Proximate Causes of Biodiversity Loss
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Habitat destruction, overexploitation, invasive species, pollution, and climate change are the five main proximate causes of biodiversity loss. Habitat destruction has affected over 85% of threatened species through activities like urbanization and agriculture. Overexploitation harvests plants and animals faster than their reproduction rates can keep up. Invasive species harm native species through competition, disease transmission, and predation. Pollution disrupts ecosystems through contamination of water, soil and air. Climate change alters habitats and some species may be unable to adapt quickly enough to its effects, potentially leading to the extinction of 15-37% of species by 2050.
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- Habitat can be similar for different organisms, but niches differ as organisms may have different trophic positions (what they eat).
- Niche includes spatial/habitat, trophic, and multidimensional components related to various environmental factors.
- Niche breadth refers to how widely an organism utilizes resources, while niche overlap measures how often species are found together, indicating competition.
- Gause's competitive exclusion principle states that two species cannot coexist if their niches are identical.
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Habitat loss and destruction, over-exploitation of natural resources, invasive species, pollution and climate change are the main reasons for loss of biodiversity according to the document. Habitat loss occurs due to human activities like deforestation, agriculture and natural disasters which degrades ecosystems. Over-hunting, over-fishing and over-mining have significantly reduced biodiversity levels by exceeding sustainable limits. Invasive species that enter destroyed ecosystems compete with and destroy native species, while pollution has turned some areas into dead zones unable to support life. Climate change and global warming are also major contributors by destroying habitats like coral reefs and mountains that support diverse species.
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The document discusses several threats to biodiversity, including habitat loss and destruction from human activity and population growth, alterations in ecosystem composition such as loss of species, introduction of exotic species, overexploitation of species, pollution and contamination, and climate change. These threats can lead to loss of species, populations, and ecosystems. The document also discusses the importance of biodiversity, including its intrinsic value, role in providing goods like food and shelter for humans, importance for ecosystem services like water purification and soil fertility, role in medical research, importance for productivity of natural and agricultural systems, and role in evolution through genetic diversity.
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Climate change is threatening biodiversity at an unprecedented rate by altering ecosystems faster than species can adapt. As temperatures rise 10,000 times quicker than historical rates of evolution, biodiversity loss is accelerating and ecosystems are being disrupted. This reduction in natural biodiversity can be seen in the IUCN Red List, which includes over 25,000 species at risk of extinction. Specific impacts include bumblebees being forced northward and coral reef bleaching from heat stress. Failure to mitigate climate change and adapt conservation efforts will lead to severe ecological, economic, and social consequences by disrupting natural systems and threatening livelihoods.
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Proximate Causes of Biodiversity Loss
- 1. Proximate Causes of Biodiversity Loss
- 2. Proximate Causes of Biodiversity Loss Habitat destruction Overexploitation Invasive species Pollution Climate change
- 3. Habitat Destruction Habitat destruction as a result of human activities including urbanization, agricultural expansion and logging leave animals and plants without a suitable place to live More than 85% of threatened birds, mammals and amphibian are affected by habitat destruction Deforestation rate positively correlates with human population growth rate in many parts of the world
- 4. Deforestation is a serious threat to Sumatran Tiger Each year between 2000 to 2005, 10.4 millions hectares of tropical forest were destroyed
- 5. Overexploitation Overexploitationis the harvest of plants and animals at a rate which is higher than their natural reproduction rate Overexploitationfor food, recreation, construction and medicine has lead to population fall and extinction
- 6. Overhunting for food resulted in extinction of Dodo in Mauritius Hunting of Asian Pangolin for medicinal uses has caused decline in population size
- 7. Invasive Species Invasive species is introduced intentionally or accidently outside their normal range and harmful to native species Invasive species threaten biodiversity by spreading diseases, acting as predator or parasite, competing or hybridizing with native species and altering habitat
- 8. The shrub Clidemiahirtathreatens endemic plants in Hawaii Nile Perch has led to extinction of Cichlid fish in Lake Victoria
- 9. Pollution Pollution is the release of contaminants and toxic substance to the environment Water, air and soil – the three main natural resources could be affected by pollution Pollution disrupt chemical cycle in the biosphere such as nitrogen and carbon cycle
- 10. The Osprey were negatively affected by the chemical DDT in the 1960s Organic waste and leaching of fertilizer may lead to eutrophication of lakes
- 11. Climate Change Climate change alter the distribution of ecosystems, biomes and suitable habitat Climate change require animals and plants to adapt ecologically, behaviorally and physically – but some may not be able to adapt accordingly 15 to 37% of 1,103 animals and plants sampled are predicted to become extinct by 2050 because of climate change
- 12. Increase in sea temperature has reduced coral reefs cover because of coral bleaching Mismatch of migratory bird behavior with changes in the environment