Photosynthesis Part 2
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Cyclic phosphorylation
This document presents a topic on cyclic photophosphorylation. It begins with an introduction to photophosphorylation and defines cyclic photophosphorylation. There are two types of photophosphorylation: cyclic and non-cyclic. Cyclic photophosphorylation involves the same excited electron returning to the excited chlorophyll, producing one ATP molecule. The mechanism involves an electron being energized in photosystem I and passing through an electron transport system before returning to the reaction center. This releases energy to produce ATP. The steps involve an electron moving from P700 to acceptors to the cytochrome complex and back to P700, producing one ATP via chemiosmosis.
Photosynthesis dark reaction
This document provides an overview of photosynthesis and the dark reaction phase. It discusses key topics like the Calvin cycle, the structures of chloroplasts, and the C4 and CAM pathways. The Calvin cycle fixes carbon dioxide into organic molecules like glucose. It consists of carbon fixation, reduction reactions, and ribulose bisphosphate regeneration. The C4 pathway occurs in some plants and involves a four-carbon compound to concentrate carbon dioxide and prevent photorespiration. CAM plants open their stomata at night to fix carbon dioxide into malic acid, then release it for the Calvin cycle during the day.
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all 2D - i uploaded it here in fb for you to study... refresh lng para hindi hard sa part nyo during exam..
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Ph0tosystemPhotosystem: Reaction center surrounded by several light-harvestin...
Photosynthesis has two photosystems, Photosystem I and Photosystem II, that work sequentially to harness light energy to produce chemical energy. Photosystem II uses light energy to split water, releasing electrons that are transferred through an electron transport chain, pumping protons across the membrane and producing oxygen. The energized electrons are then passed to Photosystem I, which uses them to reduce NADP+ to NADPH to be used in the Calvin cycle for carbon fixation. Together, the two photosystems convert light energy to chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.
Kumar Rajnish
The document summarizes key aspects of photosynthesis including the structure and function of the cytochrome b6f complex and photosystem I. It discusses:
1) The cytochrome b6f complex transfers electrons from photosystem II to photosystem I while pumping protons across the thylakoid membrane. It is composed of four large subunits including cytochrome f and b6 and four small subunits.
2) Photosystem I contains a reaction center called P700 and associated antenna pigments that absorb light and transfer energy to P700. It is a multi-subunit protein complex located in the stroma lamellae.
3) Both complexes play important roles in the light-dependent reactions of
The light dependent reaction
The document discusses photosynthesis and the light-dependent reactions that take place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. It describes that photosystems absorb light and use the energy to boost electrons to higher energy levels. Photosystem II uses light energy to split water, releasing electrons that are passed through a chain to Photosystem I. Photosystem I further boosts the electrons' energy level and uses them, along with hydrogen ions from water, to reduce NADP+ and generate ATP through non-cyclic photophosphorylation or cyclic photophosphorylation. The overall products of the light reactions are oxygen, ATP, hydrogen ions, and NADPH.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy to chemical energy stored in carbohydrates. It occurs in chloroplasts and involves two stages: the light reactions convert solar energy to ATP and NADPH, while the Calvin cycle uses these products to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into sugars. The light reactions take place on the thylakoid membranes and involve two photosystems that work together to transfer electrons and pump protons, generating a proton gradient used to make ATP via chemiosmosis.
Photosynthesis light reaction
Photosynthesis has two phases: the light reaction and dark reaction. The light reaction uses photosynthetic pigments like chlorophyll to convert solar energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. It occurs in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. The dark reaction uses these products to fix carbon and produce sugars. The light reaction involves three steps: excitation of photosystems, production of ATP via electron transport, and reduction of NADP+ and photolysis of water. This is summarized by the Z-scheme which represents the electron flow and energy changes. Photophosphorylation uses the proton gradient generated by electron transport to synthesize ATP via chemiosmosis.
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This document presents a topic on cyclic photophosphorylation. It begins with an introduction to photophosphorylation and defines cyclic photophosphorylation. There are two types of photophosphorylation: cyclic and non-cyclic. Cyclic photophosphorylation involves the same excited electron returning to the excited chlorophyll, producing one ATP molecule. The mechanism involves an electron being energized in photosystem I and passing through an electron transport system before returning to the reaction center. This releases energy to produce ATP. The steps involve an electron moving from P700 to acceptors to the cytochrome complex and back to P700, producing one ATP via chemiosmosis.
Photosynthesis dark reaction
This document provides an overview of photosynthesis and the dark reaction phase. It discusses key topics like the Calvin cycle, the structures of chloroplasts, and the C4 and CAM pathways. The Calvin cycle fixes carbon dioxide into organic molecules like glucose. It consists of carbon fixation, reduction reactions, and ribulose bisphosphate regeneration. The C4 pathway occurs in some plants and involves a four-carbon compound to concentrate carbon dioxide and prevent photorespiration. CAM plants open their stomata at night to fix carbon dioxide into malic acid, then release it for the Calvin cycle during the day.
