Pulmonary tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is usually located in the lungs. It is transmitted through inhalation of aerosols from an infected individual when they cough, sneeze or speak. Symptoms include a persistent cough, bloody sputum, weight loss, fever and night sweats. Diagnosis involves physical examination, chest x-rays, sputum tests and cultures. Treatment requires a multi-drug regimen to prevent drug resistance, and patients should take precautions like covering coughs and staying home until non-contagious. Prevention includes testing high-risk groups and timely treatment of active cases to control spread.

1. UNIVERSIDAD TECNICA DE MACHALA
ACADEMIC UNIT OF CHEMICAL
SCIENCES AND HEALTH
MEDICINE SCHOOL
ENGLISH
PULMONARY
TUBERCULOSIS
STUDENTS
William Cruz
Kevin Herrera
Jorge Pacheco
Angie Chamba
Sonia Quijilema
TEACHER:
Mgs. Barreto Huilcapi Lina Maribel
CLASS:
EIGHTH SEMESTER ‘’A’’
Machala, El Oro
2018

2. Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Definition
Tuberculosis is a chronic granulomatous infectious-contagious disease produced by
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis or Koch's bacillus, which is usually located in the lung,
although it can affect other organs.
It is transmitted from person to person by inhalation of aerosols contaminated by the
bacillus, which have been eliminated by the sick individuals when coughing, speaking or
sneezing. Despite the fact that early diagnosis and adequate treatment would achieve
healing in the majority of patients, with the consequent decrease in the sources of infection
and the risk of contracting the disease in the population, due to some problems in the
functioning of the system. health in the management of the disease, such as the lack of
detection of existing cases, the abandonment of treatment and, more recently the emergence
of resistance to traditional antituberculous drugs, tuberculosis is still an important public
health problem, for the damage it causes, mainly, as a cause of illness and, to a lesser
extent, also as a cause of mortality.

3. Etiology
It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). Pulmonary
tuberculosis (TB) is contagious. This means that the bacteria can spread easily from an
infected person to another uninfected person. It can be acquired by inhaling droplets of
water from a cough or sneeze of an infected person. The resulting lung infection is called
primary TB.
Most people recover from primary TB infection without major manifestation of the disease.
The infection can remain inactive (dormant) for years. In some people, it is activated again
(reactivation).
Most people who have symptoms of a TB infection were first infected in the past. In some
cases, the disease can be reactivated in a matter of weeks after the primary infection.
The following people are at higher risk for active TB or reactivation of TB:
 Old people
 The babies.
 People with weakened immune systems, for example, due to HIV / AIDS,
chemotherapy, diabetes or medications that weaken the immune system.
The risk of getting TB increases if you:
 It is around people who suffer from TB
 He lives in unhealthy or overcrowded living conditions
 Suffer from malnutrition
The following factors may increase the rate of tuberculous infection in a population:
 Increase in HIV infections
 Increase in the number of homeless (environment of poverty and malnutrition)
 TB strains resistant to drugs
Signs and symptoms
The persistent cough and catarrh for more than 15 days are the signs of greatest value to
suspect tuberculosis.
Other symptoms that should make you think about tuberculosis are:
 Expectoration with blood (hemoptysis), with or without chest pain, and difficulty
breathing.

4.  Loss of weight and appetite, fatigue, night sweats, fever, fatigue.
 Infection with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus or other diseases that depress
immunity.
It is estimated that around 10% of patients who consult health services do so because of
respiratory symptoms.
Diagnosis
The health care provider will perform a physical exam. This test may show:
 Hippocratic fingers and toes (in people with advanced disease)
 Inflammation or tenderness of the lymph nodes in the neck or other areas
 Fluid around the lung (pleural effusion)
 Unusual respiratory noise (crackles)
Tests that can be ordered include:
 Bronchoscopy (examination in which a bronchoscope is used to visualize the
airways)
 Computed tomography of the thorax
 Chest x-ray
 Blood test for interferon gamma secretion, such as the QFT-Gold test to check
tuberculosis infection (active or infection in the past)
 Sputum examination and cultures
 Thoracentesis (procedure to remove fluid from the space between the outer lining of
the lungs and the chest wall)
 Skin test with tuberculin (also called intradermal reaction with tuberculin or PPD
test)
 Biopsy of affected tissue (rarely done)
Treatment
Most patients with uncomplicated TB and those with conditions that complicate TB (eg,
AIDS, hepatitis, diabetes), adverse drug reactions or drug resistance should be referred to a
TB specialist. Most patients with TB can be treated as outpatients, with instructions on how
to prevent transmission that include:

5.  Stay at home
 Avoid visitors (except family members already exposed)
 Cover your mouth when coughing with a tissue or elbow
The indication of the use of surgeon masks in tuberculous patients is stigmatizing and is not
generally recommended to cooperating individuals. The precautions are necessary until the
pharmacological treatment has achieved that the patient is sufficiently non-contagious. For
patients with TB who have proven sensitivity to medications or multidrug-resistant TB,
precautions are maintained until a clinical response to therapy is observed (usually 1 to 2
weeks). However, for super-resistant TB, the response to treatment may be slower and the
consequences of transmission may be even greater, so a more convincing response to
therapy is needed (eg, a smear or sputum conversion). culture) to interrupt precautionary
measures.
Prevention
TB is a preventable disease, even in those who have been exposed to an infected person.
The TB skin test is used in high-risk populations or in people who may have been exposed
to this disease, such as health workers.
People who have been exposed to TB should be tested as soon as possible and a follow-up
examination at a later date if the first test is negative.
A positive skin test means you have been in contact with the TB bacteria. It does not mean
that you have active disease or that it is contagious. Talk to your provider about how to
avoid getting this disease.
Timely treatment is very important to control the spread of TB from those who have active
TB to those who have never been infected with this disease.
Some countries with a high incidence of TB give people a vaccine called BCG to prevent
TB. However, the effectiveness of this vaccine is limited and not normally used in the
United States.
People who have received the tuberculosis vaccine (BCG) can still be tested for TB.

6. Bibliography
 Working Group TIR (Tuberculosis and respiratory infections) of the Spanish
Society of Pneumology and Thoracic Surgery. Anti-tuberculosis chemoprophylaxis.
SEPAR recommendations. Arch Bronconeumol 1992; 28: 270-278.
 Luque MA, González-Moya E. Tuberculous disease. In León A, Madueño A,
Maldonado JA, Martín PJ, editors. Madrid: Medical Moment, 2004; 103-116
 Cifuenes N, Pérez E, Del Castillo D. Tuberculous infection. In León A, Madueño A,
Maldonado JA, Martín PJ, editors. Madrid: Medical Moment, 2004; 117-126.