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![DSM-IV-TR Psychological Profile Overview
Are Psychosocial or Environmental Problems (school or housing
issues) also present?Axis IV
What is the Global Assessment of the person’s functioning?
(0-100 Point Scale)Axis V
Is a General Medical Condition (diabetes, hypertension or
arthritis etc) also present?Axis III
Is a Personality Disorder or Mental Retardation present?
Axis II
Is a Clinical Syndrome (cognitive, anxiety, mood disorders [16
syndromes]) present?Axis I
22](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/aguiarapabnormalnewcanvas-150226115306-conversion-gate02/85/AP-Abnormal-Psych-22-320.jpg)
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AP Abnormal Psych
- 1. What Is Abnormality?WhatIs Abnormality?
- 2. Abnormal Psych: Intro($h!t’s about to get weird) • Learning Goals: – Students should be able to answer the following: 1: How should we draw the line between normality and disorder? 2: What perspectives can help us understand psychological disorders? 2 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can successfully answer level 3 AND critically debate if labeling disorders has a potential dangerous effect on self-fulfilling prophecy. ★ 3.0 ★ Proficient I can identify the layout of the DSM, and different axes of the DSM AND discuss the pros and cons of labeling disorders. 2.0 Developing I can identify the layout of the DSM, different axes of the DSM, but need more time to review how this impacts the classification of disorders. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in level 2.
- 3. Fact of Falsehood •1. In some cultures, depression and schizophrenia are nonexistent. • 2. The more contact people have with individuals with disorders, the less accepting their attitudes are. • 3.About 30 percent of psychologically disordered people are dangerous; that is, they are more likely than other people to commit a crime. • 4.Research indicates that in the United States there are more prison inmates with severe mental disorders than there are psychiatric inpatients in all the country’s hospitals. • 5.Identical twins who have been raised separately sometimes develop similar phobias. • 6. Dissociative identity disorder is a type of schizophrenia. • 7. In North America, today’s young adults are three times more likely than their grandparents to report having suffered depression. • 8. White Americans commit suicide nearly twice as often as Black Americans do. • 9. There is strong evidence for a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia. • 10 Twenty-six percent of adult Americans suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder in a given year. 3
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- 5. Early Theories • Abnormalbehavior was evil spirits trying to get out. • Trephining was often used. • Another theory was to make the body extremely uncomfortable
- 6. Early Explanations ofMental Illness • Hippocrates – mental illness from imbalance of body’s four humors • Middle Ages – mentally ill labeled witches • What was used to “cure” individuals? LO 12.1 How has mental illness been explained? How is abnormality defined?
- 7. Some people stillthink mental illness is demonology
- 8. What Is Abnormal? Inabilityto Function Statistically Rare Social Norm Deviance Danger to Self/Others Subjective Discomfort
- 9. Perspectives and Disorders PsychologicalSchool/Perspective Cause of the Disorder Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Internal, unconscious drives Humanistic Failure to strive to one’s potential or being out of touch with one’s feelings. Behavioral Reinforcement history, the environment. Cognitive Irrational, dysfunctional thoughts or ways of thinking. Sociocultural Dysfunctional Society Biomedical/Neuroscience Organic problems, biochemical imbalances, genetic predispositions.
- 10. What is apsychological disorder? • Behavior patterns or mental processes that cause serious personal suffering or interfere with a person’s ability to cope with everyday life. • Three main components: – Deviant (being different) – Distressful (causes worry, pain or stress) – Dysfunctional (impairing life functioning) • About 1 in 7 adults in the United States have experienced a psychological disorder. 26% in the last year. *Note: Not all deviant behavior is considered a disorder, as sometimes it is just a cultural, situational or generational norm. (e.g. killing in war, dressing differently, praying loudly etc…) 10
- 11. Case Study: TheThree D’s: ADHD • ADHD • A psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity • 4% of children, though 10% are being medicated for it • Diagnosed 2-3 times more in boys than girls • Correlated to watching more TV before age 7 • Brain appears to be about three years behind on thinning of cortex and pruning • Medications help, but benefits may disappear after three years • FDA just approved an EEG brain wave method for diagnosing ADHD 11
- 12. ADHD Setting theRecord Straight
- 13. Biopsychosocial Approach toExplaining Disorders 13
- 14. Section 1: TestYour Knowledge Is this a psychological disorder? Why or Why Not? During most of her life, Mary has been inclined to keep to herself. She has few friends but no close friends. Her feelings are easily hurt, and she seldom participates in any social activities. As a child, she did nearly average work in school but never took part in school activities. She eventually dropped out of school and got a job. She rarely talks with the other employees and prefers to eat her lunch alone. She prefers to keep to herself and quietly talks to herself, even when customers are around. At times she refuses to eat certain foods for fear of being poisoned. Most of the time Mary refuses to attend to her personal hygiene and prefers to be left alone quietly muttering to herself. She leaves the house only for food and work. 14
- 15. 1: How shouldwe draw the line between normality and disorder? 2: What perspectives can help us understand psychological disorders? 15 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can teach someone else about, the definitions of normality and disorders as well as psychological perspectives on disorders. In addition to 3.0 , I can demonstrate applications and inferences beyond what was taught 3.0 Proficient I can explain, the definitions of normality and disorders as well as psychological perspectives on disorders with no major errors or omissions. 2.0 Developing I can identify terms associated, the definitions of normality and disorders as well as psychological perspectives on disorders, but need to review this concept more. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in 2.0
- 16. Abnormal Psych: Classificationand Labeling• Learning Goals: – Students should be able to answer the following: 3: How and why do clinicians classify psychological disorders? 4: Why do some psychologists criticize the use of diagnostic labels? 16 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can successfully answer level 3 AND critically debate if labeling disorders has a potential dangerous effect on self-fulfilling prophecy. ★ 3.0 ★ Proficient I can identify the layout of the DSM, and different axes of the DSM AND discuss the pros and cons of labeling disorders. 2.0 Developing I can identify the layout of the DSM, different axes of the DSM, but need more time to review how this impacts the classification of disorders. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in 2.0
- 17. How do psychologistsexplain disorders? • The Medical Model (Pinel): – Mental illness is a sickness (psychopathology) • Noticed people would become crazy due to syphilis • Dorothea Dix advocates for humane treatment in mental hospitals in America – Under the medical model, we seek to: • Diagnosis • Understand the Symptoms • Provide Treatment • And use psychiatric hospitals only when necessary Trephination -boring holes in the skull to remove evil forces 17