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all 2D - i uploaded it here in fb for you to study... refresh lng para hindi hard sa part nyo during exam..
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Ph0tosystemPhotosystem: Reaction center surrounded by several light-harvestin...
Photosynthesis has two photosystems, Photosystem I and Photosystem II, that work sequentially to harness light energy to produce chemical energy. Photosystem II uses light energy to split water, releasing electrons that are transferred through an electron transport chain, pumping protons across the membrane and producing oxygen. The energized electrons are then passed to Photosystem I, which uses them to reduce NADP+ to NADPH to be used in the Calvin cycle for carbon fixation. Together, the two photosystems convert light energy to chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH.
Kumar Rajnish
The document summarizes key aspects of photosynthesis including the structure and function of the cytochrome b6f complex and photosystem I. It discusses:
1) The cytochrome b6f complex transfers electrons from photosystem II to photosystem I while pumping protons across the thylakoid membrane. It is composed of four large subunits including cytochrome f and b6 and four small subunits.
2) Photosystem I contains a reaction center called P700 and associated antenna pigments that absorb light and transfer energy to P700. It is a multi-subunit protein complex located in the stroma lamellae.
3) Both complexes play important roles in the light-dependent reactions of
The light dependent reaction
The document discusses photosynthesis and the light-dependent reactions that take place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. It describes that photosystems absorb light and use the energy to boost electrons to higher energy levels. Photosystem II uses light energy to split water, releasing electrons that are passed through a chain to Photosystem I. Photosystem I further boosts the electrons' energy level and uses them, along with hydrogen ions from water, to reduce NADP+ and generate ATP through non-cyclic photophosphorylation or cyclic photophosphorylation. The overall products of the light reactions are oxygen, ATP, hydrogen ions, and NADPH.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy to chemical energy stored in carbohydrates. It occurs in chloroplasts and involves two stages: the light reactions convert solar energy to ATP and NADPH, while the Calvin cycle uses these products to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into sugars. The light reactions take place on the thylakoid membranes and involve two photosystems that work together to transfer electrons and pump protons, generating a proton gradient used to make ATP via chemiosmosis.
Photosynthesis light reaction
Photosynthesis has two phases: the light reaction and dark reaction. The light reaction uses photosynthetic pigments like chlorophyll to convert solar energy into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. It occurs in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. The dark reaction uses these products to fix carbon and produce sugars. The light reaction involves three steps: excitation of photosystems, production of ATP via electron transport, and reduction of NADP+ and photolysis of water. This is summarized by the Z-scheme which represents the electron flow and energy changes. Photophosphorylation uses the proton gradient generated by electron transport to synthesize ATP via chemiosmosis.
Photophosphorylation
Photophosphorylation is the process by which ATP is created using energy from sunlight. It involves the creation of a proton gradient across a membrane via the electron transport chain, similar to respiration. However, since the proton gradient formation is light-dependent, it is called photophosphorylation. Proton movement across the membrane powers ATP synthase enzymes to join ADP and Pi to make ATP.
Electron transport system in chloroplast
The document discusses the electron transport system in chloroplasts. It describes how light is absorbed by photosystems which excites electrons that are passed through an electron transport chain across the thylakoid membrane. This powers the active transport of hydrogen ions, creating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis through photophosphorylation. Two pathways are discussed: non-cyclic electron flow which produces both ATP and NADPH, and cyclic electron flow which only produces ATP without reducing NADP+.
8.3 photosynthesis
The document summarizes photosynthesis, including both the light-dependent and light-independent reactions. It explains that the light-dependent reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes and produce ATP and NADPH through the absorption of light by photosystems. The light-independent reactions take place in the chloroplast stroma and use ATP and NADPH to produce glucose through the Calvin cycle. The structure of the chloroplast is adapted to efficiently carry out these two stages of photosynthesis through the stacking of thylakoids and positioning of the stroma.
Photo oxidation of water and photophosphorylation
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Photosynthesis
Plants use photosynthesis to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen using energy from sunlight. Photosynthesis is performed by plants and cyanobacteria and involves two photosystems, photosystem I and photosystem II. In photosynthesis, light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll, exciting electrons that are transferred through an electron transport chain between the two photosystems to generate ATP through chemiosmosis and reduce NADP+ to NADPH.
Atp synthesis
This document summarizes ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation. It describes how electron transport chains in the mitochondria and chloroplasts establish proton gradients across membranes, which are then used by ATP synthase complexes to phosphorylate ADP and produce ATP. Specifically, it outlines how electrons from NADH/FADH2 or water power proton pumping via complex I-IV in mitochondria or photosystems I and II in chloroplasts. The resulting proton gradient drives ATP synthesis when protons flow back through the ATP synthase.
