1. MEL422
Environmental Impact Assessment
Presented By:
Bahadur Prasad (2010ME10662)
Jasbir Singh (2010ME10682)
Ram Bihari (2010ME10715)
Ankur Rana (2010ME10654)
Rajveer Singh (2010ME10714)
Arla Sagar (2010ME1010657)

2. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
• EIA is a systematic process to identify, predict and
evaluate the environmental effects of proposed actions
and projects.
• A broad definition of environment is adopted.
Whenever appropriate social, cultural and health
effects are also considered as an integral part of EIA.
• Finally, particular attention is given in EIA for
preventing, mitigating and offsetting the significant
adverse effects of proposed undertakings

3. Definition
It is a planning and management tool for sustainable
development that seeks to identify the type, magnitude
and probability of environmental and social changes
likely to occur as direct or indirect result of a project or
policy and to design the possible mitigation procedure.

4. EIA is a tool that is applied…
 before major decisions are taken and when all alternatives are
still open;
 to inform all stages of decision making, including final
approval and the establishment of conditions for project
implementation;
 with public participation and consultation; and
 to integrate environmental considerations and safeguards into
all phases of project design, construction and operation

5. Various activities are completed during the project cycle, which are identified
in the Table

6. EIA…. When?
• EIA regulations define two schedules of developments.
• For Schedule 1 projects an EIA must always be carried out.
• For Schedule 2 projects an EIA must be carried out if the development
is likely to have a significant impact on the environment by virtue of
its nature, size or location.

7. Examples of Schedule 1 projects include:
• Major power plants
• Chemical works
• Waste disposal incineration
• Major Roads Schemes

8. Examples of Schedule 2 Projects include:
• Quarries and opencast
• Some intensive livestock rearing
• Overhead transmission lines

9. About Schedule 2 projects
• All Schedule 2 developments are based on thresholds. A proposed
development only becomes a Schedule 2 development where it
exceeds the threshold.
• For example a ‘shipyard’ development only falls within Schedule 2
where ‘the area of new floor space exceeds 1,000 square meters’
• Just because a project falls within one of the categories set out in
Schedule 2 and exceeds the Schedule 2 threshold does not mean that
EIA is required.

10. Three stage process is as follows:
1. Is the proposed development within a category set out in Schedule 2?
2. If so, either: a. does it exceed the threshold set out for that category in
Schedule 2? Or b. is it in a ‘sensitive area’ such as a SSSI, SPA, national park,
AONB etc.?
3. If so, it is likely to have a significant effect on the environment by virtue of
its nature, size or location?
• If the answer to all three of those questions is ‘yes’ then an EIA is
required.
• If the answer to any of those questions is ‘no’ then an EIA is not required.

11. Steps in EIA
*Public involvement typically
occurs at these points.
It may also occur at any
other stage of the EIA Process
Information fromthis process
contributes to effective EIA in the future
No EIA
Initial
environmental
examination
EIA required
Approved
Not approved
Redesign
Resubmit
Proposal
identification
*Public involvement
Screening
Scoping
Impact analysis
Mitigation
and impact
management
EIA report
Review
Decision-making
Implementation
and post-EIA
monitoring
FIGURE 1: Generalized EIA Process Flow-Chart

12. Screening
 This step determines:
• whether or not EIA is required for a particular project
• what level of EIA is required
 Often there is some uncertainty and an environmental assessment specialist may
be required to help advise on which of the following is applied:
 Environmental Appraisal
 Environmental Impact Assessment
 Environmental Audit

13. Screening Process
Mandatory EIA
Case-by-case
consideration
of requirement
for EIA
EIA ruled out
Inclusive threshold
Indicative threshold
Exclusive threshold

14. • The Screening Process results in the production of the Environmental
Screening Summary Note (ESSN) which include -
• Brief project description
• Environmental issues apparent at screening
• Significance of environmental impacts, risks and/or benefits
• Environmental investigation proposed
• Other issues
• Actions to be taken

