This presentation provides information about the Psychodynamic Theories of child psychology. It is well supported with examples and illustrations for a better understanding of the topic.
Hope you like it! Suggestions and feedback will be well appreciated! :)
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
https://userupload.net/5x4jgtw5sqs2
Behaviour modelling is frequently used to modify children's behaviour. The psychological techniques of encouragement-reprobation are an integral part of the behaviour shaping. Three hundred clinically healthy children were recruited in this study. They were aged 54-96 months and allocated to three groups according to the specific technique used: group 1 in which we applied the "live patients model" technique, in group 2 the "encouragement-reprobation" techniques was applied and group 3 was a control group. The patient's behaviour was assessed using L. Venham's Cooperative Behavioral Scale. A behavioral improvement was noticed in the experimental groups after applying the techniques for behaviour modification. The comparison shows a statistically significant difference between the two experimental groups and the control one and absence of a significant difference between the influenced groups. The study shows that there is a stable for behaviour
It is the science that deals with the mental power or an interaction between the conscious and subconscious element in a child.
It explains the dental application of child's behavior in during treatment.
Covered Psychosexual theories by Sigmund Freud, Psychosocial theories by Erik Erikson, Cognitive Development by Jean Piaget.
also have included dental application of each theory
Non –pharmacological behavior management in childrenDr. Harsh Shah
Overview on nonpharmacological managent of behaviour in children
Presented by : Mayuri Karad
SDDCH Parbhani
Guided by : Dr. Rehan Khan
Dept, of Pediatric and preventive dentistry
https://userupload.net/5x4jgtw5sqs2
Behaviour modelling is frequently used to modify children's behaviour. The psychological techniques of encouragement-reprobation are an integral part of the behaviour shaping. Three hundred clinically healthy children were recruited in this study. They were aged 54-96 months and allocated to three groups according to the specific technique used: group 1 in which we applied the "live patients model" technique, in group 2 the "encouragement-reprobation" techniques was applied and group 3 was a control group. The patient's behaviour was assessed using L. Venham's Cooperative Behavioral Scale. A behavioral improvement was noticed in the experimental groups after applying the techniques for behaviour modification. The comparison shows a statistically significant difference between the two experimental groups and the control one and absence of a significant difference between the influenced groups. The study shows that there is a stable for behaviour
It is the science that deals with the mental power or an interaction between the conscious and subconscious element in a child.
It explains the dental application of child's behavior in during treatment.
Covered Psychosexual theories by Sigmund Freud, Psychosocial theories by Erik Erikson, Cognitive Development by Jean Piaget.
also have included dental application of each theory
Non –pharmacological behavior management in childrenDr. Harsh Shah
Overview on nonpharmacological managent of behaviour in children
Presented by : Mayuri Karad
SDDCH Parbhani
Guided by : Dr. Rehan Khan
Dept, of Pediatric and preventive dentistry
This seminar consists of an introduction to child psychology followed by psychodynamic theories and its applicatioms followed by description and types of fear and anxietry followed by various behaviour rating scales and classification of behaviour
Child psychology /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
Theory of Psychosocial Development
Theory of Psychosexual Development
Theory of Cognitive development
Theory of Moral Development
Prepared for Nursing Students
Child Psychology is important for the development of child behaviour
#childpsychology #childbehaviour #behaviouralpedodontics #theoriesofchildpsychology #behaviourmanagement #behaviourofchildindentalclinic #freudspsychodynamictheory
#conscioussedation #modelling #behaviouralmodelling
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Child psychology /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian dental academy Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
0091-9248678078
The presentation explains in detail the different types of waxes and investment materials used in dentistry. It has been well supported with illustrations for a better understanding of the topic.
The presentation deals with dental ceramics from a material aspect and discusses various types of metal - ceramic and all - ceramic systems available in dentistry with their advantages and drawbacks. It is well supported with illustrations..
Clinical Significance of Dental Anatomy, Physiology and OcclusionAkshat Sachdeva
The presentation comprehensively deals with the basic principles and clinical significance of dental anatomy, physiology and occlusion in restorative dentistry. It is well supported with illustrations for a better understanding of the text.
The presentation discusses about tooth enamel in detail including its formation, characteristics, structure and histological features along with its clinical considerations. It is well supported with diagrams for better understanding of the text.
