This document discusses defense mechanisms, which are unconscious psychological processes that help resolve internal conflicts and manage anxiety. It covers the historical origins of the concept from Freud and Anna Freud, definitions from various sources, and classifications including Vaillant's stages and the DSM-IV levels. Mature defenses like humor, sublimation and suppression involve optimal adaptation while immature defenses like acting out, regression and somatization involve less adaptation. Clinical implications and uses in diagnosis, treatment and management are also discussed.
Emotion, Classification of emotion, Normal emotional reactions, Abnormal emotional reactions, Abnormal reaction of emotion, Morbid expression of emotion, Communication of mood, Categories of emotion, Pathological changes in mood, Feeling of loss, Anhedonia, Feeling of impending disaster, Ecstasy, Feelings attached with the perception of objects, Feelings directed towards people, Free floating emotion, Experience and expression of emotion, Vital feelings, Religious feelings, Manic Depressive mood, Suicidal thoughts, Depersonalization, Internal restlessness, Cyclothymia and related conditions, Depression and loss, Grief, Helplessness and hopelessness, Mania, Manic thoughts
Emotion, Classification of emotion, Normal emotional reactions, Abnormal emotional reactions, Abnormal reaction of emotion, Morbid expression of emotion, Communication of mood, Categories of emotion, Pathological changes in mood, Feeling of loss, Anhedonia, Feeling of impending disaster, Ecstasy, Feelings attached with the perception of objects, Feelings directed towards people, Free floating emotion, Experience and expression of emotion, Vital feelings, Religious feelings, Manic Depressive mood, Suicidal thoughts, Depersonalization, Internal restlessness, Cyclothymia and related conditions, Depression and loss, Grief, Helplessness and hopelessness, Mania, Manic thoughts
The term got its start in psychoanalytic therapy, but it has slowly worked its way into everyday language. In Sigmund Freud's topographical model of personality, the ego is the aspect of personality that deals with reality. While doing this, the ego also has to cope with the conflicting demands of the id and the superego. The id seeks to fulfil all wants, needs and impulses while the superego tries to get the ego to act in an idealistic and moral manner. What happens when the ego cannot deal with the demands of our desires, the constraints of reality and our own moral standards?
Just a simple presentation to understand some few defense mechanisms in Psychology. I hope you find it useful. Give some hearts if you like and you may comment if you wish to have a copy. Thank you. :)
Psychoanalytic Theory
Based on Freud’s concept that behavior is determined by forces derived from unconscious mental processes.
Psychoanalysis and related therapies are psychotherapeutic treatments based on this concept.
Topographic theory
In the topographic theory, the mind contains three levels: The
unconscious, preconscious, and conscious.
Structural theory
In the structural theory, the mind contains three parts:
The id
the ego
the superego
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
2. INTRODUCTION
• Defense mechanisms are a major component of the psychoanalytic theory
• These have been used to understand psychopathology using psychodynamic
concepts
SETHU
3. HISTORICAL ASPECTS
• Concept of defense mechanisms began with Sigmund Freud
• In his theories of the mind, postulated certain unconscious ego processes that he
called defense mechanisms
• Considered “repression” as the cornerstone and also considered some other
defense mechanisms
SETHU
4. Concept was further extended
by Anna Freud in her book “The
ego and the mechanisms of
defense” where she described
sublimation, displacement, denial,
identification, and altruism
SETHU
5. • Later Kernberg and Klein described splitting, projective identification and psychotic
denial
• The rise of the object-relations theory further spurred new understanding into the
concept
SETHU
6. DEFINITION
The concept of defense mechanisms has not been static and a uniformly
acceptable definition has not been arrived at.
• Habitual, unconscious and sometimes pathological mental process that is employed to
resolve conflict between instinctual needs, internalized prohibitions and external reality.
These mechanisms imply integrated, dynamic psychological processes. (Vaillant, 1971)
• The ways and means by which the ego wards off displeasure and anxiety, and exercises
control over impulsive behavior, affects and instinctual behavior. (A Freud, 1946)
SETHU
7. • By 1970, the term, defense mechanisms, like many psychoanalytic metaphors, had
beenlargely discarded by empirical social scientists.
