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Defense mechanisms
The document defines different ego defense mechanisms and classifies them as pathological, immature, neurotic, or mature. It provides examples of defenses such as denial, distortion, projection, and repression. It also profiles some of the key thinkers in defense mechanism development, including Sigmund Freud, Anna Freud, and George Valliant. Defenses help protect the ego from anxiety but can also influence behaviors and perceptions in unhealthy ways depending on their maturity level.
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Defense mechanisms
- 1. Defence Mechanisms (Supportingmaterial for Brand Psychology book by Jonathan Gabay) Brand Psychology book by Jonathan Gabay
- 2. DEFINITION Ego DefenseMechanisms protect the mind/self/ego from anxiety or provide a retreat from a difficult situation. Brand Psychology book by Jonathan Gabay
- 3. Key figures inDefence Mechanism development • Sigmund Freud • Founder of psychoanalysis. • Theory of Psychosexual Development. The Id, Ego, and Superego • Dream interpretation. Free Brand Psychology book by Jonathan Gabay association. Anna Freud • Child psychoanalysis • Clear explanations of defense mechanism • Concept of signal anxiety. Otto F. Kernberg -theory of borderline personality organization ,based on ego psychological object relations theory. Robert Plutchik - defenses as derivatives of basic emotions. George Eman Valliant -a continuum related to psychoanalytical developmental levels.
- 4. Pathological/Narcissistic Defenses BrandPsychology book by Jonathan Gabay Denial Distortion Projection Regression
- 5. IMMATURE DEFENCES •Acting out • Hypochondriasis • Introjections • Passive aggressive behavior • Regression • Schizoid fantasy • Somatization Commonly present in adolescents. Such defenses can be viewed as immature, difficult to deal with. Brand Psychology book by Jonathan Gabay
- 6. NEUROTIC DEFENCES Consideredneurotic – fairly common in adults • Rationalization. • Sexualization. • Compensation. Brand Psychology book by Jonathan Gabay • Splitting. • Inhibition. • Isolation. • Displacement. • Repression. • Externalization. • Intellectualization. • Reaction Formation. • Dissociation.
- 7. MATURE DEFENCES Commonlyfound among emotionally healthy adults • Altruism • Anticipation • Asceticism • Humor • Sublimation • Suppression • These defenses enhance pleasure and sense of control. Brand Psychology book by Jonathan Gabay
- 8. DENIAL • Involuntaryexclusion of unpleasant or painful reality from conscious awareness. – Postulated by Sigmund Freud • Simple denial • - deny the reality of unpleasant facts. • Minimization • - Recognize the fact, but deny its seriousness. • Projection – - admit both fact and seriousness but deny responsibility. Brand Psychology book by Jonathan Gabay
- 9. Death and lossdenial 1. Denial and Isolation • Buffers shock. • Supports through first wave of Brand Psychology book by Jonathan Gabay pain. 2. Anger • Powerful emotion deflected and redirected as anger. • Anger may be aimed at inanimate objects, strangers, or dying/ deceased. • Rationally, the person is not to be blamed. • Emotionally, the person is resented for causing pain. 3. Bargaining A need to regain control – If only the doctors were called earlier … If only I had tried to be a better person … Deals struck with a higher power to postpone inevitable and protect from painful reality. 4. Depression 5. Acceptance
- 10. TYPES OF DENIAL • Denial of fact – Avoids a fact by lying. – lying can be an outright falsehood (commission), – leaving out certain details to tailor a story (omission), – falsely agreeing to something – (also referred to as "yessing" behaviour). Brand Psychology book by Jonathan Gabay
- 11. Denial of responsibility – Avoiding personal responsibility. – Blaming – A direct statement shifting blame; may overlap with denial of fact – Minimizing – Attempt to make the consequences of an action appear less harmful. – Justifying – – Having made a choice, tries to make it appear look acceptable (due to a perception of what is "right”). Brand Psychology book by Jonathan Gabay
- 12. • Denial ofimpact • Avoids thinking about or understanding the harms a behaviour (i.e. denial of consequences). • Avoids a sense of guilt. • Prevent remorse or empathy of others. • Denial of awareness • Avoids pain and harm by stating they were in a different state of awareness (such as alcohol or drug intoxication). Brand Psychology book by Jonathan Gabay
- 13. • Denial ofcycle • “It just happened." • Denial of denial • Involves thoughts, actions and behaviours • Example: • Overt consumerism - bolsters belief that personal behaviour need not change. Brand Psychology book by Jonathan Gabay
- 14. DISTORTION • Totallyredesigning external reality to suit inner needs. • Delusions - especially grandiose. Brand Psychology book by Jonathan Gabay
- 15. PROJECTION • Perceivingand reacting to unacceptable inner impulses and derivatives as though they emanated from outside the self. • Freudian Projection – Projective identification – connection of the self with that projected impulse continues. Brand Psychology book by Jonathan Gabay Examples: – Blaming – Clinical-Delusions – Paranoid personality.