Electron Transport Chain & Oxidative Photophosphorylation
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (ETC)
OXIDATIVE PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
CYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
NON-CYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
PHOTOLYSIS OF WATER
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CYCLIC &NON-CYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
ASSIMILATORY POWERS - ATP & NADPH
Bio ch04 3
Photosynthesis has two stages: the light-dependent reactions capture energy from sunlight using photosystems and split water, producing oxygen and hydrogen ions. This energy is used to produce ATP and NADPH. The light-independent reactions then use ATP and NADPH to incorporate carbon dioxide into organic sugar molecules like glucose, storing the energy captured from sunlight.
photosystem Iand II,ETC
1. The document discusses photosynthesis and the light dependent reactions that take place in chloroplasts.
2. It describes the two photosystems, photosystem I and photosystem II, their reaction centers and electron transport chains, and how they work together to produce ATP, NADPH, and oxygen through noncyclic electron flow.
3. It also explains cyclic electron flow which uses only photosystem I and generates ATP without producing NADPH or oxygen.
Photosynthesis power point
Photosynthesis converts sunlight into chemical energy through a series of light-dependent and light-independent reactions. The light reactions use energy from sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH, which provide energy and electrons to drive the Calvin cycle. The Calvin cycle fixes carbon from carbon dioxide into organic three-carbon sugars like glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, using the ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions. One sugar molecule is used for growth, while five are recycled to regenerate the starter molecule for the next round of the Calvin cycle.
Cyclic and non cyclic photophosphorilation
Cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation are two types of photophosphorylation involved in photosynthesis. Non-cyclic photophosphorylation involves both photosystem I and II and uses electrons from the splitting of water, producing oxygen as a byproduct. Cyclic photophosphorylation only involves photosystem I and cycles electrons back without splitting water or producing oxygen. Both mechanisms use the electron transport chain to produce ATP, but only non-cyclic photophosphorylation produces NADPH in addition to ATP.
Photosystem first &cytochrome b6f
In this ppt, you will learn about photosystem first of photosynthesis, with video and animation such a nice presentation. electron movement by animation, see and understand the system.
Metabolisme 3
Photosynthesis occurs in plant leaves and involves two main phases: the light reactions and the dark reactions. In the light reactions, which take place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and used to convert water to oxygen and produce ATP and NADPH. In the dark reactions, also called the Calvin cycle, the ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions are used to convert carbon dioxide into glucose in three main steps: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration. Photosynthesis provides the basic energy source for essentially all life on Earth.
Photosynthesis light reaction and dark reaction
Photosynthesis uses energy from sunlight to produce glucose from carbon dioxide and water. It occurs in two stages: the light reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced using energy from sunlight, and the dark reactions where ATP and NADPH are used to produce glucose. The light reactions take place in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts and produce oxygen as a byproduct. There are two photosystems, photosystem I and photosystem II, which absorb different wavelengths of light and transfer energy to reaction centers to drive electron transport and produce ATP.
Photosynthesis PowerPoint
Photosynthesis converts sunlight into chemical energy through a series of light-dependent and light-independent reactions. The light reactions use energy from sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH, which provide energy and electrons to drive the Calvin cycle. The Calvin cycle fixes carbon from carbon dioxide into organic three-carbon sugars like glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, using the ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions. One sugar molecule is used for growth, while five are recycled to regenerate the starter molecule for the next round of the Calvin cycle.
Photosynthesis presentation by me
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It takes place in chloroplasts, which contain chlorophyll and other photosynthetic pigments. The light-dependent stage uses energy from sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH through photophosphorylation. The light-independent stage, also called the Calvin cycle, uses ATP and NADPH to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into organic molecules like glucose. Photosynthesis provides a critical energy source and oxygen for living organisms.
Photosynthesis
This document summarizes photosynthesis and the structures and processes involved. It defines key terms like autotrophs, heterotrophs, and chloroplasts. It describes how chloroplasts enable photosynthesis through structures like the grana and stroma. The light-dependent and light-independent stages are outlined, including the roles of water, photophosphorylation, and the Calvin Cycle. Limiting factors like temperature, carbon dioxide concentration, and light intensity are also discussed.
Photosynthesis
This document summarizes key aspects of photosynthesis. It describes that photosynthesis occurs in plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Light energy is captured and used to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into sugars, with oxygen as a byproduct. The process takes place in chloroplasts and involves two stages - the light reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced, and the dark reactions where CO2 is fixed into sugars. Pigments like chlorophyll and accessory pigments harvest light energy which is used to power electron transport and produce chemical energy carriers.
Light reaction in photosynthesis
The document discusses photosynthesis and how it harvests sunlight using pigments like chlorophyll. It describes how:
1) Photosynthesis uses energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and carbohydrates like glucose, providing energy for plants and all life.
2) Light is absorbed by photosynthetic pigments in the chloroplast and its energy is transferred to the reaction center where the chemical reactions of photosynthesis take place.