- 18. How do Psychologistsclassify disorders? • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR)-1994, Revised 2000 • Published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) • Closely follows World Heath Organization's International Classification of Diseases (ICD) • The DSM is revised every few years (DSM-V was published in 2013) – Contains over 400 disorder categories – DSM III included homosexuality as a disorder (1973), the DSM-IV does not. • Critics say the DSM is too broad and anyone can be classified with a disorder. People can be diagnosed falsely with diagnostic labels. • Goals of the DSM: 1. Identify and classify disorders 2. Determine prevalence (not treatment) 18
- 19. Two Major Disorder Classificationsin the DSM Neurotic Disorders • Distressing but one can still function in society and act rationally. Psychotic Disorders • Person loses contact with reality, experiences distorted perceptions. John Wayne Gacy
- 20. Group-think Share…. Neuroticor Psychotic and why? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
- 21. Layout of DSMDisorder Profiles I. Disorder Name II. Diagnostic features (this is complete description of the disorder) III. Associated features ( these are the features that accompany the disorder) IV. Development and Course (this is how the disorder can develop and how it could possibly affect the life course) V. Differential Diagnosis (other possible names or similar disorders)
- 22. DSM-IV-TR Psychological ProfileOverview Are Psychosocial or Environmental Problems (school or housing issues) also present?Axis IV What is the Global Assessment of the person’s functioning? (0-100 Point Scale)Axis V Is a General Medical Condition (diabetes, hypertension or arthritis etc) also present?Axis III Is a Personality Disorder or Mental Retardation present? Axis II Is a Clinical Syndrome (cognitive, anxiety, mood disorders [16 syndromes]) present?Axis I 22
- 23. DSM & Reliability •If two different psychologists interview the same patient, will they come up with the same diagnosis according to the DSM? • 83% of opinions agreed in one study based on criteria in the DSM (It supposedly has high validity and reliability) 23
- 24. Is There Dangerin Labeling People? What would you diagnose these people with? 24
- 25. Is There Dangerin Labeling People? • The Rosenhan Study (1973) – Faked a disorder to get into a mental institution – After arriving into the institution, the ‘pseudopatient’ stopped being symptomatic – On average it took 19 days before ‘pseudopatients’ were released, even though they were not experiencing symptoms – Conclusion: Labeling causes Doctors to see people as ‘insane’ even when they are ‘sane’ 25
- 26. Is There Dangerin Labeling People? 26
- 27. Is There Dangerin Labeling People? • Pros of Labeling – Communicate disorders – Discern Treatment – Comprehend underlying causes • Cons of Labeling – Leads to self-fulfilling prophecy for both patient and others – Creates a stigma that follows a person Operational Defiant Disorder 27
- 28. Section 2: TestYour Knowledge • A man is feeling depressed about his inability to support his family after losing his job. The fact that the patient is currently unemployed is coded on which axis in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR)? (A) Axis I (B) Axis II (C) Axis III (D) Axis IV (E) Axis V • The medical model views mental illness as: (A) A character defect (B) A disease or illness (C) An interaction of biological, cognitive, behavioral, social and cultural factors (D) Normal behavior in an abnormal context (E) Maladaptive contingencies of reinforcement 28
- 29. 3: How andwhy do clinicians classify psychological disorders? 4: Why do some psychologists criticize the use of diagnostic labels? 29 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can successfully answer level 3 AND critically debate if labeling disorders has a potential dangerous effect on self-fulfilling prophecy. ★ 3.0 ★ Proficient I can identify the layout of the DSM, and different axes of the DSM AND discuss the pros and cons of labeling disorders. 2.0 Developing I can identify the layout of the DSM, different axes of the DSM, but need more time to review how this impacts the classification of disorders. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in 2.0
- 30. Section 2: ProductAssessment • In groups of 3 to 4 people, you are to create a poster for a new disorder using the “Layout of DSM Disorder Profiles” (I-Name, II-Diagnostic, III- Associated Features, IV-Development, V- Differential Diagnosis) • A rationale as to why a disorder profile is needed for this disorder (included the three D’s from the prior lesson) • An illustration to go along with this disorder • Example: Senioritis 30
- 31. Abnormal Psych: AnxietyDisorders • Learning Goals: – Students should be able to answer the following: 5: What are anxiety disorders, and how do they differ from ordinary worries and fears? 6: What produces the thoughts and feelings that mark anxiety disorders? 31 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can satisfy all the requirements of level 3.0 and debate the legitimacy of the proposed causes of anxiety disorders. ★ 3.0 ★ Proficient I can identify, describe and explain causes of specific anxiety disorders. 2.0 Developing I can identify and describe some of the specific anxiety disorders. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in 2.0
- 32. Anxiety Disorders • Anxiety:General State of dread or uneasiness that occurs in response to a vague or imagined danger. • Also, nervousness, inability to relax, concern about losing control • Physical Symptoms caused by over active sympathetic nervous system: – Trembling, Sweating, Rapid Heart Rate, Shortness of Breath, Increased Blood Pressure, Flushed Face, Feelings of Light-headedness 32
- 33. Generalized Anxiety Disorder(GAD) • Excessive or unrealistic worry about life circumstances lasting for at least six months – Financial Issues, Work, Relationships • Hard to Treat and Diagnosis • Effects more Women and Blacks 33
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- 35. Panic Disorder withAgoraphobia • Panic Attack: a short period of intense fear or discomfort with most of the physical symptoms of anxiety present • Agoraphobia: Fear of being in places or situations in which escape may be difficult or impossible – Accounts for 50-80% of phobia clients seeking treatment • Both panic attacks and agoraphobia lead to avoidance behaviors • Treatment: – Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) – Behavioral Therapy with conditioning and relaxation 35
- 36. Phobias- “Fear Disorder” •Social Phobia – Fear of social situations in which one might be exposed to the close scrutiny of others and might be humiliated or embarrassed – Examples: Public speaking, eating in public or dating • Simple Phobia (most common) – Happens in women 2-1 – Animal, Situational, Injection – Irrational fear of a particular object or situation 36
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- 38. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder • Obsessions:Unwanted thoughts, ideas or mental images that occur over and over again • Compulsions: Repetitive ritual behaviors involving checking or cleaning (helps to reduce anxiety from obsessions) • 55% of OCD clients obsess over dirt or contamination • May be caused by frontal lobe glucose metabolism or wired into brain 38 A PET scan of the brain of a person with Obsessive- Compulsive Disorder (OCD). High metabolic activity (red) in the frontal lobe areas are involved with directing attention.