• Consistency of definition and rater reliabilitywere lacking.
• Over the last 30 years, however, the idea of involuntary coping has entered the
literature of empirical cognitive psychology under such rubrics as “hardiness,
“selfdeception,” and “emotional coping” and “illusion.”
SETHU
8. FROM DSM-IV
• Defense mechanisms (or coping styles) are automatic psychological processes that
protect the individual against anxiety and from the awareness of internal or external
dangers or stressors.
• Individuals are often unaware of these processes as they operate.
• Defense mechanisms mediate the individual's reaction to emotional conflicts and to
internal and external stressors.
• The individual defense mechanisms are divided conceptually and empirically into
related groups that are referred to as Defense Levels.
SETHU
9. HIGH ADAPTIVE LEVEL
• This level of defensive functioning results in optimal adaptation in the handling of
stressors.
• These defenses usually maximize gratification and allow the conscious awareness
of feelings, ideas, and their consequences.
• They also promote an optimum balance among conflicting motives.
• Examples of defenses at this level are
• •anticipation •affiliation •altruism •humor •self-assertion •self-observation •sublimation
•suppression
SETHU
10. MENTAL INHIBITIONS
(COMPROMISE FORMATION) LEVEL
• Defensive functioning at this level keeps potentially threatening ideas, feelings,
memories, wishes, or fears out of awareness.
• Examples are
• displacement •dissociation •intellectualization •isolation of affect
• reaction formation •repression •undoing
SETHU
11. MINOR IMAGE-DISTORTING LEVEL
• This level is characterized by distortions in the image of the self, body, or others
that may be employed to regulate self-esteem.
• Examples are
•devaluation •idealization •omnipotence
SETHU
12. DISAVOWAL LEVEL
• This level is characterized by keeping unpleasant or unacceptable stressors,
impulses, ideas, affects, or responsibility out of awareness with or without a
misattribution of these to external causes.
• Examples are
•denial •projection •rationalization
SETHU
13. MAJOR IMAGE-DISTORTING LEVEL
• This level is characterized by gross distortion or misattribution of the image of self
or others.
• Examples are
•autistic fantasy •projective identification •splitting of self-image or image of others
SETHU
14. ACTION LEVEL
• This level is characterized by defensive functioning that deals with internal or
external stressors by action or withdrawal.
• Examples are
•acting out •apathetic withdrawal •help-rejecting complaining •passive
aggression
SETHU
15. LEVEL OF DEFENSIVE
DYSREGULATION.
• This level is characterized by failure of defensive regulation to contain the
individual's reaction to stressors, leading to a pronounced break with objective
reality.
• Examples are
•delusional projection •psychotic denial •psychotic distortion
SETHU
18. MATURE DEFENSES
• Altruism
• Using constructive and instinctually gratifying
service to others to undergo a vicarious
experience. It includes benign and constructive
reaction formation.
• Anticipation
• Realistically anticipating or planning for
future inner discomfort. The mechanism is
goal-directed
SETHU
19. MATURE DEFENSES
• Asceticism
• Eliminating the pleasurable effects of
experiences. There is a moral element in
assigning values to specific pleasures.
• Humor
• Using comedy to overtly express feelings
and thoughts without personal
discomfort or immobilization and
without producing an unpleasant effect
on others.
SETHU
20. MATURE DEFENSES
• Sublimation
• Achieving impulse gratification and the retention
of goals but altering a socially objectionable aim
or object to a socially acceptable one.
• Suppression
• Consciously or semiconsciously postponing
attention to a conscious impulse or conflict.
Issues may be deliberately cut off, but they are
not avoided.
SETHU
22. NARCISSISTIC
DEFENSES
• Denial
• Avoiding the awareness of some painful
aspect of reality by negating sensory
data. Denial abolishes external reality.
Denial may be used in both normal and
pathological states.