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The presentation deals with the basics required for studying TMJ ankylosis. The text has been simplified and presented. It is well supported with illustrations.
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The presentation deals with the various suturing materials available and the different kinds of techniques used. Attempts have been made to simplify the text and support with suitable illustrations. Hope you like it!
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The presentation deals with the basics of hemorrhage i.e. classification, etiology. It also covers the mechanism of hemostasis and the various methods to achieve hemostasis.
Hope you like it! Suggestions and feedback will always be well appreciated. :)
The presentation provides you with all the information required about various instruments used in conservative dentistry along with some information about a few as well along with exact picture of the instrument. It also contains basic knowledge about instruments, i.e. instrument design, instrument formula etc.
The presentation depicts in a very simplified manner the steps of cavity preparation and restoration of class 3 and class 5 composite restoration. It is well supported with illustrations that further provide a better understanding of the topic.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
2. REFERENCES
1. Textbook of Pedodontics by Shobha Tandon (2nd edition).
2. Textbook of Pediatric Dentistry by Nikhil Marwah (3rd edition).
3. Illustrated Pediatric Dentistry by P.R. Chockalingam (1st edition).
4. Pediatric Dentistry: Infancy through childhood by Pinkham (4th edition).
2
3. Psychology:
Science dealing with human nature, function and phenomenon of his soul in the main.
Child Psychology:
Science or study of child’s mind and how it functions. It also deals with the mental
power or an interaction between the conscious and subconscious elements in a child.
3
4. Psychodynamic Theories comprise of three theories:
1. Psychosexual theory/Psychoanalytical theory by Sigmund Freud
(1905).
2. Psychosocial Theory/Model of personality development by Erik
Erikson (1963).
3. Cognitive theory by Jean Piaget (1952).
4
5. PSYCHOANALYTICAL THEORY
Sigmund Freud was the originator of the psychoanalytical
approach.
He attempted to explain by understanding the mind at its
different levels, its motivation and conflicts.
He described human mind with the help of two models:
1. Topographic model.
2. Psychic model/psychic triad.
5
6. TOPOGRAPHIC MODEL
According to this model, human mind consists of conscious, preconscious and
subconscious mind.
Conscious mind: Where we are paying attention at the moment. Includes only our
current thinking processes.
Preconscious mind: Involves ordinary memory and knowledge. Things of which
we are aware, but where we are not paying attention at all moments.
Subconscious/Unconscious mind: Where process and content are out of direct
reach of the conscious mind. That part of our mind which thinks and acts
independently.
Freud described human mind is like an iceberg. Only 10% is visible (conscious) and
other 90% is beneath (unconscious).
6
8. PSYCHIC MODEL/PSYCHIC TRIAD
Composed of three parts:
1. Id:
• Basic structure of personality.
• Serves as a reservoir of instincts.
• Present at birth, impulse ridden.
• Strives for immediate pleasure (pleasure principle).
8
9. 2. Ego:
• Develops out of Id in 2nd to 6th month of life when infant
begins to distinguish between itself and outside world.
• Governed by reality principle.
• Concerned with memory and judgment.
• Developed after birth, expands with age.
• Delays, modifies and controls Id impulses on a realistic
level (reality principle).
9
10. 3. Super Ego:
• Prohibition learned from environment (more from parents
and authorities).
• Acts as a sensor of acceptability of thoughts, feelings and
behavior.
• Determined by regulations imposed upon child by parents,
society and culture (ethics and morals).
• Internalized control which produces the feeling of shame
and guilt.
10
11. In a healthy person, Ego is the strongest.
• Satisfies needs of Id.
• Does not upset Super Ego.
• Takes into consideration the reality of every situation.
Source:
Indiandentalacademy.com
11
12. EGO DEFENSE MECHANISMS
• Tactics which the ego develops to help deal with Id and super ego.
• Unconsciously blocks the impulses or distorting them into a more acceptable, less
threatening form.
1. Displacement:
• Transfer of desires or impulses onto a substitute person or object.
• Eg: student scolded by teacher may shout at juniors or slam a door.
2. Reaction formation:
• Person displays behavior that is exactly opposite of an impulse.