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- 41. Post Traumatic StressDisorder • Intense, persistent feelings of anxiety that are caused by a traumatic experience • Added to the DSM after the Vietnam War • Previously called “shell shock” and “battle fatigue” • Events that lead to PTSD: – Rape, Child Abuse, Assault, Severe Accidents, Natural Disasters, War – Lower than average cortisol levels may predispose people to PTSD • Symptoms: – Flashbacks & Nightmares – Tension & Aggression – Avoidance Behavior & Substance Abuse • Treatments: – Prolonged CBT – Virtual Therapy- reliving the event – EMDR 41
- 42. Post Traumatic StressDisorder 42
- 43. What Causes AnxietyDisorders? • Psychoanalytic Perspective: Repressed unconscious urges from childhood • Biological Perspective: Too much or too little of certain neurotransmitters or brain abnormality; sensitive amygdala • Behavioral (Learning) Perspective: Conditioned through classical conditioning or operant conditioning to experience anxiety 43
- 44. 5: What areanxiety disorders, and how do they differ from ordinary worries and fears? 6: What produces the thoughts and feelings that mark anxiety disorders? Mr. Burnes 44 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can satisfy all the requirements of level 3.0 and debate the legitimacy of the proposed causes of anxiety disorders. ★ 3.0 ★ Proficient I can identify, describe and explain causes of specific anxiety disorders. 2.0 Developing I can identify and describe some of the specific anxiety disorders. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in 2.0
- 45. Check Your Understanding:Anxiety Disorders • Which of the following is NOT considered an anxiety disorder? A) Ben, who goes home several times a day to check to see if the stove is off. B) Denise, who is terrorified of eating in public. C) Mary, who worries excessively about an upcoming job interview weeks before it happens. D) Kent, a solider who has experienced sudden blindness after seeing his buddies killed in war. E) Sara, who without reason, starts to hyperventalate and cry, while complaining that she thinks she will die. 45
- 46. Anxiety Disorder Review •Create a visual graphic organizer to help remember the different types of anxiety disorders 46 Anxiety Disorders
- 47. Abnormal Psych: Somatoformand Dissociative Disorders• Learning Goals: – Students should be able to answer the following: 7: What are somatoform disorders? 8: What are dissociative disorders, and why are they controversial? 47 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can satisfy level 3.0 and evaluate claims made by some researchers that dissociative or somatoform disorders are not true disorders. ★ 3.0 ★ Proficient I can identify somatoform and dissociative disorders, there symptoms and explain the possible causes of both types of disorders. 2.0 Developing I can identify somatoform and dissociative disorders. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in 2.0
- 48. Somatoform Disorders • Occurwhen a person manifests a psychological problem (depression) through a physiological symptom (paralysis). • Two types……
- 49. Somatoform Disorders • TypeI: Conversion Disorder – People experience a loss or change of physical functioning – No medical explanation – Examples: Sudden blindness, paralysis, glove anesthesia – Not faking it! – Women twice as likely to be diagnosed • Type II: Hypochondriasis – Unrealistic Preoccupation with serious disease – Will visit multiple doctors to be treated – Affects men and women equally – Caused by suppressed emotions that emerge as physical symptoms 49
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- 52. Dissociative Disorders • Disruptionsin conscious awareness and sense of identity (memory issues) • Explained by having unacceptable urges or protection from anxiety (psychoanalytic) • Three Types 52
- 53. Psychogenic Amnesia • Alsocalled “Dissociative Amnesia” • A person cannot remember things with no physiological basis for the disruption in memory. • Retrograde Amnesia • NOT organic amnesia. • Organic amnesia can be retrograde or anterograde.
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- 55. Dissociative Fugue • Peoplewith psychogenic amnesia that find themselves in an unfamiliar environment.
- 56. Dissociative Identity Disorder •Used to be known as Multiple Personality Disorder. • A person has several rather than one integrated personality. • People with DID commonly have a history of childhood abuse or trauma.
- 57. DID – Considered extremelyrare – The personalities alternate, with the original personality typically denying awareness of the other(s) – Skeptics question whether DID is a genuine disorder or an extension of our normal capacity for personality shifts. 57
- 58. DID- The facesof Eve 58
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- 61. 7: What aresomatoform disorders? 8: What are dissociative disorders, and why are they controversial? 61 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can satisfy level 3.0 and evaluate claims made by some researchers that dissociative or somatoform disorders are not true disorders. ★ 3.0 ★ Proficient I can identify somatoform and dissociative disorders, their symptoms and explain the possible causes of both types of disorders. 2.0 Developing I can identify somatoform and dissociative disorders. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in 2.0
- 62. Abnormal Psych: MoodDisorders • Learning Goals: – Students should be able to answer the following: 9: What are mood disorders, and what forms do they take? 10: What causes mood disorders, and what might explain the Western world’s rising incidence of depression among youth and young adults? 62 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can satisfy all the requirements of level 3.0 and analyze why mood disorders seem to affect some people and not others. ★ 3.0 ★ Proficient I can identify the symptoms associated with specific mood disorders and explain how mood disorders develop from biological and psychological perspectives. 2.0 Developing I can identify certain mood disorders. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in 2.0
- 63. Mood Disorders • Experienceextreme or inappropriate emotion.
- 64. Major Depression • A.K.A.unipolar depression • Unhappy for at least two weeks with no apparent cause. • Depression is the common cold of psychological disorders.
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- 66. Major Depressive Episode •Neurotransmitters involved: Serotonin and Norepinephrine • Five of the following symptoms must be present for diagnosis: 1. depressed mood most of the day 2. loss of interest or pleasure 3. significant weight loss or gain due to appetite 4. sleeping more than normal 5. speeding up/slowing down of physical and emotional reactions 6. Fatigue 7. feelings of worthlessness 8. inability to concentrate 9. recurrent thoughts of death or suicide 10. May last for periods of months or more 66
- 67. Dysthymic Disorder • Sufferingfrom mild depression every day for at least two years.
- 68. Dysthymic Disorder • Dysthymicdisorder lies between a blue mood and major depressive disorder. It is a disorder characterized by daily depression lasting two years or more. 68 Major Depressive Disorder Blue Mood Dysthymic Disorder
- 69. Dysthymic Disorder CaseStudy: Eeyore
- 70. Bipolar Disorder • Involvesperiods of depression and manic episodes. • Manic episodes involve feelings of high energy (but they tend to differ a lot…some get confident and some get irritable). • Engage in risky behavior during the manic episode.
- 71. Bipolar Disorder • Mayhear voices and experience hallucinations, Delusions of superior abilities – Example Behaviors: Spending sprees, quitting jobs to pursue wild dreams, making bad decisions • Mania: – Inflated Self-Esteem – Inability to Sit or Sleep – Pressure to keep talking (push of speech) – Racing Thoughts – Difficulty Concentrating – Overly Optimistic 71
- 72. 72 Mania can resembleschizophrenia or a crack high
- 73. 73 Creativity and BipolarDisorder
- 74. Bipolar Disorder: Subtypes •Bipolar I (most extreme) disorder is characterized by the presence of one or more manic or mixed episodes. Depressive episodes usually occur too. • Bipolar II (less extreme)disorder is characterized by highs that are never more severe than hypomania (less severe mania) together with major depressive episodes. • Cyclothymic disorder (least extreme) refers to frequent episodes of hypomania and mild depression occurring over at least a 2-year period. 74
- 75. Bipolar Disorder anin-depth explanation 75
- 76. Famous People withBipolar
- 77. 77 Explaining Mood Disorders Sincedepression is so prevalent worldwide, investigators want to develop a theory of depression that will suggest ways to treat it. Lewinsohn et al., (1985, 1995) note that a theory of depression should explain the following: • Behavioral and cognitive changes • Common causes of depression
- 78. 78 Theory of Depression Genderdifferences
- 79. 79 Theory of Depression •Depressive episodes self-terminate. • Depression is increasing, especially in teens. Post-partum depression
- 80. Suicide Statistics • 1million people worldwide/year • White Americans are twice as likely than Black Americans to kill themselves • Women are more likely to attempt, Men are more likely to succeed • Suicide rates have doubled in the last 40 years among teens • Who is likely to commit suicide? – The Rich – Single/divorced/widowed – White – Nonreligious – Teens & Elderly 80
- 81. 81 Biological Perspective Genetic Influences:Mood disorders run in families. The rate of depression is higher in identical (50%) than fraternal twins (20%). Linkage analysis and association studies link possible genes and dispositions for depression. JerryIrwinPhotography
- 82. 82 The Depressed Brain PETscans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with manic and depressive episodes. CourtesyofLewisBaxteranMichaelE. Phelps,UCLASchoolofMedicine
- 83. 83 Social-Cognitive Perspective The social-cognitiveperspective suggests that depression arises partly from self-defeating beliefs and negative explanatory styles.