15. Scoping
The specific objectives of the process are
• To enhance the environmental benefits
• To ensure compliance with relevant UK, EC and local legislation
• To consider the alternatives to the proposal that should be examined
• To identify any significant adverse environmental effects, and identify action
• To provide for public consultation and input to the identification of issues to be examined
• To define the data assembly needs and field survey activities
• To determine the predictive techniques
Outcome:
• identifies key issues and impacts to be considered
• lays the foundation of an effective process, saves time and money, and reduces conflict

16. The scoping process
• prepare a scope outline
• develop the outline through informal consultation with environmental and health
authorities
• make the outline available
• compile an extensive list of concerns
• evaluate relevant concerns to establish key issues
• organise key issues into impact categories (study list)
• amend the outline accordingly
• develop ‘Terms of reference’ (ToR) for impact analysis
• monitor progress against the ToR, revising as necessary

17. Impact Analysis
→ Type biophysical, social, health or economic
→ Nature direct or indirect, cumulative, etc.
→ Magnitude or
severity
high, moderate, low
→ Extent local, regional, trans-boundary or global
→ Timing immediate/long term
→ Duration temporary/permanent
→ Uncertainty low likelihood/high probability
→ Reversibility reversible/irreversible
→ Significance* unimportant/important
checklists, matrix, geographical information systems (GIS),expert systems, professional
judgement are used as tool for impact identification.

18. Impact Mitigation
• Fundamental part of project design
• Simple design changes can have a dramatic effect upon improving
environmental performance
• to avoid, minimise or remedy adverse impacts
• to ensure that residual impacts are within acceptable levels
• to enhance environmental and social benefits

19. Framework for Impact Mitigation
Common (desirable)
Rare (undesirable)
Alternative sites or
technologyto
eliminate habitat loss
Actions during
design, construction and
operation to minimise
or eliminate habitat
loss
Used as a last resort
to offset habitat loss
Avoidance
Mitigation
Compensation

20. Reporting
• Purpose- to improve the project design prior to its submission
• Focused upon the key issues that the decision maker should
appreciate
• Different name of EIA reports
 Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
 Environmental Statement (ES)
 Environmental Assessment Report (EA Report)

21. Contents of the Report
 a description of the project;
• an outline of the main alternatives studied by the developer, and an indication of the main
reasons for this choice,
• a description of the aspects of the environment likely to be significantly affected by the
proposed project;
• a description of the likely significant environmental effects of the proposed project;
• measures to prevent, reduce and possibly offset adverse
environmental effects;
• a non-technical summary;
• an indication of any difficulties (technical deficiencies or
lack of know-how) encountered while compiling the required information.

22. Environmental Management Plan (EMP):
• Environmental issues are incorporated into the implementation phase of
the project cycle
• Consists of:-
• Mitigation measures to minimise adverse impacts
• Measures to enhance environmental benefits
• Identified risks and uncertainties
• Institutional support required for effective monitoring
• Monitoring and auditing programme details
• Environmental legislation and standards which apply
• Resources, funds, contractual and management
arrangements

23. Screening Checklists:
Environmental Features:
• Areas containing rare or endangered species
• National parks, nature reserves, Etc.
• Habitats providing important resources for vulnerable groups
• Moist or dry tropical and sub-tropical forest
Development Features
• Important policy changes likely to affect the environment
• Major changes in land tenure or use
• Substantial changes in water use
• Large infrastructure projects

24. Screening Checklists:
Potential adverse and beneficial effects:
• Livelihoods
• Culture
• Land management
• Water quality and quantity
• Local air quality
• Global impacts
• Conservation

25. Screening Checklists:
Impact characterisation:
• Is the impact beneficial, benign or harmful?
• What is the scale and intensity of impact?
• Are effects irreversible?
• Are the effects due to construction and/or operations?
• Are the effects likely to be politically or socially controversial?
• Will there be different effects on different members of society?
• What are the timescales of impact?
• Checklists for Policy Approvers and Decision-makers

26. Screening Checklists:
Project setting:
• Have underlying causes of environmental damage been considered?
• Would these underlying causes be better addressed by other means?
Impact identification
• Is there any effect on environmentally sensitive or important areas?
• Have the environmental and social risks been evaluated?
• Have indirect effects been addressed?
Mitigation measures:
• What mitigation measures are proposed?
• What measures will be taken to enhance environmental benefits?
• What consultation was there with concerned stakeholders?