• Distortion
• Grossly reshaping external reality to suit
inner needs (including unrealistic
megalomanic beliefs, hallucinations,
wish-fulfilling delusions)
SETHU
23. NARCISSISTIC
DEFENSES
• Projection
• Perceiving and reacting to unacceptable
inner impulses and their derivatives as
though they were outside the self.
• On a psychotic level, this defense
mechanism takes the form of frank
delusions about external reality (usually
persecutory) and includes both
perception of one's own feelings in
another and subsequent acting on the
perception (psychotic paranoid
delusions).
SETHU
25. IMMATURE
DEFENSES
• Acting out
• Expressing an unconscious wish or impulse
through action to avoid being conscious of an
accompanying affect.
• Blocking
• Temporarily or transiently inhibiting thinking.
Affects and impulses may also be involved.
• Hypochondriasis
• Exaggerating or overemphasizing an illness for
the purpose of evasion and regression.
SETHU
26. IMMATURE
DEFENSES
• Introjection
• Internalizing the qualities of an object.
• Passive-aggressive
• Expressing aggression toward others
indirectly through passivity, masochism,
behavior and turning against the self.
• Regression
• Attempting to return to an earlier
libidinal phase of functioning to avoid the
tension and conflict evoked at the
present level of development.
SETHU
27. IMMATURE
DEFENSES
• Schizoid fantasy
• Indulging in autistic retreat in order
to resolve conflict and to obtain
gratification.
• Somatization
• Converting psychic derivatives into
bodily symptoms and tending to
react with somatic manifestations,
rather than psychic manifestations.
SETHU
29. NEUROTIC DEFENSES
• Controlling
• Attempting to manage or regulate
events or objects in the
environment to minimize anxiety
and to resolve inner conflicts.
• Displacement
• Shifting an emotion or drive
cathexis from one idea or object to
another that resembles the original
in some aspect or quality.
SETHU
30. NEUROTIC DEFENSES
• Externalization
• Tending to perceive in the external world
and in external objects elements of one's
own personality, including instinctual
impulses, conflicts, moods, attitudes, and
styles of thinking.
• Inhibition
• Consciously limiting or renouncing some
ego functions, alone or in combination,
to evade anxiety arising out of conflict
with instinctual impulses, the superego,
or environmental forces or figures.
SETHU
31. NEUROTIC DEFENSES
• Intellectualization
• Excessively using intellectual processes to
avoid affective expression or experience.
• Isolation
• Splitting or separating an idea from the
affect that accompanies it but is
repressed. Social isolation refers to the
absence of object relationships.
SETHU
32. NEUROTIC DEFENSES
• Rationalization
• Offering rational explanations in an
attempt to justify attitudes, beliefs, or
behavior that may otherwise be
unacceptable.
SETHU
33. NEUROTIC DEFENSES
• Dissociation
• Temporarily but drastically modifying a person's
character or one's sense of personal identity to
avoid emotional distress. Fugue states and
hysterical conversion reactions are common
manifestations of dissociation.
• Reaction formation
• Transforming an unacceptable impulse into its
opposite. Reaction formation is characteristic of
obsessional neurosis, but it may occur in other
forms of neuroses as well
SETHU
34. NEUROTIC DEFENSES
• Repression
• Expelling or withholding from consciousness an
idea or feeling.
• Primary repression refers to the curbing of ideas
and feelings before they have attained
consciousness
• secondary repression excludes from awareness
what was once experienced at a conscious level.
• Sexualization
• Endowing an object or function with sexual
significance that it did not previously have or
possessed to a smaller degree in order to ward off
anxieties associated with prohibited impulses or
their derivatives.
SETHU
35. CONTROVERSIES PERTAINING TO
DEFENSE MECHANISMS
• Defense mechanisms have certain difficulties inherent in them.
• They are-
• Subjective
• Intra-psychic phenomena that needs to be inferred rather than observed.
• Accused of lacking psychometric properties of reliability and validity.
• Suspect to idiosyncratic interpretation.
• Lack of consensually based definitions, common list of defense
mechanisms
SETHU
36. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
• Pollock and Andrews (1989)- found that there were correlations
between anxiety disorders and specific defense mechanisms when
compared to general population.