- 84. 84 Depression Cycle Negative stressfulevents. Pessimistic explanatory style. Hopeless depressed state. These hamper the way the individual thinks and acts, fueling personal rejection.
- 85. 85 Example Explanatory style playsa major role in becoming depressed.
- 86. 9: What aremood disorders, and what forms do they take? 10: What causes mood disorders, and what might explain the Western world’s rising incidence of depression among youth and young adults? 86 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can satisfy all the requirements of level 3.0 and analyze why mood disorders seem to affect some people and not others. ★ 3.0 ★ Proficient I can identify the symptoms associated with specific mood disorders and explain how mood disorders develop from biological and psychological perspectives. 2.0 Developing I can identify certain mood disorders. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in 2.0
- 87. Section 5: TestYour Knowledge Which of the following is NOT true regarding depression? A. Depression is more common in females than males. B. Most depressive episodes appear not to be preceded by any particular factor or event C. Most depressive episodes last less than 3 months D. Most people recover from depression without professional therapy. The risk of major depression and bipolar disorder dramatically increases if you: A. have suffered a debilitating injury B. have an adoptive parent with the disorder C. have a parent or sibling with the disorder D. have a life-threatening illness E. have above-average intelligence 87
- 88. Schizophrenia• Learning Goals: –Students should be able to answer the following: 11: What patterns of thinking, perceiving, feeling, and behaving characterize schizophrenia? 12: What causes schizophrenia? 88 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can satisfy all the requirements of level 3.0 and analyze why persons with schizophrenia display different symptoms based on their subtypes. ★ 3.0 ★ Proficient I can identify the specific feature of schizophrenia and its subtypes and discuss the theories that seek to explain how schizophrenia is contracted. 2.0 Developing I can identify the specific feature of schizophrenia and its subtypes. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in 2.0
- 89. Schizophrenia Overview • 1in 100 people develop schizophrenia "split mind” • One of the most serious disorders of psychology • 2 million in the United States, 24 million worldwide • Characterized by loss of contact with reality • May appear suddenly or gradually • Usually appears in males during adolescents and females during 20’s. • Breakdown in selective attention 89
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- 91. Schizophrenia Overview • DisorganizedThinking – Fragmented speech (word salad) – Delusions (false beliefs) – Inability to filter selective attention • Disturbed Perceptions – Hallucinations (mostly auditory sensation errors) – Described as a dream happening while awake • Inappropriate Emotions and Actions – Wrong or no emotions (flat affect) – Senseless or weird acts (playing with hair) 91
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- 94. Positive and NegativeSymptoms • Schizophrenics have present inappropriate symptoms (hallucinations, disorganized thinking, deluded ways) that are not present in normal individuals (positive symptoms). • Schizophrenics also have an absence of appropriate symptoms (apathy, expressionless faces, rigid bodies) that are present in normal individuals (negative symptoms). 94 Positive or Negative Symptom?
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- 97. Possible Causes ofSchizophrenia • DOPAMINE – Too much of it! – Leads to hallucinations • UNUSUAL BRAIN ACTIVITY – Low frontal lobe activity – Misfiring neurons – Increased activity in the core (thalamus and amygdala) • MATERNAL VIRUS – Flu virus during first term of pregnancy – Babies born in the winter months increased risk • GENETICS – 1 in 10 if family member has it – 1 in 2 if identical twin has it – Not the sole cause of the disorder • PSYCHOANALYTIC VIEW – Id is overwhelmed and out of control – Family members are pushy and overly critical 97
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- 100. Early Warning Signsof Schizophrenia 100 100 Birth complications, oxygen deprivation and low-birth weight. 2. Short attention span and poor muscle coordination.3. Poor peer relations and solo play.6. Emotional unpredictability.5. Disruptive and withdrawn behavior.4. A mother’s long lasting schizophrenia.1.
- 101. 11: What patternsof thinking, perceiving, feeling, and behaving characterize schizophrenia? 12: What causes schizophrenia? 101 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can satisfy all the requirements of level 3.0 and analyze why persons with schizophrenia display different symptoms based on their subtypes. ★ 3.0 ★ Proficient I can identify the specific feature of schizophrenia and its subtypes and discuss the theories that seek to explain how schizophrenia is contracted. 2.0 Developing I can identify the specific feature of schizophrenia and its subtypes. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in 2.0
- 102. Check Your Understanding:Schizophrenia • The _____ type of schizophreneia is characted by delusions. A) Rediudal B) Catatonic C) Paranoid D) Undifferentiated E) Disorganized 102
- 103. Check Your Understanding:Schizophrenia • Most of the drugs that are useful in the treatment of schizophrenia are know to correct ____ activity in the brain. A) Norepinephrine B) Epinephrine C) Serotonin D) GABA E) Dopamine 103
- 104. Labeling a PersonCriminally Insane • “Insanity” labels raise moral and ethical questions about how society should treat people who have disorders and have committed crimes. • See article: Insanity Defense Una-bomber 104
- 105. Abnormal Psych: PersonalityDisorders and Stats on Disorders • Learning Goals: – Students should be able to answer the following: 13: What characteristics typical of personality disorders? 14: How many people suffer or have suffered from a psychological disorder? 105 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can satisfy all the requirements of level 3.0 and debate whether personality disorders might add negative labels to individuals. ★ 3.0 ★ Proficient I can identify specific personality disorders and explain how they differ from Axis I disorders. 2.0 Developing I can identify personality disorder clusters and some of their subtypes. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in 2.0
- 106. Personality Disorders • Well-established, maladaptiveways of behaving that negatively affect people’s ability to function. • Dominates their personality.
- 107. Personality Disorders- AxisII • Patterns of inflexible traits that disrupt social life or work and/or distress the affected individual impairing their social functioning. • Hard to estimate because people rarely seek treatment (don’t think they have a problem) • Cluster A: Odd/Eccentric Behaviors – Schizoid (78/22)- Loner – Paranoid (67/33)- Untrusting – Schizotypal (55/45)- Very Odd • Cluster B: Dramatic/Impulsive Behavior – Narcissistic (70/30) – Better than Everyone – Borderline (38/62) – Unstable – Histrionic (15/85)- Center of Attention – Antisocial (82/18)- No Remorse • Cluster C: Fearful/Anxiety Behaviors – Avoidant (50/50) - Timid, Shy – Dependent (31/69) – Stage Five Clinger “needy” – Obsessive-Compulsive (50/50) – My way or the highway- Perfectionistic 107
- 108. Dependent Personality Disorder •Rely too much on the attention and help of others. • has difficulty making everyday decisions without an excessive amount of advice and reassurance from others
- 109. Histrionic Personality Disorder •Needs to be the center of attention. • acting silly or dressing provocatively or exaggerate illnesses in order to gain attention • They also tend to exaggerate friendships and relationships, believing that everyone loves them
- 110. Narcissistic Personality Disorder •Having an unwarranted sense of self-importance. • Thinking that you are the center of the universe.
- 111. Schizoid Personality Disorder •People with schizoid personality disorder avoid relationships and do not show much emotion They genuinely prefer to be alone and do not secretly wish for popularity.