- 16. Acting out •Expression of an unconscious impulses; gratifying impulses rather than prohibiting them. • Designed (often unconsciously or semi-consciously) to gain Brand Psychology book by Jonathan Gabay attention. • Can be destructive to self or others, and may inhibit the development of more constructive responses to the feelings. • Examples: – Temper tantrums – Rebellious behaviours
- 17. INTROJECTION • Unconsciousinternalization of the qualities of an object or person. Example: Identification with the aggressor. • Stockholm syndrome. • Depression. Brand Psychology book by Jonathan Gabay
- 18. Hypochondriasis Exaggerating forthe purpose of evasion and regression. Passive aggression • Indirect aggression towards others through passivity, masochism and turning against the self. Brand Psychology book by Jonathan Gabay
- 19. REGRESSION • Effortto return to an earlier libidinal phase, so avoid tension and conflict of the current phase. – A person may revert to immature behavior to ventilate feelings of frustration. – Becomes a problem when used frequently to avoid adult situations. Brand Psychology book by Jonathan Gabay
- 20. SCHIZOID FANTASY •Withdrawal in self to resolve conflict and gratify frustrated wishes. • Something which is not or cannot be real. • Examples: – Adolescence wish to fulfilling sexual daydreams. – Middle-aged wish to be youthful, virile and alluring. – Narcissistic personality disorder. Brand Psychology book by Jonathan Gabay
- 21. Somatization • Convertingpsychic derivatives into bodily symptoms. • Reacting with somatic rather than psychic appearances. • Unconscious rechanneling of repressed emotions into somatic symptoms. Brand Psychology book by Jonathan Gabay
- 22. REACTION FORMATION •Converting an unacceptable impulse into its opposite. – The original, rejected impulse doesn’t disappear. – Persists, unconscious, in its original infantile form. Brand Psychology book by Jonathan Gabay
- 23. REPRESSION • Expellingor withholding an idea or feeling from consciousness • Primary repression • Refers to the curbing of ideas and feelings before they have attained consciousness. • Secondary repression • Excludes from awareness what was once experienced at a conscious level. Examples: • Forgetfulness. • Slip of tongue. Brand Psychology book by Jonathan Gabay
- 24. RATIONALIZATION • Ernestjones-contributed the term "rationalization" to psychoanalysis. • Offering rational explanations to justify attitudes, beliefs, or unacceptable behaviour. – Providing logical explanations for irrational behaviour motivated by unacceptable wishes. Brand Psychology book by Jonathan Gabay
- 25. DISPLACEMENT • Involvestaking out frustrations, feelings, and impulses on people or objects that are less threatening. • Punching cushions in anger. • Bosses ‘snapping’ for no reason at employees. Brand Psychology book by Jonathan Gabay
- 26. DISSOCIATION • Involuntarysplitting or suppression of mental function from rest of the personality. • Allows expression of forbidden unconscious impulses without any accompanying sense of responsibility for actions. Brand Psychology book by Jonathan Gabay
- 27. INTELLECTUALIZATION • Oneof Freud's original defence mechanisms – Employing intellectual processes to avoid affective expressions or experiences. • Intellectualization may accompany, but differs from rationalization, which is validation of irrational behaviour through clichés, stories, and simplified explanation. Brand Psychology book by Jonathan Gabay
- 28. UNDOING • Unconsciouslymotivated actions which symbolically counteract unacceptable thoughts ,impulses or actions. – Example : • “Sorry for bumping into you.” • Compulsive OCD. Brand Psychology book by Jonathan Gabay
- 29. SEXUALIZATION • Endowingan object or function with sexual significance that it didn’t previously possess. • Can also refer to warding off anxieties associated with prohibited impulses or derivatives. Brand Psychology book by Jonathan Gabay
- 30. EXTERNALIZATION • Perceivingone’s personality, including impulses, conflicts, moods and attitudes in the external world. • More general than ‘projection’. • Example: • A belligerent person perceives others as argumentative whilst believing him/her self to be blameless. Brand Psychology book by Jonathan Gabay
- 31. INHIBITION • consciousor unconscious constraint or curtailment of a process or behaviour, especially of impulses or desires. • Conscious inhibition is commonly present whenever whenever two desires are in conflict. Brand Psychology book by Jonathan Gabay • Examples: • Writing blocks • Eating delicious cakes, whilst dieting.
- 32. COMPENSATION • Unconscioustendency to deal with a fear or conflict by excessive effort in the opposite direction. • Example: • Excessive preoccupation with body building to counter inferiority. Brand Psychology book by Jonathan Gabay
- 33. SPLITTING • Viewingof self or others as either good or bad without considering the entire range of qualities in between. • Example: • Seeing all brands as greedy. Brand Psychology book by Jonathan Gabay
- 34. SUPPRESSION Deliberately tryingto stop thinking about certain thoughts. Brand Psychology book by Jonathan Gabay
- 35. ASCETICISM • Eliminatingthe enjoyment of experiences by assigning moral values to specific pleasures. • Gratification is derived from renunciation. Brand Psychology book by Jonathan Gabay
- 36. Brand Psychology Available2015 Brand Psychology book by Jonathan Gabay