Protein synthesis Horner Jacob (cooler than Michael Lin)
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This document summarizes the process of protein synthesis from transcription of DNA in the nucleus to translation of mRNA in the cytoplasm. It shows RNA polymerase transcribing DNA to form mRNA, which exits the nucleus through the nuclear pore. The mRNA then binds to a ribosome in the cytoplasm where translation occurs. The ribosome binds mRNA and tRNA to synthesize proteins by linking amino acids specified by mRNA codons. tRNA brings complementary bases to form codon-anticodon base pairs, leaving behind amino acids to form polypeptide chains that eventually fold into functional protein structures.
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Transcription
1. DNA contains genes that encode the information for synthesizing proteins. The genes contain base sequences that are transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA), which then directs protein synthesis.
2. During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to promoter regions on DNA and synthesizes mRNA complementary to the template DNA strand. The mRNA is then processed and modified before being translated into protein.
3. Transcription is regulated through control regions in DNA that bind transcription factors, inducing or repressing transcription depending on the factor. This regulates the expression of genes and allows control of protein synthesis.
Transcription (Eukaryotic and prokaryotic )
This document provides an overview of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It describes that transcription is the first step of gene expression where RNA is synthesized from a DNA template. In prokaryotes, transcription occurs in the cytoplasm and is carried out by RNA polymerase, while in eukaryotes it occurs in the nucleus and requires transcription factors. The process involves initiation, elongation, and termination stages. In prokaryotes, RNA polymerase binds directly to promoter sequences, while in eukaryotes transcription factors are needed to recruit RNA polymerase. The document compares the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription.
How trna recognizes several codons
The tRNA molecule has a distinctive folded structure with three hairpin loops that form the shape of a three-leafed clover. One of these hairpin loops contains a sequence called the anticodon, which can recognize and decode an mRNA codon. Each tRNA has its corresponding amino acid attached to its end.
Transcription in prokaryotes
This document summarizes the process of transcription in bacteria and bacteriophage. It discusses how transcription involves making an RNA copy from a DNA template, with the enzyme RNA polymerase synthesizing RNA based on the DNA sequence. The key steps described are initiation at a promoter region, elongation of the RNA strand, and termination of transcription. Molecular details are provided about the recognition of promoter sequences, unwinding of the DNA template, and addition of nucleotides according to base-pairing rules.
Replication
DNA replication is semi-conservative, as proved by the Meselson-Stahl experiment. It occurs during interphase and involves unwinding of the DNA double helix by helicase, followed by synthesis of new strands by DNA polymerases with RNA primers provided by primase. Replication proceeds bidirectionally from an origin of replication and results in two identical copies of the original DNA molecule.
DNA Transcription
A hyperlinked and animated PowerPoint presentation on DNA transcription, its stages, units, etc.
Hope you will like it.
Please do share with your friends
Transcription, mechanism
The document discusses the process of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It describes how transcription uses DNA as a template to synthesize RNA, with RNA polymerase catalyzing the formation of phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides. The key stages of transcription - initiation, elongation, and termination - are explained for both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Recognition sequences in DNA, such as the TATA box and transcription factors involved, differ between the two domains of life.
281 lec13 prokaryotic_transcription
This document discusses transcription in prokaryotes. It begins by outlining the aims of understanding the transcription process, gene structure, promoter and terminator structures, and how transcription is terminated. The transcription process involves three steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation occurs at the promoter region, which contains -10 and -35 boxes. Elongation involves RNA polymerase moving along the DNA and synthesizing RNA. Termination can occur via Rho-independent terminators that form hairpin loops, or Rho-dependent terminators involving the Rho protein. The gene structure contains a promoter region, RNA coding sequence, and terminator region.
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Transcription
1. DNA contains genes that encode the information for synthesizing proteins. The genes contain base sequences that are transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA), which then directs protein synthesis.
2. During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to promoter regions on DNA and synthesizes mRNA complementary to the template DNA strand. The mRNA is then processed and modified before being translated into protein.
3. Transcription is regulated through control regions in DNA that bind transcription factors, inducing or repressing transcription depending on the factor. This regulates the expression of genes and allows control of protein synthesis.
Transcription (Eukaryotic and prokaryotic )
This document provides an overview of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It describes that transcription is the first step of gene expression where RNA is synthesized from a DNA template. In prokaryotes, transcription occurs in the cytoplasm and is carried out by RNA polymerase, while in eukaryotes it occurs in the nucleus and requires transcription factors. The process involves initiation, elongation, and termination stages. In prokaryotes, RNA polymerase binds directly to promoter sequences, while in eukaryotes transcription factors are needed to recruit RNA polymerase. The document compares the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription.