• Panic disorder- displacement
• Agoraphobia- somatization, displacement, reaction formation,
idealization
• Social phobia- displacement, less likely to use humor
• OCD- undoing, projection, acting out, less likely to use humor
SETHU
37. • It has been postulated by Vaillant that
• Cluster A PD- fantasy and projection
• Cluster B PD- acting out, splitting, dissociation and devaluation.
• Cluster C PD- passive aggression, hypochondriasis.
SETHU
38. USES OF DEFENSE MECHANISMS
• Defense mechanisms have important bearings in-
• Diagnosis
• Eliciting and understanding of psychopathology
• Treatment planning and execution via various modalities
• Assessment of response to treatment
• Management of chronic, debilitating illnesses and cancer
• Management of non-compliance
SETHU
39. REFERENCES
• Ego Mechanisms of Defense: A Guide for Clinicians and Researchers,
G.E.Vaillant
• Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry, 9th edition
• Introduction to psychology, Clifford.T.Morgan, Richard.A.King
SETHU
Object Relations Theory is a theory of relationships between people, in particular within a family and especially between the mother and her child. A basic tenet is that we are driven to form relationships with others and that failure to form successful early relationships leads to later problems.
A self-made millionaire who grew up in poverty sets up a charitable foundation and gains great pleasure from how it helps others get out of the poverty trap. She receives social accolade and public recognition for her good deeds, which she carefully and modestly grateful
I am angry. I go out and chop wood. I end up with a useful pile of firewood. I am also fitter and nobody is harmed.
A person who has an obsessive need for control and order becomes a successful business entrepreneur.
SUPP-I want to kick the living **** out of an idiot at the office. Instead, I smile at them and try to feel sorry for their Freudian plight
A man hears that his wife has been killed, and yet refuses to believe it, still setting the table for her and keeping her clothes and other accoutrements in the bedroom.
A person having an affair does not think about pregnancy or sexually transmitted diseases.
People take credit for their successes and find 'good reason' for their failures, blaming the situation, other people, etc.
Alcoholics vigorously deny that they have a problem.
An unfaithful husband suspects his wife of infidelity
An addict gives in to their desire for alcohol or drugs. A person who dislikes another person seeks to cause actual harm to them
I have to give a presentation but feel scared. I put on the hat of Abraham Lincoln and imagine I am confidently giving an important address to the nation.
A child is threatened at school. They take on the strong-defender attributes that they perceive in their father and push away the bully.
A business leader sets high moral standards within the company. Many others follow her lead.
A sales person uses a persuasive sales patter. The customer agrees that this is just what they want, but when it comes to signing the order, they find reasons why they cannot buy today
REGRESSION-A person who suffers a mental breakdown assumes a fetal position, rocking and crying.
A child suddenly starts to wet the bed after years of not doing so (this is a typical response to the arrival of a new sibling).
A college student carefully takes their teddy-bear with them (and goes to sleep cuddling it).
A 15-year-old boy dreams of being the world chess champion. He spends nearly all of his time alone studying the game and won’t discuss other topics.
The boss gets angry and shouts at me. I go home and shout at my wife. She then shouts at our son. With nobody left to displace anger onto, he goes and kicks the dog.
A person told they have cancer asks for details on the probability of survival and the success rates of various drugs. The doctor may join in, using 'carcinoma' instead of 'cancer' and 'terminal' instead of 'fata
A person evades paying taxes and then rationalizes it by talking about how the government wastes money (and how it is better for people to keep what they can).
A man buys a expensive car and then tells people his old car was very unreliable, very unsafe, etc.
A person fails to get good enough results to get into a chosen university and then says that they didn't want to go there anyway.
A parent punishes a child and says that it is for the child's 'own good'.
A person who is angry with a colleague actually ends up being particularly courteous and friendly towards them.
A man who is gay has a number of conspicuous heterosexual affairs and openly criticizes gays.
A mother who has a child she does not want becomes very protective of the child.
An alcoholic extols the virtues of abstinence.
A child who is abused by a parent later has no recollection of the events, but has trouble forming relationships