• Eg: laughing when unable to control temper to prevent anxiety.
12
13. 13
3. Regression:
• Individual attempts to avoid current anxiety by withdrawing behavior patterns of an
earlier age.
• It is the age – inappropriate response, eg: nail biting.
4. Repression:
• Can take two forms:
• Expulsion of thought and memories that might provoke anxiety from conscious
mind (primary repression).
• Process by which hidden Id impulses are blocked from ever reaching consciousness
(primal repression).
• Repressed memories are not deactivated; they continue to affect a person’s behavior
later in adulthood.
5. Projection:
• Characteristics or desires that are unacceptable to a person’s ego and projected onto
someone else.
14. 14
6. Denial:
• Person may deny some aspect of reality, eg: patient with big ulcer in mouth
diagnosed as cancer may not be able to tackle the situation and may consult some
other dentist for denial of the diagnosis.
7. Identification:
• Incorporating an external object (usually another person) into one’s own personality,
i.e. to think, act and feel like someone else.
8. Rationalization:
• Attempt to explain our behavior to ourselves and others, in ways that are rational
and acceptable.
15. STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
Sigmund Freud described six stages of psychosexual development:
1. Oral Stage:
• Oral cavity: erogenous zone.
• Dependent stage.
• Satisfaction of oral desires.
• If child’s needs are not met, following traits may develop:
excessive optimism, pessimism, demandingness, envy, jealousy.
15
16. 2. Anal Stage:
• Erogenous zone: Anus.
• Toilet training.
• Maturation of neuromuscular control occurs.
• Development of personal autonomy and independence.
• Child realizes his control over needs and practices it with a sense of
shame.
• Characterized by various abnormal behaviors like:
disorderliness, stubbornness, willfulness, abstinence.
16
17. 3. Urethral Stage:
• Transition between anal and phallic stage.
• Child derives pleasures from exercising control over urinary sphincter.
• Child realizes the increasing voluntary control which provides him
with the sense of independence and autonomy.
• Loss of urethra control results in shame.
17
18. 4. Phallic Stage:
• Begins during 3rd year till 5th year.
• Oedipus complex (boy – mother).
• Electra complex (girl – father).
• Increase in genital masturbation accompanied with unusual fantasies
about opposite gender.
• Child realizes sexual qualities without embarrassment.
• If above mentioned characteristics are not resolved, the balance
between male and female roles do not develop.
18
19. 5. Latency Stage:
• Resolution of any defects occurs.
• Maturation of ego takes place.
• Consolidation of sex roles occurs.
• Greater degree of control over instinctual impulses.
• Child starts adapting to the adverse environment.
• Lack of inner control results in immature behavior and decreased skill
development.
19
20. 6. Genital Stage:
• Extends to young adulthood.
• Sense of identity develops.
• Child has mature personality.
• Helps to separate dependence on parents.
• Realizes his goals for reproduction and survival.
• Acceptance of adult role, functions with social expectations and
cultural values.
20
21. Advantages of Freud’s Theory:
• One of the earliest and most comprehensive theories of life long
psychological development.
Disadvantages of Freud’s Theory:
• He formulated his theory by extensive studies on adult psychological
patients and hence its extrapolation to children is not very justified.
• Theory is based on obsessed observations of the psychologist.
21
22. 22
PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY
• Erik Erikson concentrated on child’s development covering the entire span of life
cycle from infancy to childhood through old age.
• Emphasized the conscious self as much as unconscious instincts.
• He described 8 stages of life cycle.
• Each stage demands resolution before the next stage can be satisfactorily negotiated.
23. 23
1. Basic Trust v/s Basic Mistrust:
• Infant forms first trusting relationship.
• Child has optimism if well – handled.
• Badly handled, he becomes mistrustful and insecure.
• Preferable to do dental treatment in presence of parents.
• Trust: Mistrust ratio should be maintained by dentist.
24. 24
2. Autonomy v/s Shame:
• Child begins to push for independence.
• Emerges from this stage sure of himself and proud rather than ashamed.
• Autonomy includes stormy self – will, tantrums, stubbornness, negativism.
• Child retreats to mother in threatening situations.
• Child takes pleasure in doing tasks by himself.