3) Experiments by Emerson and Arnold showed that many chlorophyll molecules work together as a photosynthetic unit, with around 250-300 chlorophyll molecules transferring energy to each reaction center.
forjeffpark
Photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich organic molecules like glucose. There are two stages: the light reactions capture solar energy to produce ATP and NADPH, and the Calvin cycle uses these products to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into sugars like glucose. Various organisms perform photosynthesis, including plants, algae, and certain bacteria, providing the foundation for life on Earth.
Photosynthesis
1. Photosynthesis involves two main stages - the light dependent reaction where light energy is captured to make ATP and NADPH, and the light independent Calvin cycle where CO2 is fixed using ATP and NADPH to produce glucose.
2. The light reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and involve the photsytems which transfer electrons to make ATP and NADPH.
3. The Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast and uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 into glucose through a series of reduction and phosphorylation reactions.
Light reaction of Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy through light reaction. Light reaction occurs in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, where photosystems use light to transfer electrons and pump protons, generating ATP and NADPH. There are two photosystems - PSII uses water as the electron donor and evolves oxygen, while PSI and cytochrome b6f complex generate a proton gradient used for ATP synthesis via ATP synthase. Both oxygenic and anoxygenic bacteria perform similar light reactions, though they use different electron donors and may contain only one photosystem. Light reaction is essential for providing the energy required for carbon fixation in photosynthesis.
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Photophosphorylation is the process by which ATP is created using energy from sunlight. It involves the creation of a proton gradient across a membrane via the electron transport chain, similar to respiration. However, since the proton gradient formation is light-dependent, it is called photophosphorylation. Proton movement across the membrane powers ATP synthase enzymes to join ADP and Pi to make ATP.
Electron transport system in chloroplast
The document discusses the electron transport system in chloroplasts. It describes how light is absorbed by photosystems which excites electrons that are passed through an electron transport chain across the thylakoid membrane. This powers the active transport of hydrogen ions, creating a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis through photophosphorylation. Two pathways are discussed: non-cyclic electron flow which produces both ATP and NADPH, and cyclic electron flow which only produces ATP without reducing NADP+.
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The document summarizes photosynthesis, including both the light-dependent and light-independent reactions. It explains that the light-dependent reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes and produce ATP and NADPH through the absorption of light by photosystems. The light-independent reactions take place in the chloroplast stroma and use ATP and NADPH to produce glucose through the Calvin cycle. The structure of the chloroplast is adapted to efficiently carry out these two stages of photosynthesis through the stacking of thylakoids and positioning of the stroma.
Photo oxidation of water and photophosphorylation
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Photosynthesis
Plants use photosynthesis to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen using energy from sunlight. Photosynthesis is performed by plants and cyanobacteria and involves two photosystems, photosystem I and photosystem II. In photosynthesis, light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll, exciting electrons that are transferred through an electron transport chain between the two photosystems to generate ATP through chemiosmosis and reduce NADP+ to NADPH.
Atp synthesis
This document summarizes ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation. It describes how electron transport chains in the mitochondria and chloroplasts establish proton gradients across membranes, which are then used by ATP synthase complexes to phosphorylate ADP and produce ATP. Specifically, it outlines how electrons from NADH/FADH2 or water power proton pumping via complex I-IV in mitochondria or photosystems I and II in chloroplasts. The resulting proton gradient drives ATP synthesis when protons flow back through the ATP synthase.
Electron Transport Chain & Oxidative Photophosphorylation
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (ETC)
OXIDATIVE PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CYCLIC &NON-CYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATION
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Bio ch04 3
Photosynthesis has two stages: the light-dependent reactions capture energy from sunlight using photosystems and split water, producing oxygen and hydrogen ions. This energy is used to produce ATP and NADPH. The light-independent reactions then use ATP and NADPH to incorporate carbon dioxide into organic sugar molecules like glucose, storing the energy captured from sunlight.
photosystem Iand II,ETC
1. The document discusses photosynthesis and the light dependent reactions that take place in chloroplasts.
2. It describes the two photosystems, photosystem I and photosystem II, their reaction centers and electron transport chains, and how they work together to produce ATP, NADPH, and oxygen through noncyclic electron flow.
3. It also explains cyclic electron flow which uses only photosystem I and generates ATP without producing NADPH or oxygen.
Photosynthesis power point
Photosynthesis converts sunlight into chemical energy through a series of light-dependent and light-independent reactions. The light reactions use energy from sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH, which provide energy and electrons to drive the Calvin cycle. The Calvin cycle fixes carbon from carbon dioxide into organic three-carbon sugars like glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, using the ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions. One sugar molecule is used for growth, while five are recycled to regenerate the starter molecule for the next round of the Calvin cycle.