How trna recognizes several codons
The tRNA molecule has a distinctive folded structure with three hairpin loops that form the shape of a three-leafed clover. One of these hairpin loops contains a sequence called the anticodon, which can recognize and decode an mRNA codon. Each tRNA has its corresponding amino acid attached to its end.
Transcription in prokaryotes
This document summarizes the process of transcription in bacteria and bacteriophage. It discusses how transcription involves making an RNA copy from a DNA template, with the enzyme RNA polymerase synthesizing RNA based on the DNA sequence. The key steps described are initiation at a promoter region, elongation of the RNA strand, and termination of transcription. Molecular details are provided about the recognition of promoter sequences, unwinding of the DNA template, and addition of nucleotides according to base-pairing rules.
Replication
DNA replication is semi-conservative, as proved by the Meselson-Stahl experiment. It occurs during interphase and involves unwinding of the DNA double helix by helicase, followed by synthesis of new strands by DNA polymerases with RNA primers provided by primase. Replication proceeds bidirectionally from an origin of replication and results in two identical copies of the original DNA molecule.
DNA Transcription
A hyperlinked and animated PowerPoint presentation on DNA transcription, its stages, units, etc.
Hope you will like it.
Please do share with your friends
Transcription, mechanism
The document discusses the process of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It describes how transcription uses DNA as a template to synthesize RNA, with RNA polymerase catalyzing the formation of phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides. The key stages of transcription - initiation, elongation, and termination - are explained for both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Recognition sequences in DNA, such as the TATA box and transcription factors involved, differ between the two domains of life.
281 lec13 prokaryotic_transcription
This document discusses transcription in prokaryotes. It begins by outlining the aims of understanding the transcription process, gene structure, promoter and terminator structures, and how transcription is terminated. The transcription process involves three steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation occurs at the promoter region, which contains -10 and -35 boxes. Elongation involves RNA polymerase moving along the DNA and synthesizing RNA. Termination can occur via Rho-independent terminators that form hairpin loops, or Rho-dependent terminators involving the Rho protein. The gene structure contains a promoter region, RNA coding sequence, and terminator region.
molecular genetics
The document summarizes the central dogma of molecular biology, beginning with the discovery of DNA's structure by Watson, Crick, Wilkins and Franklin. It then explains DNA replication, transcription and translation. DNA is replicated through unwinding and polymerase activity. Transcription involves RNA polymerase binding to promoter regions and transcribing DNA into mRNA. Translation occurs as ribosomes read mRNA to produce proteins according to the genetic code.
Significance of shine dalgarno sequence
The shine dalgarno sequence is a ribosomal site in the prokaryotic bacterial mRNA which helps in protein synthesis by aligning the ribosome with the start codon. It's significance deals with it's effect and importance during the translation process within an mRNA.
PROKARYOTIC DNA REPLICATION
The genetic material must produce a large number of copies of itself during the life cycle of an organism. The process by which a DNA molecule makes its identical copies is called DNA replication. The DNA molecule that undergoes replication may be termed as ‘parent molecule or template molecule, while the two molecules produced by replication may be called progeny molecules or daughter molecules.
Protein synthesis project
The document describes the process of transcription and translation in prokaryotic cells. During transcription, RNA polymerase unwinds DNA and synthesizes mRNA using complementary base pairing. The mRNA then exits the nucleus. During translation, the mRNA binds to ribosomes where tRNA matches codons and amino acids are linked together via peptide bonds to form a protein.
Presentation
1. tRNA is a small ribonucleic acid molecule that facilitates protein synthesis by carrying amino acids to the ribosome.
2. tRNA has a cloverleaf secondary structure consisting of four arms - the acceptor arm, D arm, anticodon arm, and T arm. This gives tRNA its distinctive L-shape tertiary structure.
3. The primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of tRNA allow it to perform its functions, which include recognizing the correct aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzyme, binding to codons on mRNA, and attaching to the growing polypeptide chain during translation.
Transcription
The flow of information in the cell starts at DNA, which replicates to form more DNA. Information is then ‘transcribed” into RNA, and then it is “translated” into protein.
Information does not flow in the other direction.
A few exceptions to the Central Dogma exist
some RNA viruses, called “retroviruses”.