- 112. Antisocial Personality Disorder •Lack of empathy. • Little regard for other’s feelings. • View the world as hostile and look out for themselves.
- 113. Antisocial Personality Disorder •antisocial personality disorder is characterized by a lack of conscience •People with this disorder are prone to criminal behavior, believing that their victims are weak and deserving of being taken advantage of. They tend to lie and steal
- 114. Antisocial Personality Disorder •they are careless with money and take action without thinking about consequences They are often aggressive and are much more concerned with their own needs than the needs of others.
- 115. Antisocial Personality Disorder •AKA: Sociopath or Psychopath – Typically a male, Begins before age 15 – Lies, steals, fights, sexually uninhibited – Don't care about others rights or feelings (even family) • Biological Origins of ASPD – No one gene (although twins studies support genetics) – Reduced arousal in autonomic nervous system – Reduced activity in frontal lobe gives way to impulsivity • Environmental Origins of ASPD – Family instability – Poverty – Conditioning and Abuse 115 Ted Bundy Serial Killer convicted of killing several people including Florida State Chi Omega Sorority girls in 1978
- 116. Rates of PsychologicalDisorders 116
- 117. Other Disorders • Paraphilias (pedophilia, zoophilia, hybristophilia) •Fetishism • sadist, masochist • Eating Disorders • Substance use disorders • ADHD
- 118. 13: What characteristicstypical of personality disorders? 14: How many people suffer or have suffered from a psychological disorder? 118 Rating Student Evidence 4.0 Expert I can satisfy all the requirements of level 3.0 and debate whether personality disorders might add negative labels to individuals. ★ 3.0 ★ Proficient I can identify specific personality disorders and explain how they differ from Axis I disorders. 2.0 Developing I can identify personality disorder clusters and some of their subtypes. 1.0 Beginning I need more prompting and/or support to identify the concepts stated in 2.0
Editor's Notes
- #4 F (p. 562) 2. F (p. 568) 3. F (p. 568) 4. T (p. 569) 5. T (p. 575) 6. F (p. 578)7. T (p. 583)8. T (p. 584)9. T (pp. 594–595) 10. T (p. 599)
- #5 Psychopathology - the study of abnormal behavior. Psychological disorders - any pattern of behavior that causes people significant distress, causes them to harm others, or harms their ability to function in daily life.
- #7 Hippocrates believed that mental illness came from an imbalance in the body’s four humors. Hippocrates was not correct in his assumptions about the humors of the body (phlegm, black bile, blood, and yellow bile), his was the first recorded attempt to explain abnormal behavior as due to some biological process. In the Middle Ages, the mentally ill were labeled as witches.
- #8 Hippocrates believed that mental illness came from an imbalance in the body’s four humors. Hippocrates was not correct in his assumptions about the humors of the body (phlegm, black bile, blood, and yellow bile), his was the first recorded attempt to explain abnormal behavior as due to some biological process. In the Middle Ages, the mentally ill were labeled as witches.
- #9 Statistical Definition One way to define normal and abnormal is to use a statistical definition. Frequently occurring behavior would be considered normal, and behavior that is rare would be abnormal. Social Norm Deviance Another way of defining abnormality is to see it as something that goes against the norms or standards of the society in which the individual lives. Subjective Discomfort One sign of abnormality is when the person experiences a great deal of subjective discomfort, or emotional distress while engaging in a particular behavior. Inability to Function Normally Behavior that does not allow a person to fit into society or function normally can also be labeled abnormal. This kind of behavior is termed maladaptive, meaning that the person finds it hard to adapt to the demands of day-to-day living.
- #11 Psychological disorders consist of deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional behavior patterns. Mental health workers view psychological disorders as persistently harmful thoughts, feelings, and actions. Standards of deviant behavior vary by culture, context, and even time.
- #12 Deviant (being different) Distressful (causes worry, pain or stress) Dysfunctional (impairing life functioning) For example, chil dren once regarded as fidgety, distractible, and impulsive are now being diagnosed with attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Critics question whether the label is being applied to healthy schoolchildren who, in more natural outdoor environments, would seem perfectly normal. Although the proportion of children treated for the disorder has increased dramatically, the perva- siveness of the diagnosis depends in part on teacher referrals. Others counterargue that the more frequent diagnoses of ADHD reflect increased awareness of the disorder, particularly in those areas where the rates are highest.
- #13 Deviant (being different) Distressful (causes worry, pain or stress) Dysfunctional (impairing life functioning) For example, chil dren once regarded as fidgety, distractible, and impulsive are now being diagnosed with attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Critics question whether the label is being applied to healthy schoolchildren who, in more natural outdoor environments, would seem perfectly normal. Although the proportion of children treated for the disorder has increased dramatically, the perva- siveness of the diagnosis depends in part on teacher referrals. Others counterargue that the more frequent diagnoses of ADHD reflect increased awareness of the disorder, particularly in those areas where the rates are highest.
- #18 The medical model assumes that psychological disorders are mental illnesses that need to be diag- nosed on the basis of their symptoms and cured through therapy. Critics argue that psychological disorders may not reflect a deep internal problem but instead a difficulty in the person’s environ- ment, in the person’s current interpretation of events, or in the person’s bad habits and poor social skills. Psychologists who reject the “sickness” idea typically contend that all behavior arises from the interaction of nature (genetic and physiological factors) and nurture (past and present experiences). The biopsychosocial approach assumes that disorders are influenced by genetic predispositions and physiological states, inner psychological dynamics, and social and cultural circumstances.
- #19 DSM-IV-TR is a current authoritative scheme for classifying psychological disorders. This volume is the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, updated in 2000 as “text revision.” DSM-V Fall-2013 DSM diagnoses were developed in coordination with the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). Most health insurance policies in North America require an ICD diagnosis before they will pay for therapy.
- #23 The current DSM-IV uses a system of five axes, or categories of things for the therapist to consider when making a comprehensive diagnosis. Going through these axes, and what kinds of things a therapists marks down for each of them, can help us get a better picture of the many factors involved in psychological health. Axis I includes clinical disorders, some of which you've probably heard of: depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorder, anorexia and schizophrenia, among others. Developmental or learning disorders such as ADHD and autism are included here as well, as are substance abuse disorders such as alcoholism. Axis II is for intellectual disabilities and personality disorders, such as paranoid personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder and narcissistic personality disorder. Axis III includes acute medical conditions and physical disorders; since some conditions can affect mental health, therapists record them as a part of the diagnostic process. Axis IV is where therapists can note social and environmental factors that contribute to the person's overall mental health. These could be things like negative life events, stressful family relationships or inadequate social support. Axis V is known as the Global Assessment of Functioning. Therapists use this assessment to judge how well a patient carries out the activities of daily living on a scale from 0-100. This completes the patient's psychological profile.
- #24 The DSM describes various disorders and has high reliability. For example, two clinicians who are working independently and applying the guidelines are likely to reach the same diagnosis. As a complement to the DSM, some psychologists are offering a manual of human strengths and virtues (the “un-DSM”).
- #28 Critics point out that labels can create preconceptions that bias our perceptions of people’s past and present behavior and unfairly stigmatize these individuals. Labels can also serve as self- fulfilling prophecies. However, diagnostic labels help not only to describe a psychological disorder but also to enable mental health professionals to communicate about their cases, to comprehend the underlying causes, and to discern effective treatment programs. The label insanity raises moral and ethical questions about how society should treat people who have disorders and have commit- ted crimes.