Cyclic and non cyclic photophosphorilation
Cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation are two types of photophosphorylation involved in photosynthesis. Non-cyclic photophosphorylation involves both photosystem I and II and uses electrons from the splitting of water, producing oxygen as a byproduct. Cyclic photophosphorylation only involves photosystem I and cycles electrons back without splitting water or producing oxygen. Both mechanisms use the electron transport chain to produce ATP, but only non-cyclic photophosphorylation produces NADPH in addition to ATP.
Photosystem first &cytochrome b6f
In this ppt, you will learn about photosystem first of photosynthesis, with video and animation such a nice presentation. electron movement by animation, see and understand the system.
Metabolisme 3
Photosynthesis occurs in plant leaves and involves two main phases: the light reactions and the dark reactions. In the light reactions, which take place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and used to convert water to oxygen and produce ATP and NADPH. In the dark reactions, also called the Calvin cycle, the ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions are used to convert carbon dioxide into glucose in three main steps: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration. Photosynthesis provides the basic energy source for essentially all life on Earth.
Photosynthesis light reaction and dark reaction
Photosynthesis uses energy from sunlight to produce glucose from carbon dioxide and water. It occurs in two stages: the light reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced using energy from sunlight, and the dark reactions where ATP and NADPH are used to produce glucose. The light reactions take place in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts and produce oxygen as a byproduct. There are two photosystems, photosystem I and photosystem II, which absorb different wavelengths of light and transfer energy to reaction centers to drive electron transport and produce ATP.
Photosynthesis PowerPoint
Photosynthesis converts sunlight into chemical energy through a series of light-dependent and light-independent reactions. The light reactions use energy from sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH, which provide energy and electrons to drive the Calvin cycle. The Calvin cycle fixes carbon from carbon dioxide into organic three-carbon sugars like glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, using the ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions. One sugar molecule is used for growth, while five are recycled to regenerate the starter molecule for the next round of the Calvin cycle.
Photosynthesis presentation by me
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of glucose. It takes place in chloroplasts, which contain chlorophyll and other photosynthetic pigments. The light-dependent stage uses energy from sunlight to produce ATP and NADPH through photophosphorylation. The light-independent stage, also called the Calvin cycle, uses ATP and NADPH to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into organic molecules like glucose. Photosynthesis provides a critical energy source and oxygen for living organisms.
Photosynthesis
This document summarizes photosynthesis and the structures and processes involved. It defines key terms like autotrophs, heterotrophs, and chloroplasts. It describes how chloroplasts enable photosynthesis through structures like the grana and stroma. The light-dependent and light-independent stages are outlined, including the roles of water, photophosphorylation, and the Calvin Cycle. Limiting factors like temperature, carbon dioxide concentration, and light intensity are also discussed.
Photosynthesis
This document summarizes key aspects of photosynthesis. It describes that photosynthesis occurs in plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Light energy is captured and used to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into sugars, with oxygen as a byproduct. The process takes place in chloroplasts and involves two stages - the light reactions where ATP and NADPH are produced, and the dark reactions where CO2 is fixed into sugars. Pigments like chlorophyll and accessory pigments harvest light energy which is used to power electron transport and produce chemical energy carriers.
Light reaction in photosynthesis
The document discusses photosynthesis and how it harvests sunlight using pigments like chlorophyll. It describes how:
1) Photosynthesis uses energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and carbohydrates like glucose, providing energy for plants and all life.
2) Light is absorbed by photosynthetic pigments in the chloroplast and its energy is transferred to the reaction center where the chemical reactions of photosynthesis take place.
3) Experiments by Emerson and Arnold showed that many chlorophyll molecules work together as a photosynthetic unit, with around 250-300 chlorophyll molecules transferring energy to each reaction center.
forjeffpark
Photosynthesis converts carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich organic molecules like glucose. There are two stages: the light reactions capture solar energy to produce ATP and NADPH, and the Calvin cycle uses these products to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into sugars like glucose. Various organisms perform photosynthesis, including plants, algae, and certain bacteria, providing the foundation for life on Earth.
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Electron Transport Chain & Oxidative Photophosphorylation
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Similar to Photosynthesis Part 2
Photosynthesis
1. Photosynthesis involves two main stages - the light dependent reaction where light energy is captured to make ATP and NADPH, and the light independent Calvin cycle where CO2 is fixed using ATP and NADPH to produce glucose.
2. The light reactions take place in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and involve the photsytems which transfer electrons to make ATP and NADPH.
3. The Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast and uses ATP and NADPH to convert CO2 into glucose through a series of reduction and phosphorylation reactions.
Light reaction of Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis converts light energy to chemical energy through light reaction. Light reaction occurs in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, where photosystems use light to transfer electrons and pump protons, generating ATP and NADPH. There are two photosystems - PSII uses water as the electron donor and evolves oxygen, while PSI and cytochrome b6f complex generate a proton gradient used for ATP synthesis via ATP synthase. Both oxygenic and anoxygenic bacteria perform similar light reactions, though they use different electron donors and may contain only one photosystem. Light reaction is essential for providing the energy required for carbon fixation in photosynthesis.