Genetic code and transcription
Genetic information is stored in DNA by means of a triplet code that is nearly universal to all living things on Earth.
The genetic code is initially transferred from DNA to RNA, in the process of transcription.
Transcription in Prokaryotes (Extended).
Hello everyone, I am Dr. Ujwalkumar Trivedi, Head of Biotechnology Department at Marwadi University Rajkot. I teach Molecular Biology to the students of M.Sc. Microbiology and Biotechnology.
This presentation talks about the process of transcription in prokaryotes with an elaborative view on prokaryotic promoters, sigma factors and structure of RNA Polymerase. The later part of the presentation describes the process of initiation, elongation and termination of transcription.
Replication in prokaryotes
The document summarizes the process of DNA replication in prokaryotes. It describes that replication initiates at the origin of replication (oriC) site and proceeds bidirectionally. There are three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. In initiation, proteins help unwind DNA at oriC. In elongation, primase synthesizes primers and DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to replicate both leading and lagging strands. In termination, RNA primers are removed and DNA ligase seals the replicated DNA, completing replication.
Dna structure for learners to understand better
DNA molecules are made up of nucleotides, which each consist of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. Nucleotides are linked together through covalent bonds between the sugar and phosphate groups to form polynucleotides. The sequence of bases along the DNA polymer is unique to each gene. DNA contains the genetic instructions to direct the development, functioning and reproduction of living organisms. While only about 1.5% of human DNA actually codes for proteins, recent evidence indicates non-coding DNA also plays important roles in the cell.
Basic principle of transcription, organization of transcriptional units in pr...
Transcription is the first step of gene expression where DNA is copied into RNA. In prokaryotes, there are three main components of the transcriptional unit: 1) Promoters located upstream of genes that are recognized by RNA polymerase to initiate transcription, 2) The RNA coding sequence which is the DNA region that is transcribed, and 3) Terminators which allow transcription to stop and release the RNA transcript. Promoters contain -10 and -35 sequences that recruit RNA polymerase. Termination can occur via Rho-dependent or Rho-independent mechanisms involving RNA secondary structure formation and polymerase stalling.
Transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from DNA and involves four main stages - initiation, elongation, termination, and post-transcription processing. It occurs differently in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, transcription and translation are coupled and occur in the cytoplasm, while in eukaryotes transcription occurs separately in the nucleus. The document provides details on the mechanisms and factors involved in each stage of transcription for both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Basic principle of transcription
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA using a DNA template. It involves three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. In initiation, RNA polymerase binds to promoter sequences on DNA and unwinds the double helix. In elongation, RNA polymerase moves along the DNA strand and adds complementary RNA nucleotides. Termination occurs when the polymerase reaches a terminator sequence and stops adding nucleotides. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have similar transcription mechanisms but eukaryotes have three RNA polymerases and require additional transcription factors.
Prokar transcription
Transcription in prokaryotes begins with RNA polymerase binding to DNA and transcribing genes. Bacterial genes have simple structures like promoters, Shine-Dalgarno sequences, and terminators. RNA polymerase initiates transcription at promoters and terminates at intrinsic terminator hairpin loops or extrinsic Rho-dependent sequences. Prokaryotic transcription can produce both monocistronic and polycistronic mRNAs.
Rna and cell cycle
The document summarizes key aspects of RNA and the cell cycle. It discusses that RNA plays various roles in the cell beyond just acting as intermediaries between DNA and protein synthesis. It also outlines the main types of RNA including mRNA, tRNA, rRNA and snRNA. Regarding the cell cycle, it notes the cycle consists of interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis and describes the main phases of interphase including G1, S, and G2 phase. Control mechanisms called checkpoints ensure proper progression and completion of each cell cycle phase.
Chapter 12.3 dna,rna and protein
DNA contains the genetic code that is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) which is then translated into proteins. There are three main types of RNA - mRNA carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome for protein production. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) helps join mRNA to transfer RNA (tRNA) during protein synthesis. TRNA transports amino acids to the ribosome where they are linked together based on the mRNA codon sequence.
Dna
The document summarizes key aspects of DNA structure and function in 3 paragraphs or less:
DNA is made up of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogen bases. The structure of DNA is a double helix with the bases on each strand bonded to each other. DNA replicates via a semiconservative mechanism where each new cell receives one original and one new strand. Genes are expressed as DNA is transcribed into mRNA and then translated into proteins. Mutations can occur and cause genetic disorders and diseases.