- #29 Answer D, B
- #31 Answer = B
- #33 Many everyday experiences—public speaking, preparing to play in a big game, looking down from a high ledge—may elicit anxiety. In contrast, anxiety disorders are characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or dysfunctional anxiety-reducing behaviors.
- #34 Generalized anxiety disorder is an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, appre- hensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal..
- #35 Generalized anxiety disorder is an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, appre- hensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal..
- #36 Panic disorder is an anxiety disorder in which the anxiety suddenly escalates at times into a terrifying panic attack, a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, chok- ing, or other frightening sensations
- #37 A phobia is an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation. In contrast to the normal fears we all experience, phobias can be so severe that they are incapacitating. For example, social phobia, an intense fear of being scrutinized by others, is shyness taken to an extreme. The anxious person may avoid speaking up, eating out, or going to parties. If the fear is intense enough, it can lead to agoraphobia. Other specific phobias focus on animals, insects, heights, blood, or close spaces.
- #38 A phobia is an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation. In contrast to the normal fears we all experience, phobias can be so severe that they are incapacitating. For example, social phobia, an intense fear of being scrutinized by others, is shyness taken to an extreme. The anxious person may avoid speaking up, eating out, or going to parties. If the fear is intense enough, it can lead to agoraphobia. Other specific phobias focus on animals, insects, heights, blood, or close spaces.
- #39 An obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repeti- tive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions). The obsessions may be concerned with dirt, germs, or toxins. The compulsions may involve excessive hand washing or checking doors, locks, or appliances. The repetitive thoughts and behaviors become so persistent that they interfere with everyday living and cause the person distress.
- #41 An obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repeti- tive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions). The obsessions may be concerned with dirt, germs, or toxins. The compulsions may involve excessive hand washing or checking doors, locks, or appliances. The repetitive thoughts and behaviors become so persistent that they interfere with everyday living and cause the person distress.
- #42 Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and insomnia that last for four weeks or more following a traumatic experience. Many combat veterans, accident and disaster survivors, and sexual assault victims have experienced the symptoms of PTSD. Some researchers are interested in the impressive sur- vivor resiliency of those who do not develop PTSD. About half of adults experience at least one traumatic experience in their lifetime, but only about 1 in 10 women and 1 in 20 men develop PTSD symptoms. For some, suffering can lead to post-traumatic growth, including an increased appreciation of life, more meaningful relationships, changed priorities, and a richer spiritual life.
- #43 Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and insomnia that last for four weeks or more following a traumatic experience. Many combat veterans, accident and disaster survivors, and sexual assault victims have experienced the symptoms of PTSD. Some researchers are interested in the impressive sur- vivor resiliency of those who do not develop PTSD. About half of adults experience at least one traumatic experience in their lifetime, but only about 1 in 10 women and 1 in 20 men develop PTSD symptoms. For some, suffering can lead to post-traumatic growth, including an increased appreciation of life, more meaningful relationships, changed priorities, and a richer spiritual life.
- #44 . The bio- logical perspective helps explain why we learn some fears more readily and why some individuals are more vulnerable. It emphasizes evolutionary, genetic, and neural influences. For example, pho- bias may focus on fears faced by our ancestors, genetic inheritance of a high level of emotional reactivity predisposes some to anxiety, and elevated activity in the anterior cingulate cortex appears to be linked to OCD. The learning perspective views anxiety disorders as a product of fear conditioning, stimulus generalization, reinforcement of fearful behaviors, and observational learning of others’ fears
- #46 Answer: D
- #49 Somatoform disorders are psychological disorders in which the symptoms take a bodily (somatic) form without apparent physical cause. One person may have complaints ranging from dizziness to blurred vision. Another may experience severe and prolonged pain.
- #50 Conversion disorder is a rare somatoform disorder in which anxiety is presumably converted into a physical symptom. A person experiences very specific genuine symptoms for which no physiological basis is found. These may include unexplained paralysis, blindness, or an inability to swallow. In hypochondriasis, which is relatively common, a person interprets normal physical sensations as symptoms of a disease. For example, a stomach cramp or a headache may be viewed as evidence of a dreaded disease.
- #53 In dissociative disorders, a person appears to experience a sudden loss of memory or change in identity, often in response to an overwhelmingly stressful situation. A person may have no memory of his identity or family. Conscious awareness is said to dissociate or become separated from painful memories, thoughts, and feelings. Dissociation itself is not uncommon. On occasion, many people may have a sense of being unreal, of being separated from their body, or of watching them- selves as if in a movie. Facing trauma, detachment may protect a person from being overwhelmed by anxiety.
- #54 Psychogenic amnesia, or dissociative amnesia, is a memory disorder characterized by sudden retrograde autobiographical memory loss, said to occur for a period of time ranging from hours to years.[1] More recently, "dissociative amnesia" has been defined as a dissociative disorder "characterized by retrospectively reported memory gaps. These gaps involve an inability to recall personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature."[2] In a change from the DSM-IV to the DSM-5, dissociative fugue is now subsumed under dissociative amnesia.[3]
- #55 Psychogenic amnesia, or dissociative amnesia, is a memory disorder characterized by sudden retrograde autobiographical memory loss, said to occur for a period of time ranging from hours to years.[1] More recently, "dissociative amnesia" has been defined as a dissociative disorder "characterized by retrospectively reported memory gaps. These gaps involve an inability to recall personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature."[2] In a change from the DSM-IV to the DSM-5, dissociative fugue is now subsumed under dissociative amnesia.[3]
- #57 Dissociative identity disorder (DID) is a rare disorder in which a person exhibits two or more dis- tinct and alternating personalities, with the original personality typically denying awareness of the other(s). Skeptics question whether DID is a genuine disorder or an extension of our normal capacity for personality shifts. Or is it merely role-playing by fantasy-prone individuals? They find it suspicious that the disorder became so popular in the late twentieth century and that outside North America it is much less prevalent. (In Britain, it is rare, and in India and Japan, it is essen- tially nonexistent.) Some argue that the condition is either contrived by fantasy-prone, emotionally variable people or constructed out of the therapist-patient interaction. Other psychologists disagree and find support for DID as a genuine disorder in the distinct brain and body states associated with differing personalities. Even handedness sometimes switches with personality. From psychoanalytic and learning perspectives, the symptoms of DID are ways of dealing with anxiety. Other clinicians include dissociative disorders under the umbrella of post-traumatic stress disorders—a natural, protective response to “histories of childhood trauma.”
- #58 Dissociative identity disorder (DID) is a rare disorder in which a person exhibits two or more dis- tinct and alternating personalities, with the original personality typically denying awareness of the other(s). Skeptics question whether DID is a genuine disorder or an extension of our normal capacity for personality shifts. Or is it merely role-playing by fantasy-prone individuals? They find it suspicious that the disorder became so popular in the late twentieth century and that outside North America it is much less prevalent. (In Britain, it is rare, and in India and Japan, it is essen- tially nonexistent.) Some argue that the condition is either contrived by fantasy-prone, emotionally variable people or constructed out of the therapist-patient interaction. Other psychologists disagree and find support for DID as a genuine disorder in the distinct brain and body states associated with differing personalities. Even handedness sometimes switches with personality. From psychoanalytic and learning perspectives, the symptoms of DID are ways of dealing with anxiety. Other clinicians include dissociative disorders under the umbrella of post-traumatic stress disorders—a natural, protective response to “histories of childhood trauma.”