27. Screening Checklists:
Procedures:
• Have appropriate guidelines been followed?
• Have the beneficial and adverse environmental effects been integrated into
the economic analysis?
• Have the appropriate authorities been consulted?
Implementation:
• Do local institutions need strengthening in order to effect the
environmental measures?
• Who will monitor the environmental impact?
• Have environmental measures been costed, and funds allocated?

28. Environmental Impact of Rural Transport
Development:
• Encroachment into precious ecological resources, including forests
and swamps.
Encroachment into historical areas and cultural monuments.
• Impairment of fisheries, aquatic ecology and other beneficial water
uses, due to changes in surface hydrology.
• Erosion and silt runoff from exposed areas, which may also cause
impairment of downstream water quality and damage to land values.
• Dust nuisances caused by both the road usage and during
construction.

29. Case study of an EIA in Finland, development of Highway 1

30. Introduction
• The national Highway 1 is part of the European road E18, which
is the most important east-west road corridor in Finland.
• The section of Highway 1 between Salo and Lohja (63 km) is
narrow, winding and unsafe
• According to the Finnish Road Administration, the road is
running short of capacity. Already in the 1960s, the Road
Administration began planning to develop this highway to a
motorway standard

31. Environmental Impact Assessment procedure

32. Identification and scoping
• The new road would pass through important natural areas and would
cause changes to both the natural landscape and cultural landscape
areas
• The scoping was focused on identifying the most sensitive and
important areas and on analysing the changes that would result
because of the building of the road
• The most important goal was to determine the impacts of a new
motorway and the impacts of just upgrading the existing roads
• According to the Finnish legislation on EIA, the EIA procedure is also
subject to public participation.

33. Baseline data
• The earlier investigations and traffic forecasts done during the
feasibility study were updated and some new supplementary
surveys were made
• Potential impacts from noise and emissions were assessed
closely and there were inquiries and interviews of local people
to assess social impacts
• Different scenarios were used to look at impacts on community
structure and economics

34. Impact study and assessment
• The EIA report covered the environmental aspects that were
determined to be the most significant during the scoping phase
• A new motorway has significant advantages and disadvantages.
• In general, the upgrading of existing roads means that the
already existing problems will increase and the people living
next to the roads will suffer even more.
• In economic terms, the new motorway was seen to be the
better solution

35. Disadvantages of new motorway
• Loss of biodiversity
• The new motorway will also cause fragmentation in some lake
areas, as well as in one important recreation area
• Some areas that are now quiet areas will be affected by the
traffic noise from the new motorway
When completed, the assessment report was subject to
public comments

36. After the EIA
• The EIA was completed in 1996. The Finnish Road Administration
proceeded to work on the final design of the project
• Some local people found evidence of flying squirrels, close to the
planned motorway.
• The Road Administration ordered a report on flying squirrels for the
entire road section. According to the report, 47 occurrences of flying
squirrels close to the planned motorway were recorded, of which 29
were in the immediate vicinity of the road.
• This resulted in a long legal process that delayed even further the
construction of the new motorway

37. • It was also found that a shooting range is located in an area of a
proposed interchange
• A high concentration of lead was detected in the soil
• According to the amended EIA decree, the disposal of heavily
leaded soil is subject to a mandatory EIA
• This meant a new EIA procedure for the cleaning up and
disposal of the leaded soil, which resulted in even more delays.

38. Benefits of the EIA
• EIA ensured that environmental issues were taken into account
in the planning procedures and the decision-making process
• In this case the EIA helped to identify environmentally sensitive
areas and significant issues so that they could be taken into
account and the adverse impacts could be reduced to an
acceptable level

39. Some positive outcomes of the EIA are :-
• an important recreation area was saved by building a tunnel
• most habitats of the flying squirrel were saved by small changes
in design
• groundwater areas were protected
• long sections of the road run through deep rock cuttings and
the planned primary measure for noise control

40. THANKS..