Laken flipbook
The protein synthesis process involves two main steps: transcription and translation. During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and synthesizes mRNA using the DNA as a template. The mRNA then leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm. During translation, ribosomes and tRNA molecules work together to translate the mRNA into a polypeptide chain by linking amino acids in the specified order. The polypeptide then folds into the final tertiary protein structure.
Laken flipbook
The protein synthesis process involves two main steps: transcription and translation. During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and synthesizes mRNA using the DNA as a template. The mRNA then leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm. During translation, ribosomes and tRNA molecules work together to translate the mRNA into a polypeptide chain by linking amino acids in the specified order. The polypeptide then folds into the final tertiary protein structure.
Protien synthesis flip book
The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis in cells. It occurs in two main steps - transcription and translation. In transcription, RNA polymerase in the nucleus copies DNA into mRNA. In translation, ribosomes in the cytoplasm read the mRNA and assemble amino acids into a protein chain using transfer RNA molecules. The end result is a functional protein that forms from the folding and shaping of the amino acid chain.
RNA_ Structure-WPS Office.pptx
RNA is a single-stranded nucleic acid that carries genetic information from DNA and is involved in protein synthesis. There are several types of RNA including messenger RNA (mRNA) which carries information from DNA to the ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA) which transports amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis, and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) which is a major component of ribosomes and ensures proper alignment of mRNA and tRNA during protein synthesis. RNA has a similar structure to DNA but contains ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose and uracil in place of thymine.
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molecular genetics
The document summarizes the central dogma of molecular biology, beginning with the discovery of DNA's structure by Watson, Crick, Wilkins and Franklin. It then explains DNA replication, transcription and translation. DNA is replicated through unwinding and polymerase activity. Transcription involves RNA polymerase binding to promoter regions and transcribing DNA into mRNA. Translation occurs as ribosomes read mRNA to produce proteins according to the genetic code.
Significance of shine dalgarno sequence
The shine dalgarno sequence is a ribosomal site in the prokaryotic bacterial mRNA which helps in protein synthesis by aligning the ribosome with the start codon. It's significance deals with it's effect and importance during the translation process within an mRNA.
PROKARYOTIC DNA REPLICATION
The genetic material must produce a large number of copies of itself during the life cycle of an organism. The process by which a DNA molecule makes its identical copies is called DNA replication. The DNA molecule that undergoes replication may be termed as ‘parent molecule or template molecule, while the two molecules produced by replication may be called progeny molecules or daughter molecules.
Protein synthesis project
The document describes the process of transcription and translation in prokaryotic cells. During transcription, RNA polymerase unwinds DNA and synthesizes mRNA using complementary base pairing. The mRNA then exits the nucleus. During translation, the mRNA binds to ribosomes where tRNA matches codons and amino acids are linked together via peptide bonds to form a protein.
Presentation
1. tRNA is a small ribonucleic acid molecule that facilitates protein synthesis by carrying amino acids to the ribosome.
2. tRNA has a cloverleaf secondary structure consisting of four arms - the acceptor arm, D arm, anticodon arm, and T arm. This gives tRNA its distinctive L-shape tertiary structure.
3. The primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of tRNA allow it to perform its functions, which include recognizing the correct aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase enzyme, binding to codons on mRNA, and attaching to the growing polypeptide chain during translation.
Transcription
The flow of information in the cell starts at DNA, which replicates to form more DNA. Information is then ‘transcribed” into RNA, and then it is “translated” into protein.
Information does not flow in the other direction.
A few exceptions to the Central Dogma exist
some RNA viruses, called “retroviruses”.
Genetic code and transcription
Genetic information is stored in DNA by means of a triplet code that is nearly universal to all living things on Earth.
The genetic code is initially transferred from DNA to RNA, in the process of transcription.
Transcription in Prokaryotes (Extended).
Hello everyone, I am Dr. Ujwalkumar Trivedi, Head of Biotechnology Department at Marwadi University Rajkot. I teach Molecular Biology to the students of M.Sc. Microbiology and Biotechnology.
This presentation talks about the process of transcription in prokaryotes with an elaborative view on prokaryotic promoters, sigma factors and structure of RNA Polymerase. The later part of the presentation describes the process of initiation, elongation and termination of transcription.
Replication in prokaryotes
The document summarizes the process of DNA replication in prokaryotes. It describes that replication initiates at the origin of replication (oriC) site and proceeds bidirectionally. There are three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. In initiation, proteins help unwind DNA at oriC. In elongation, primase synthesizes primers and DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to replicate both leading and lagging strands. In termination, RNA primers are removed and DNA ligase seals the replicated DNA, completing replication.