- #59 Dissociative identity disorder (DID) is a rare disorder in which a person exhibits two or more dis- tinct and alternating personalities, with the original personality typically denying awareness of the other(s). Skeptics question whether DID is a genuine disorder or an extension of our normal capacity for personality shifts. Or is it merely role-playing by fantasy-prone individuals? They find it suspicious that the disorder became so popular in the late twentieth century and that outside North America it is much less prevalent. (In Britain, it is rare, and in India and Japan, it is essen- tially nonexistent.) Some argue that the condition is either contrived by fantasy-prone, emotionally variable people or constructed out of the therapist-patient interaction. Other psychologists disagree and find support for DID as a genuine disorder in the distinct brain and body states associated with differing personalities. Even handedness sometimes switches with personality. From psychoanalytic and learning perspectives, the symptoms of DID are ways of dealing with anxiety. Other clinicians include dissociative disorders under the umbrella of post-traumatic stress disorders—a natural, protective response to “histories of childhood trauma.”
- #60 Dissociative identity disorder (DID) is a rare disorder in which a person exhibits two or more dis- tinct and alternating personalities, with the original personality typically denying awareness of the other(s). Skeptics question whether DID is a genuine disorder or an extension of our normal capacity for personality shifts. Or is it merely role-playing by fantasy-prone individuals? They find it suspicious that the disorder became so popular in the late twentieth century and that outside North America it is much less prevalent. (In Britain, it is rare, and in India and Japan, it is essen- tially nonexistent.) Some argue that the condition is either contrived by fantasy-prone, emotionally variable people or constructed out of the therapist-patient interaction. Other psychologists disagree and find support for DID as a genuine disorder in the distinct brain and body states associated with differing personalities. Even handedness sometimes switches with personality. From psychoanalytic and learning perspectives, the symptoms of DID are ways of dealing with anxiety. Other clinicians include dissociative disorders under the umbrella of post-traumatic stress disorders—a natural, protective response to “histories of childhood trauma.”
- #61 Dissociative identity disorder (DID) is a rare disorder in which a person exhibits two or more dis- tinct and alternating personalities, with the original personality typically denying awareness of the other(s). Skeptics question whether DID is a genuine disorder or an extension of our normal capacity for personality shifts. Or is it merely role-playing by fantasy-prone individuals? They find it suspicious that the disorder became so popular in the late twentieth century and that outside North America it is much less prevalent. (In Britain, it is rare, and in India and Japan, it is essen- tially nonexistent.) Some argue that the condition is either contrived by fantasy-prone, emotionally variable people or constructed out of the therapist-patient interaction. Other psychologists disagree and find support for DID as a genuine disorder in the distinct brain and body states associated with differing personalities. Even handedness sometimes switches with personality. From psychoanalytic and learning perspectives, the symptoms of DID are ways of dealing with anxiety. Other clinicians include dissociative disorders under the umbrella of post-traumatic stress disorders—a natural, protective response to “histories of childhood trauma.”
- #64 Mood disorders are psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes.
- #65 Major depressive disorder occurs when at least five signs of depression (including lethargy, feelings of worthlessness, or loss of interest in family, friends, and activities) last two or more weeks and are not caused by drugs or a medical conditions
- #66 Low levels of serotonin and norepinephrine have been observed in depressed patients. There are also differences in actual brain structure; the basal ganglia, thalamus and hippocampus are all differently shaped. Interestingly, it's been shown that increasing serotonin levels in the brain can actually stimulate growth in the hippocampus, so it's possible that these things are related.
- #67 Low levels of serotonin and norepinephrine have been observed in depressed patients. There are also differences in actual brain structure; the basal ganglia, thalamus and hippocampus are all differently shaped. Interestingly, it's been shown that increasing serotonin levels in the brain can actually stimulate growth in the hippocampus, so it's possible that these things are related.
- #68 dysthymic disorder. This is a milder, more long-lasting form of depression. If you experience mild depressive symptoms for over two years, you might have dysthymic disorder. It's treated similarly to depression.
- #72 . Bipolar disorder is just what it sounds like; it makes people hang out at BOTH ends, or 'poles,' of this mood spectrum. They have episodes similar to those in major depressive disorder, followed by periods of mania. During the manic phase, people with bipolar disorder are typically overtalkative, overactive, and elated (though easily irritated if crossed); have little need for sleep; and show fewer sexual inhibitions. Speech is loud, flighty, and hard to interrupt. They find advice irritating, yet they need protection from their own poor judgment, which may lead to reckless spending or unsafe sex. Mania is characterized by: Feeling of being high Decreased need for sleep Inflated self-esteem Fast speech General agitation Some extremely manic episodes can even have psychotic symptoms like delusions or hallucinations, but this is uncommon.
- #73 . Bipolar disorder is just what it sounds like; it makes people hang out at BOTH ends, or 'poles,' of this mood spectrum. They have episodes similar to those in major depressive disorder, followed by periods of mania. Mania is characterized by: Feeling of being high Decreased need for sleep Inflated self-esteem Fast speech General agitation Some extremely manic episodes can even have psychotic symptoms like delusions or hallucinations, but this is uncommon.
- #74 Creativity and bipolar disorder History has given us many creative artists, composers, and writers with bipolar disorder, including (left to right) Walt Whitman, Virginia Woolf, Samuel Clemens (Mark Twain), and Ernest Hemingway.
- #75 there are actually three kinds of bipolar disorder, varying in severity. Hanging out at extreme poles is bipolar I. Less extreme is bipolar II. Least extreme is cyclothymia. Note the thymia? It basically means mood or 'state of mind,' and it's in dysthymia as well. These two are both milder forms of acute mood disorders.
- #76 there are actually three kinds of bipolar disorder, varying in severity. Hanging out at extreme poles is bipolar I. Less extreme is bipolar II. Least extreme is cyclothymia. Note the thymia? It basically means mood or 'state of mind,' and it's in dysthymia as well. These two are both milder forms of acute mood disorders.
- #78 OBJECTIVE 13| Discuss the facts that an acceptable theory of depression must explain.
- #79 Interviews with 38,000 adults in 10 countries confirm what many smaller studies have found: Women’s risk of major depression is nearly double that of men’s. Lifetime risk of depression also varies by culture—from 1.5 percent in Taiwan to 19 percent in Beirut. (Data from Weissman et al., 1996.)
- #80 Most major depressive episodes self-terminate. Therapy tends to speed recovery, yet most people suffering major depression eventually return to normal even without professional help. The plague of depression comes and, a few weeks or months later, it goes, though it sometimes recurs (Burcusa & Iacono, 2007). About 50 percent of those who recover from depression will suffer another episode within two years. In North America, today’s young adults are three times more likely than their grandparents to report having recently—or ever—suffered depression (despite the grandparents’ many more years of being at risk). The increase appears partly authentic, but it may also reflect today’s young adults’ greater willingness to disclose depression.