25. 25
3. Initiative v/s Guilt:
• Child becomes more assertive and resulting conflict causes guilt.
• Developing healthy child learns to imagine, cooperate with others, lead and follow.
• Immobilized by guilt, he is fearful, continues to depend on adults.
• Independence has to be reinforced.
• Child should be encouraged and taught about various things in dental setup.
26. 26
4. Industry v/s Inferiority:
• Child learns basic cultural skills, most importantly school skills.
• Child is trusting, autonomous and full of initiative will learn easily to be industrious.
• Shame and guilt filled child experiences defeat and inferiority.
• Child drive for sense of industry and accomplishment, cooperation can be obtained.
• Cooperation depends on whether child understands what is needed to please the
dentist/parent.
27. 27
5. Identity v/s Role Confusion:
• Adolescent learns how to answer happily the question of “Who am I?” and what
shall he become.
• Even the best adjusted adolescents experience role confusion.
• Behavior management can be challenging.
• Approval of peer group for any dental treatment is extremely important.
28. 28
6. Intimacy v/s Isolation:
• Young adult for the first time can experience true intimacy – that makes possible
good marriage or genuine friendship.
• External appearances are very important.
• Helps in attainment of intimate relation.
• Young adults seek orthodontic treatment to correct dental appearance.
• This is characterized as internal motivation.
29. 29
7. Generativity v/s Stagnation:
• Adulthood demands generativity both in sense of marriage and parenthood, and in
the sense of working productively and creatively.
8. Integrity v/s Despair:
• Mature adult develops the peak of adjustment: integrity.
• He is independent, works hard, found a well defined role and dares the new.
30. 30
Merits of Erikson’s Theory:
1. Easy to apply at any stage of development since it is based on age – wise
classification.
2. Simple and comprehensive to understand.
Demerits of Erikson’s Theory:
1. Based on the extreme ends of personality.
31. COGNITIVE THEORY
• Jean Piaget formulated his theory on how children and adolescents think and acquire
knowledge.
• Directly observed children by questioning them about their thinking.
• According to Piaget, the environment does not shape child behavior, but the child
and adult actively seek to understand the environment.
31
32. This process made of 3 functional variants:
1. Assimilation: Concerns with observing, recognizing, taking up an object and
relating it with earlier experiences or categories.
2. Accommodation: Accounts for changing concepts and strategies as a result of new
assimilated information.
3. Equilibrium: Changing basic assumptions following adjustments in assimilated
knowledge so that the facts fit better.
The sequence of development has been categorized into 4 major stages:
32
33. 1. Sensorimotor Stage (0 – 2 years):
• Stage of practical intelligence.
• Child does not have the capacity to represent objects or people.
• Simple reflexes begin to coordinate as maturation progresses.
• Variety of elementary schemes develop by 10th month.
• Child begins to interact with the environment and can be given toys while sitting on
dental chair.
33
34. 2. Pre – operational Stage (2 – 6 years):
• Child uses symbols in language and play.
• Unaware of other’s perspective.
• Focuses attention on how things appear.
• Solves problems as a result of intuitive thinking.
• Likes to explore things and make new observations.
• Correlates things with other objects to which they are more used to.
• Child is explained about the instrument and allowed to deal with it.
• Child assimilates new experiences and accommodates original strategies.
34
35. 3. Concrete Operation Stage (6 – 12 years):
• Thinking process becomes logical.
• Develops the ability to use complex mental operations like addition and subtraction.
• Able to understand other’s point of view.
• Concrete operations develop based on the level of understanding achieved.
• Child has achieved level of understanding and gets involved in the treatment.
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36. 4. Formal Operation Stage (11 – 15 years):
• Development of reasoning capacity.
• Child now a teenager can think more abstractly.
• Can imagine possibilities inherent in a problem.
• Uses inductive or deductive logic to solve problems and make decisions.
• Thinks of ideas and develops a vast imagination.
• Peer influence increases.
• Acceptance from peers can be used for motivation for dental treatment.
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37. Merits of Piaget’s Theory:
1. Most comprehensive theory of cognitive development.
Demerits of Piaget’s Theory:
1. Underestimates children’s abilities.
2. Overestimates age differences in thinking.
3. Vagueness about the process of change.
4. Underestimates role of social environment.
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