Dna structure for learners to understand better
DNA molecules are made up of nucleotides, which each consist of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. Nucleotides are linked together through covalent bonds between the sugar and phosphate groups to form polynucleotides. The sequence of bases along the DNA polymer is unique to each gene. DNA contains the genetic instructions to direct the development, functioning and reproduction of living organisms. While only about 1.5% of human DNA actually codes for proteins, recent evidence indicates non-coding DNA also plays important roles in the cell.
Basic principle of transcription, organization of transcriptional units in pr...
Transcription is the first step of gene expression where DNA is copied into RNA. In prokaryotes, there are three main components of the transcriptional unit: 1) Promoters located upstream of genes that are recognized by RNA polymerase to initiate transcription, 2) The RNA coding sequence which is the DNA region that is transcribed, and 3) Terminators which allow transcription to stop and release the RNA transcript. Promoters contain -10 and -35 sequences that recruit RNA polymerase. Termination can occur via Rho-dependent or Rho-independent mechanisms involving RNA secondary structure formation and polymerase stalling.
Transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from DNA and involves four main stages - initiation, elongation, termination, and post-transcription processing. It occurs differently in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, transcription and translation are coupled and occur in the cytoplasm, while in eukaryotes transcription occurs separately in the nucleus. The document provides details on the mechanisms and factors involved in each stage of transcription for both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Basic principle of transcription
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA using a DNA template. It involves three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. In initiation, RNA polymerase binds to promoter sequences on DNA and unwinds the double helix. In elongation, RNA polymerase moves along the DNA strand and adds complementary RNA nucleotides. Termination occurs when the polymerase reaches a terminator sequence and stops adding nucleotides. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have similar transcription mechanisms but eukaryotes have three RNA polymerases and require additional transcription factors.
Prokar transcription
Transcription in prokaryotes begins with RNA polymerase binding to DNA and transcribing genes. Bacterial genes have simple structures like promoters, Shine-Dalgarno sequences, and terminators. RNA polymerase initiates transcription at promoters and terminates at intrinsic terminator hairpin loops or extrinsic Rho-dependent sequences. Prokaryotic transcription can produce both monocistronic and polycistronic mRNAs.
Rna and cell cycle
The document summarizes key aspects of RNA and the cell cycle. It discusses that RNA plays various roles in the cell beyond just acting as intermediaries between DNA and protein synthesis. It also outlines the main types of RNA including mRNA, tRNA, rRNA and snRNA. Regarding the cell cycle, it notes the cycle consists of interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis and describes the main phases of interphase including G1, S, and G2 phase. Control mechanisms called checkpoints ensure proper progression and completion of each cell cycle phase.
Chapter 12.3 dna,rna and protein
DNA contains the genetic code that is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) which is then translated into proteins. There are three main types of RNA - mRNA carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome for protein production. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) helps join mRNA to transfer RNA (tRNA) during protein synthesis. TRNA transports amino acids to the ribosome where they are linked together based on the mRNA codon sequence.
Dna
The document summarizes key aspects of DNA structure and function in 3 paragraphs or less:
DNA is made up of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogen bases. The structure of DNA is a double helix with the bases on each strand bonded to each other. DNA replicates via a semiconservative mechanism where each new cell receives one original and one new strand. Genes are expressed as DNA is transcribed into mRNA and then translated into proteins. Mutations can occur and cause genetic disorders and diseases.
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Similar to Protein synthesis Horner Jacob (cooler than Michael Lin)
Laken flipbook
The protein synthesis process involves two main steps: transcription and translation. During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and synthesizes mRNA using the DNA as a template. The mRNA then leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm. During translation, ribosomes and tRNA molecules work together to translate the mRNA into a polypeptide chain by linking amino acids in the specified order. The polypeptide then folds into the final tertiary protein structure.
Laken flipbook
The protein synthesis process involves two main steps: transcription and translation. During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and synthesizes mRNA using the DNA as a template. The mRNA then leaves the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm. During translation, ribosomes and tRNA molecules work together to translate the mRNA into a polypeptide chain by linking amino acids in the specified order. The polypeptide then folds into the final tertiary protein structure.