- #81 Depressed people don't often commit suicide basically because it's too much effort. They don't have the motivation to actually do it. Sometimes when they're being treated and starting to come out of a depressed state, they do commit suicide. This basically happens to bipolar people every time they switch their mood. Most suicide is committed during manic episodes.
- #82 OBJECTIVE 14| Summarize the contribution of the biological perspective to the study of depression, and discuss the link between suicide and depression.
- #83 These top-facing PET scans show that brain energy consumption rises and falls with the patient’s emotional switches. Red areas are where the brain rapidly consumes glucose. Courtesy of Lewis Baxter and Michael E. Phelps, UCLA School of Medicin
- #84 The social-cognitive perspective suggests that self-defeating beliefs, which arise in part from learned helplessness, and a negative explanatory style feed depression. Depressed people explain bad events in terms that are global, stable, and internal. This perspective sees the disorder as a vicious cycle in which (1) negative, stressful events are interpreted through (2) a ruminating, pes- simistic explanatory style, creating (3) a hopeless, depressed state that (4) hampers the way a per- son thinks and acts. This, in turn, fuels (1) negative experiences such as rejection.
- #85 e can now assemble some of the pieces of the depression puzzle (Figure 12.8): (1) Negative, stressful events interpreted through (2) a ruminating, pessimistic explanatory style create (3) a hopeless, depressed state that (4) hampers the way the person thinks and acts. This, in turn, fuels (1) negative, stressful experiences such as rejection.
- #86 So it is with depressed people, who tend to explain bad events in terms that are stable (“It’s going to last forever”), global (“It’s going to affect everything I do”), and internal (“It’s all my fault”) (Figure 12.7). Depression-prone people respond to bad events in an especially self-focused, self-blaming way (Mor & Winquist, 2002; Pyszczynski et al., 1991; Wood et al., 1990a,b). Their self-esteem fluctuates more rapidly up with boosts and down with threats (Butler et al., 1994).
- #88 Answer: C
- #91 Schizophrenia is a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional think- ing, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions. Literally, schizophrenia means “split mind,” which refers to a split from reality rather than multiple personality. The thinking of people with schizophrenia may be marked by delusions, that is, false beliefs—often of persecution or grandeur. Sometimes, they also experience hallucinations, sensory experiences without sensory stimulation. Hallucinations are usually auditory and often take the form of voices making insulting statements or giving orders.
- #92 Schizophrenia is a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional think- ing, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions. Literally, schizophrenia means “split mind,” which refers to a split from reality rather than multiple personality. The thinking of people with schizophrenia may be marked by delusions, that is, false beliefs—often of persecution or grandeur. Sometimes, they also experience hallucinations, sensory experiences without sensory stimulation. Hallucinations are usually auditory and often take the form of voices making insulting statements or giving orders.
- #93 Schizophrenia is a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional think- ing, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions. Literally, schizophrenia means “split mind,” which refers to a split from reality rather than multiple personality. The thinking of people with schizophrenia may be marked by delusions, that is, false beliefs—often of persecution or grandeur. Sometimes, they also experience hallucinations, sensory experiences without sensory stimulation. Hallucinations are usually auditory and often take the form of voices making insulting statements or giving orders.
- #94 Schizophrenia is a group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional think- ing, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions. Literally, schizophrenia means “split mind,” which refers to a split from reality rather than multiple personality. The thinking of people with schizophrenia may be marked by delusions, that is, false beliefs—often of persecution or grandeur. Sometimes, they also experience hallucinations, sensory experiences without sensory stimulation. Hallucinations are usually auditory and often take the form of voices making insulting statements or giving orders.
- #95 Schizophrenia patients who are disorganized and deluded in their talk or prone to inappropriate laughter, tears, or rage are said to have positive symptoms. When appropriate behaviors are absent (for example, the schizophrenia patient has a toneless voice, expressionless face, and a mute or rigid body), the person is showing negative symptoms.
- #96 he subtypes of schizophrenia include paranoid (preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations, often of persecution or grandiosity), dis- organized (disorganized speech or behavior, or flat affect or inappropriate emotions), catatonic (immobility, extreme negativism, and/or parrotlike repetition of another’s speech or movements), undifferentiated (many and varied symptoms), and residual (withdrawal after hallucinations and delusions have disappeared).
- #97 he subtypes of schizophrenia include paranoid (preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations, often of persecution or grandiosity), dis- organized (disorganized speech or behavior, or flat affect or inappropriate emotions), catatonic (immobility, extreme negativism, and/or parrotlike repetition of another’s speech or movements), undifferentiated (many and varied symptoms), and residual (withdrawal after hallucinations and delusions have disappeared).
- #98 Researchers have linked certain forms of schizophrenia with brain abnormalities such as increased receptors for the neurotransmitter dopamine. Impaired glutamate activity appears to be another source of schizophrenia symptoms. Modern brain-scanning techniques indicate that people with chronic schizophrenia have abnormal activity in multiple brain areas. Out-of-sync neurons may disrupt the integrated functioning of neural networks. Some patients appear to have abnormally low brain activity in the frontal lobes or enlarged, fluid-filled areas and a corresponding shrinkage of cerebral tissue. Another smaller-than-normal area in persons with schizophrenia is the thalamus. A possible cause of these abnormalities is a midpregnancy viral infection that impairs fetal brain development. For example, people are at increased risk of schizophrenia if, during the middle of their fetal development, their country experienced a flu epidemic. People born in densely populat- ed areas, where viral diseases spread more readily, also seem at greater risk for schizophrenia.
- #99 insula
- #101 No environmental factors have been discovered that invariably produce schizophrenia in persons who are not related to a person with schizophrenia. However, researchers have pinpointed possible early warning signs of schizophrenia in children. These include a mother whose schizophrenia was severe and long-lasting, birth complications, separation from parents, short attention span and poor muscle coordination, disruptive or withdrawn behavior, emotional unpredictability, and poor peer relations and solo play.
- #103 Answer: C
- #104 Answer: E
- #107 Personality disorders are well-established, maladaptive ways of behaving that negatively affect people’s ability to function. The most important personality disorder with which you should be familiar is antisocial personality disorder.
- #108 Personality disorders are psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behav- ior patterns that impair social functioning. One cluster expresses anxiety (e.g., avoidant), a second cluster expresses eccentric behaviors (e.g., schizoid), and a third exhibits dramatic or impulsive behaviors (e.g., histrionic and narcissistic).
- #116 The most troubling of these disorders is the antisocial personality disorder, in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdo- ing, even toward friends and family members. This person may be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist. Brain scans of murderers with this disorder have revealed reduced activity in the frontal lobes, an area of the cortex that helps control impulses. A genetic predisposition may inter- act with environmental influences to produce this disorder.
- #118 Paraphilias or psychosexual disorders are marked by the sexual attraction to an object, person, or activity not usually seen as sexual. For instance, attraction to children is called pedophilia, to animals is called zoophilia, and to objects, such as shoes, is called fetishism. Someone who becomes sexually aroused by watching others engage in some kind of sexual behavior is a voyeur, someone who is aroused by having pain inflicted upon them is a masochist, and someone who is aroused by inflicting pain on someone else is a sadist. Interestingly, most paraphilias occur more commonly in men than in women, however masochism is an exception.