Light Reactions of Photosynthesis
Light Reactions
Light reactions or photochemical phase is directly depends on light
Light reaction phase include
Light absorption
Splitting of water molecule
Release of oxygen molecule
Formation of high energy chemical intermediates (ATP and NADPH)
Several protein complexes are involved in the process
The pigments are organised into two discrete photochemical light harvesting complexes (LHC) within the Photosystem I (PS I) and Photosystem II (PS II).
THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT
When PS Il absorbs red light of 680 nm wavelength, electrons are excited and transferred to an electron acceptor.
The electron acceptor passes them to a chain of electrons transport system.
Electron transport system consist of Pheophytin Plastoquinone Cytochrome complex Plastocyanin
This movement of electrons is downhill, in terms of redox potential scale
The electrons are transferred to the pigments of PS I.
Simultaneously, electrons in PS I are also excited when they receive red light of 700 nm and are transferred to another accepter molecule having a greater redox potential.
These electrons are moved downhill to a molecule of NADP+.
Iron sulphur proteins and ferredoxin helps electron reach to NADP+ Reductase. As a result, NADP+ is reduced to NADPH + H+
Transfer of electrons from PS II to PS I and finally downhill to NADP+ is called the Z scheme, due to its zigzag shape.
This shape is formed when all the carriers are placed in a sequence on a redox potential scale.
SPLITTING OF WATER
The water splitting complex in PS II is located on the inner side of the thylakoid membrane.
Water is split into H+, O and electrons.
So PS Il can supply electrons continuously by replacing electrons from water splitting.
Thus PS II provides electrons needed to replace those removed from PS I.
O2, is liberated as by-product of photosynthesis.
PHOTO - PHOSPHORYLATION
The synthesis of ATP by cells (in mitochondria & chloroplasts) is called phosphorylation.
Photo-phosphorylation is the synthesis of ATP from ADP in chloroplasts in presence of light.
It occurs in 2 ways:
Non- cyclic photo-phosphorylation
Cyclic photo-phosphorylation
Reference:-
https://rajusbiology.com/photosynthesis-in-higher-plants-class-11-notes/
Photosynthesis
This document provides an overview of photosynthesis presented by a group of 6 students. It describes the key processes and phases of photosynthesis including light reaction, dark reaction, photophosphorylation, photosystems, and alternative pathways such as C4 and CAM photosynthesis. The light reaction uses energy from sunlight to split water and produce ATP and NADPH. The dark reaction then uses these products to fix carbon from carbon dioxide into sugars.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and cyanobacteria use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. It occurs in two phases: the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions. The light reactions capture energy from sunlight and use it to make ATP and NADPH. The Calvin cycle uses these products to incorporate carbon from carbon dioxide into organic compounds to fuel the plant. Some plants use alternative pathways like C4 or CAM photosynthesis that help reduce photorespiration and increase water use efficiency.
chapter_7_PHOTOSYNTHESIS.ppt
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. It takes place in the chloroplasts in the green parts of plants using the two stages of light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions. The light reactions use energy from sunlight to make ATP and NADPH, which power the Calvin cycle to incorporate carbon from CO2 into organic compounds that can be used to build biomass.
chapter_7_PHOTOSYNTHESIS.ppt
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of ATP and NADPH. It takes place in the chloroplasts in the green parts of plants using the two stages of light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions. The light reactions use energy from sunlight to make ATP and NADPH, which power the Calvin cycle to incorporate carbon from CO2 into organic compounds that can be used to build biomass.
gen-biology-photosythesis.pptx
The document summarizes the two stages of photosynthesis - the light reactions and Calvin cycle. It traces the movement of electrons through linear and cyclic electron flow during the light reactions. Linear electron flow involves both photosystem I and II and produces both ATP and NADPH using light energy. Cyclic electron flow only uses photosystem I and produces ATP. Both processes generate a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis via chemiosmosis, similar to how mitochondria produce ATP but using different energy sources. The light reactions ultimately produce ATP and reduce NADP+ to NADPH to be used in the Calvin cycle for sugar production.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis occurs in three main steps:
1) Light-dependent reactions in the chloroplast thylakoid membrane use light energy to produce ATP and NADPH via the electron transport chain.
2) The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to fix carbon from CO2 into 3-carbon sugar phosphates, which are then reduced and regenerated to produce G3P.
3) G3P molecules are combined to form glucose, providing an energy-storing organic compound for cells. The oxygen produced as a byproduct is released for other organisms to use.
ETC
The document is an assignment submission on the electron transport chain. It provides details on the electron transport chain, including that it is a series of protein complexes in the mitochondrial inner membrane that sequentially transfers electrons, pumping protons out in the process. This generates a proton gradient that is then used by ATP synthase to produce ATP via chemiosmosis, making oxidative phosphorylation the most efficient ATP producer in aerobic respiration. The assignment covers the components, steps, and purpose of the electron transport chain in detail over multiple pages.
