standard to identify results that indicate
poor performance. Thus, meeting these standards may not indicate that
performance is optimal nor that performance meets all clinical needs
73. Determines the accuracy by comparing PT/EQA results to those
from a reference measurement procedure or from a designated
comparison method or to an all-participant (or all-method) mean/
median. This arrangement is now referred to as accuracy-based
evaluation
Assess agreement with other measurement procedures and
imprecision among all methods as well as within a method group
Peer group evaluation provides valuable information to assess
quality, verifying that a laboratory is using a measurement
procedure in conformance to the manufacturer’s specifications
and to other laboratories using the same technology
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84. PT/EQA result represents 1 point in time and will
occasionally be a random error
Repeat the measurement using a stored aliquot of the
PT/EQA sample (assuming the measurand was stable
on storage) to confirm if the problem has persisted or
to conclude that the problem no longer exists and the
original unacceptable result was a random event, and
therefore no corrective action is indicated. If the
repeated result is still unacceptable, the laboratory
conducts further investigation to identify the root
cause, and then initiates corrective action
85. • Gather data related to the testing event to include
records of calibration, reagent use, QC results, and
maintenance procedures;
• Obtain other data on assay performance, e.g.,
previous PT/EQA results and relevant patient data;
• Identify the root cause of the error;
• Take corrective action and preventive action if
indicated;
• Monitor the success of the corrective action;
• Document the investigation and the corrective action.
86. • Was the testing material received in satisfactory condition?
• Was the appropriate sample tested?
• Were procedures for sample preparation followed?
• Was the appropriate method used for analysis?
• Was the method performed according to documented
procedures?
• Were appropriate reagents and controls used?
• Was equipment operated according to documented
procedures?
87. • Was equipment appropriately maintained?
• Was QC acceptable at the time of testing PT samples?
• Were results interpreted appropriately?
• Has this problem occurred previously with PT samples?
Are data consistent with previous PT distributions? Is
there a trend leading to failure or is the current set
completely unexpected?
• Did repeat testing on the properly stored residual sample
produce similar results?
• Were patient results acceptable at the time of PT testing?
88. 1. Clerical error;
2. Methodologic problem;
3. Equipment problem;
4. Technical problem;
5. Problem with proficiency testing materials;
6. Problem with evaluation of results; and
7. No explanation after investigation: An investigation fails
to reveal an explanation for an unacceptable PT result 19 to 24% of the
time
89.
90.
91.
92.
93. Split-Sample With Another Laboratory
Internal Split-Sample Procedures
Audit-Sample Procedure
Analysis of Manufacturer’s Product Calibrator or
Trueness Control Material
Analysis of Interlaboratory Quality Control Data
Averages of Patient Data
94. Reference Intervals
Reevaluation of Interpreted Results
Direct Observation of Technique-Dependent Tests
Clinical Correlation Studies
Government and University Interlaboratory Comparison
Programs
Analysis of Data From Qualitative Alternative
Assessment Procedures