This document discusses diseases of the rectum and anus. It begins with definitions and explains that these diseases are commonly seen in primary care. It describes some of the main diseases including their causes, symptoms, and risk factors. Some of the diseases covered include hemorrhoids, anal fissures, abscesses, and anal cancer. The document discusses how these diseases are diagnosed, often through examination with an anoscope or sigmoidoscope. It also outlines treatments for some conditions like surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy for anal cancer. Lastly, it discusses some ways to prevent diseases like avoiding risk factors, screening high risk patients, and vaccinations to prevent HPV infections.

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UNIVERSIDAD TECNICA DE MACHALA
ACADEMIC UNIT OF CHEMICAL
SCIENCES AND HEALTH
MEDICINE SCHOOL
ENGLISH
DISEASE OF THE
RECTUM AND ANUS
STUDENTS
William Cruz
Kevin Herrera
TEACHER:
Mgs. Barreto Huilcapi Lina Maribel
CLASS:
EIGHTH SEMESTER ‘’A’’
Machala, El Oro
2018

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Disease of the Rectum and Anus
Definition
The diseases related to the anorectal are common to observe in the first level of
attention, it is generally the general practitioner's office where the patient will consult
primarily about his pathology. It is important the knowledge on the part of primary
care physicians about the basic aspects of the most frequent consultations in
proctology, the clinical entities including their etiology, physiopathology and
treatment, but mainly their clinical diagnosis as well as the recognition of the moment
in which it is It is necessary to refer a patient with anorectal disease to a more
specialized level. The following article consists of a review of the current evidence on
the aspects to be considered in the diagnosis and management of proctological
pathology, this with the aim of optimizing the care provided in the first levels of
health.

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Etiology
Usually, anal cancer is associated with the human papillomavirus (HPV). This virus
produces warts in and around the anus and in the cervix. It is associated with an
increased risk of cervical cancer in women.
The risk factor is what increases the chances of a person contracting a disease. In
addition to exposure to human papilloma virus, there are other risk factors:
Age: Most people with cancer of the anus are over 50 years old.
Anal sex: people who practice anal sex are at a higher risk.
Smoking: Hazardous chemicals in tobacco increase the risk of most cancers,
including anal cancer.
Immunosuppression: people with weak immune systems are at increased risk; Such is
the case of transplant patients who must take drugs to suppress their immune systems,
and patients infected with HIV (human immunodeficiency virus).
Chronic local inflammation: people who have anal fistulas or open wounds have a
slightly increased risk for a long time.
Pelvic radiation: People who have received pelvic radiation therapy for cancer of the
rectum, prostate, bladder, or cervix are at increased risk.
Signs and symptoms
Disorders of the anus and rectum include:
 Anal cancer (see Anal cancer)
 Anal fissure (see anal fissure)
 Anal itching (see Anal itching)
 Anorectal abscess (see Anorectal abscess)
 Anorectal fistula (see Anorectal Fistula)
 Foreign objects in the anus and rectum (see Foreign objects in the rectum)
 Hemorrhoids (see Hemorrhoids)

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 Elevator of the anus syndrome (see Elevator of the anus syndrome)
 Pilonidal disease (see Pilonidal disease)
 Proctitis (see Proctitis)
 Colorectal cancer (see Colorectal cancer)
 Rectal prolapse (see Rectal Prolapse)
Diagnosis
 Evaluation by a doctor
 Anoscopy or sigmoidoscopy
 Possibly, barium enema
To diagnose disorders of the anus and rectum, the doctor inspects the skin around the
anus for any abnormality. With a gloved finger, the doctor explores the rectum. In
women, this is often done at the same time as a manual examination of the vagina
(see Gynecological Examination).
Next, the doctor examines the inside of the anus and rectum with a rigid viewing tube
about 7 to 25 cm, called an anoscope or proctoscope. Afterwards, a longer and more
flexible tube (sigmoidoscope) can be inserted, allowing up to 60 cm or more of the
large intestine to be observed. Anoscopy and sigmoidoscopy (see Endoscopy) are
uncomfortable, but they are not usually painful. However, if pain is felt in the area
around or around the anus due to an alteration, the doctor may administer local
anesthesia (see Surgery: Anesthesia), regional or even general, before proceeding
with the examination. Before a sigmoidoscopy, a cleaning enema must be
administered to remove stool from the lower part of the colon. During the test,
samples of tissue and feces are obtained for microscopic examination and culture. An
X-ray with barium enema can also be done.
Treatment
There are very effective treatments for most cases of anal cancer. Three basic types of
treatment are used:

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 surgery: an operation to remove the cancer;
 radiation therapy: a high dose of x-rays to kill cancer cells; Y
 Chemotherapy: drugs to kill cancer cells.
Currently, it is considered a combination therapy that includes radiation therapy and
chemotherapy as the standard treatment for most anal cancers. Occasionally, a very
small or very early stage tumor can be removed by surgery (local removal), with
minimal damage to the anal sphincter muscles.
Prevention
There are few cancers that can be completely prevented; however, the risk you have
can be greatly reduced by reducing your risk factors and conducting regular medical
checkups. Avoid anal sex and HPV and HIV infections. Use condoms when you have
any kind of sexual relationship. Although condoms do not eliminate the risk of
infection, they reduce it. Quitting smoking lowers the risk of many types of cancer,
including anal cancer.
Anal cancer screening can be done in people who are at high risk.Anal cancer
screening may include an anal Pap test or anoscopy.The anal Pap is the same type of
test used to detect cancer. cervical in the woman. A swab is inserted into the anal
canal, and the cells that are removed when removed are examined under a
microscope. The anoscopy is the evaluation of the anal canal with a special
observation device that allows the doctor to visually examine the lining of the anal
canal. People who get abnormal results in the anal Pap should have a follow-up
anoscopy to examine the anal canal.
People who are at higher risk should talk with their doctor about the detection of anal
cancer. Those at particularly high risk include men who have HIV, men who have sex
with men, people who have multiple sex partners, and women with a history of
cervical warts or who have had precancerous changes in their necks. of the uterus.

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Bibliography
 Ramos J Ciga M. Manual AEC of proctology for primary care. Spanish
Association of Surgeons. Madrid. Bate Scientia Salus, 2014.
 Maksimovic J Maksimovic M. From history of proctology. Arch Oncol. 2013;
21 (1): 28-33
 Greenfield L Mulholland M. Greenfield's surgery. Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins. Philadelphia. 5th ed, 2011.