Topic 7 Photosynthesis
Plants emit fluorescence during photosynthesis that is detectable by satellites in space. NASA scientists have developed a method to map this fluorescence globally using satellite data. The document then provides details on photosynthesis, including that it consists of two sets of reactions - the light reactions and Calvin cycle. It describes the light reactions in detail, including that they occur in the thylakoid membranes and produce ATP and NADPH using solar energy absorbed by chlorophyll. This energy is then used in the Calvin cycle to reduce carbon dioxide into carbohydrates.
Nutrition
This document summarizes key aspects of nutrition, photosynthesis, and the structure and function of leaves. It discusses that:
1. Nutrition involves acquiring energy and materials like proteins, glucose and minerals. Organisms are either autotrophic, using inorganic carbon sources, or heterotrophic, using organic carbon sources.
2. Photosynthesis converts light energy, water, carbon dioxide and minerals into glucose and oxygen using chloroplasts in leaves. It is essential for converting inorganic materials and releasing oxygen into ecosystems.
3. Leaves are adapted for photosynthesis through structures like a large surface area, transparency, and packed chloroplasts containing chlorophyll and other pigments that absorb light energy.
Week 1.ppt
Photosynthesis involves multiple light-dependent and light-independent reactions. The light-dependent reactions use pigments like chlorophyll to absorb light energy which is used to power electron transport and generate ATP and NADPH. This occurs through two photosystems that facilitate electron transfer, with photosystem II initiating the process by splitting water. Cytochrome b6f and other proteins mediate electron transfer between the photosystems. The light-independent Calvin cycle then uses ATP and NADPH to fix carbon from CO2 into glucose.
Light reaction of photosynthesis
1. The light reaction of photosynthesis occurs in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts and involves the absorption of light by photosynthetic pigments.
2. Energy from the absorbed light is used to transfer electrons along an electron transport chain, powering the synthesis of ATP through photophosphorylation and reducing NADP+ to NADPH.
3. The products of the light reaction, ATP and NADPH, are used in the Calvin cycle to fix carbon from CO2 into organic molecules like glucose.
Biol101chp10ppfall13 131202072759-phpapp02
Photosynthesis converts solar energy into chemical energy through two stages: the light reactions and the Calvin cycle. In the light reactions, photosystems use light to split water, producing oxygen and generating ATP and NADPH. The Calvin cycle then uses ATP and NADPH to incorporate carbon from CO2 into organic molecules like glucose. Chloroplasts are the organelles where photosynthesis occurs, containing chlorophyll and other pigments in thylakoid membranes that absorb light to drive the light-dependent reactions. The process ultimately produces sugars that plants use as energy and build other organic molecules, while releasing oxygen as a byproduct.
LIGHT REACTION IN CYANOBACTERIA
Cyanobacteria, algae, and plants perform oxygenic photosynthesis using chlorophyll. There are two photosystems - photosystem I and photosystem II - that work together in a Z-scheme to transfer electrons. Photosystem I absorbs longer wavelengths of light at 700nm via P700 chlorophyll while photosystem II absorbs shorter wavelengths at 680nm via P680 chlorophyll. Electrons are transferred between the photosystems through a series of electron carriers to generate ATP in cyclic or non-cyclic photophosphorylation, with the latter process also using photosystem II to split water and produce oxygen.
Chapter 10
Photosynthesis occurs in two stages: the light reactions and the Calvin cycle. In the light reactions, solar energy is converted to ATP and NADPH through photosystems in the thylakoid membranes. The Calvin cycle then uses ATP and NADPH to incorporate CO2 into organic molecules like glucose. Photosynthesis is essential as it produces oxygen and stores solar energy in sugars that fuel life on Earth.
Photosynthesis powerpoint
This document provides an overview of photosynthesis presented by Mr. M Dlamini in 2022. It discusses the key components and processes of photosynthesis including light and light-independent reactions, the Calvin cycle, and C3, C4 and CAM pathways. Photosynthesis uses energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and energy-rich organic compounds to fuel life on Earth. It occurs in chloroplasts in plant cells and involves the absorption of light, transfer of electrons, and synthesis of ATP and NADPH followed by carbon fixation through the Calvin cycle.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and energy in the form of sugar. It takes place in the chloroplasts of plant leaves using the green pigment chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs sunlight which is used to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and glucose through a pair of light-dependent and light-independent reactions. This process provides a crucial source of food for plants and oxygen for animals and is essential for life on Earth.
why is there an uneven distribution of photosystem 1 and 2 on the th.pdf
why is there an uneven distribution of photosystem 1 and 2 on the thylakoid membrane?
Solution
Photosynthesis is carried out by the cyanobacteria, plants involved the absorption of light and the
conversion of its energy into chemical energy. The photosynthetic apparatus is made up of 4
multiprotein complexes, which are asymmetrically embedded in the thyalkoid memberane. It is
the high structural and functional coordination between these 4 complexes, which enables the
efficient coupling of photosynthetic electron transfer and photophosphorylation.
The 4 complexes - Photosystem II (PSII), cytochrome b6f complex, PS I and the proton-ATP
synthase, are unevenly distributed between the 2 regions of the thylakoids. The PS II complex is
situated in the appressed grana-lamella region, the PS I and the ATP synthase complex are
located in the non-appressed stroma-lamella region.
Light driven electron transfer is intiated with the oxidation of water mole. by the PS II complex
and the reduction of quinones associated with the PS II complex. The electrons are then
transferred across the memberane to plastocyanin via the Cyt b6f complex. Plastocyanin is a
copper protein facing the lumen of the thylakoids, is the secondary electron donor of the PS I
complex. In the PS I the electron are translocated across the memberane to ferredoxin which
further transfers them to NADP+. The membrane potental and proton gradient resulting from this
photochemical electron transport provide the motive force required for the formation of ATP by
the ATP synthase.
The transport of electron against the electrical potential and the formation of ATP and NADPH
are made possible due to the unique ability of the thylakoids to absorb light energy. The 2
pigment complexes (PS II and PS I) are responsible for harvesting the light and performing the
charge separation across the thylakoid memberanes.
Photosytem II (PS II):
1. PS II is located at the inner surface the grana thyalkoid memberane
2. The photocentre is P680
3. Pigments absorb shorter wavelengths of light (<680nm)
4. Participates only in non cyclic photophosphorylation
5. It is associated with photolysis of water
6. Main functions are ATP synthesis and hydrolysis of water
Photosystem I (PS I)
1. PS I is located at the outer surface the grana thylakoid memberane
2. The photocentre is P700
3. Pigments absorb longer wavelength of light (>680nm)
4. Participates in cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation
5. It is not associated with photolysis of water
6. Main function is ATP synthesis
This is the purpose the two photosystems (PS) are unevely distributed in thyalkoid memberane..
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Photosynthesis Part 2
- 2. Electron Micrograph of a Chloroplast
- 3. Photosynthesis Photosynthesis consists of light-dependent and light independent reactions *Should not be called “light” and “dark” reactions
- 4. Light-Dependent Reactions The thylakoid membrane is populated by two types of photosystems Photosystem II (PS II) Photosystem I (PS I)
- 5. Photosystem II The starting point for light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis Electron acceptor for Photosystem II is called plastoquinone (hydrophobic) Collects two electrons from Photosystem II and relocates then to another position in the thylakoid membrane
- 6. Photosystem II Two photons of light are absorbed causing the production of one reduced plastoquinone One of the chlorophylls looses two electrons Process is repeated to reduce another plastoquinone and have a total of four lost electrons Due to the oxidising agent this produces, nearest water molecules split and give up electrons to replace the lost electrons.
- 7. Photosystem II - Photolysis Photoloysis- the splitting of water Generates oxygen in photosynthesis as a waste product The energy gathered from Photosystem II drives all the reactions of photosynthesis
- 8. General Formula- Photosystem II 2H2O O2 + 4H+ + 4e-
- 9. Photosystem I The useful product of Photosystem I is NADPH the reduced form of NADP+ Chlorophylls absorb light energy and pass the energy to two chlorophyll molecules at the reaction center Raises electron in one of the chlorophylls to a high energy level (photoactivation)
- 10. Photosystem I That electron travels through the chain of carriers in Photosystem I Passed to ferredoxin Two molecules of the reduced ferredoxin are used to reduce NADP+ to form NADPH + H+ Electron that was passsed to the chain of electron carriers is replaced by an electron carried by plastocyanin
- 11. Electron Transport Chain Links Photosystem II and Photosystem I Electrons excited in Phtosystem II are passed along the chain of carriers to plasocyanin, which gives the electrons to Photosystem I
- 12. Cyclic Photophosphorylation As electrons flow back along the electron transport chain from Photosystem II to Photosystem I, they cause pumping of protons, which allows ATP production
- 13. Photophosphorylation and Chemiosmosis Photophosphorylation- the production of ATP, using energy from light Due to non-cyclic photophosphorylation, a concentration gradient of protons develops across the thylakoid membrane (potential energy) Energy released by protons passing down their concentration gradient produces ATP from ADP- Chemiosmosis
- 14. Light- Independent Reactions First carbohydrate produced is triose phosphate Two triose phosphate molecules combine to from hexose phosphate Hexosephospahte can combine by condensation reactions to form starch Some triose phosphate in the chloroplast are used to regenerate RuBP
- 15. Light- Independent Reactions The conversion of 3- carbon sugars (triose phosphate) to the 5- carbon sugar (ribulose phosphate) requires three ATP
- 16. Plant absorb all visible light except for green, which is reflected