Protien synthesis flip book
The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis in cells. It occurs in two main steps - transcription and translation. In transcription, RNA polymerase in the nucleus copies DNA into mRNA. In translation, ribosomes in the cytoplasm read the mRNA and assemble amino acids into a protein chain using transfer RNA molecules. The end result is a functional protein that forms from the folding and shaping of the amino acid chain.
RNA_ Structure-WPS Office.pptx
RNA is a single-stranded nucleic acid that carries genetic information from DNA and is involved in protein synthesis. There are several types of RNA including messenger RNA (mRNA) which carries information from DNA to the ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA) which transports amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis, and ribosomal RNA (rRNA) which is a major component of ribosomes and ensures proper alignment of mRNA and tRNA during protein synthesis. RNA has a similar structure to DNA but contains ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose and uracil in place of thymine.
Gene expression: Translation and Transcription
The document discusses gene expression and transcription. It defines gene expression as the process by which a gene's information is converted into functional molecules like proteins or RNA. Transcription is the first step, where RNA polymerase makes an RNA copy of the gene. In eukaryotes, the initial RNA copy undergoes processing like capping, polyadenylation, and splicing before becoming messenger RNA. The mRNA is then transported out of the nucleus and translated by ribosomes into a protein product.
HOW PROTEIN IS MADE USING INFORMATIONS FROM DNA?
The document describes the process of protein synthesis in cells. It discusses how DNA in the nucleus contains the instructions for making proteins. The DNA is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA) which carries the genetic code out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm, the mRNA code is translated by ribosomes into a sequence of amino acids to form a protein. Transfer RNA molecules carry amino acids and join them together according to the mRNA codons. The protein is then finalized and can carry out its functions in the cell. The overall process represents the central dogma of molecular biology whereby genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to proteins.
Presentation 1.pptx
RNA is a molecule that is present in most living organisms and viruses. It is made up of nucleotides containing ribose sugars attached to nitrogenous bases and phosphate groups. There are three major types of RNA: messenger RNA (mRNA) which carries DNA instructions to the ribosome, ribosomal RNA (rRNA) which forms the ribosome where protein synthesis occurs, and transfer RNA (tRNA) which transports amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis. The document further describes the structure, function and roles of mRNA, rRNA, tRNA as well as other types of RNA like microRNA. It also explains the wobble hypothesis regarding degeneracy in the genetic code.
Ribosomes.pptx
Ribosomes are structures composed of rRNA and proteins that synthesize proteins. They consist of a small 30S subunit and large 50S subunit. The 30S subunit decodes mRNA and the 50S subunit links amino acids. Transfer RNA has a cloverleaf structure and serves as an adapter between mRNA and amino acids. Important discoveries included the identification of ribosomes by Palade in 1955 and determination of the ribosome structure including rRNA and protein components by Ramakrishnan, Steitz, and Yonath in 2000.
Microbial genetics lectures 10, 11, and 12
The document discusses the genetic code and process of translation. It explains that DNA or mRNA carries the genetic code to produce proteins using codons. There are 64 possible codon combinations that code for 21 amino acids, with some codons coding for the same amino acid. Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules contain anticodons that bind to codons and attach the corresponding amino acid. The ribosome then synthesizes proteins using the mRNA template through reading the codons and incorporating amino acids.
• Define transcription• Define translation• What are the 3 steps.pdf
• Define transcription
• Define translation
• What are the 3 steps of translation?
• Define the “genetic dogma”
• What is the function of Transfer RNA?
• What is the function of RNA polymerase?
• What is the function of DNA polymerase?
• Define “splicing of RNA”
• What is an exon?
• What component of the cell does the translation?
• What molecule in the cell does transcription?
• What are the functions of: operon, promotor?
• What is the difference between inducible operon and repressible operon?
Solution
• Define transcription
Transcription is the process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequence. This copy, called a
messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule, leaves the cell nucleus and enters the cytoplasm, where it
directs the synthesis of the protein, which it encodes. Here is a more complete definition of
transcription.
• Define translation
Translation is the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to
a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis. The genetic code describes the relationship
between the sequence of base pairs in a gene and the corresponding amino acid sequence that it
encodes. In the cell cytoplasm, the ribosome reads the sequence of the mRNA in groups of three
bases to assemble the protein. Here is a more complete definition of translation:
• What are the 3 steps of translation?
Step # 1. Initiation:
Initiation of translation in E .coli involves the small ribosome subunit, a mRNA molecule, a
specific charge initiator tRNA, GTP, Mg++ and number of proteinaceous initiation factors (IFs).
These are initially part of the small subunit and are required to enhance binding affinity of the
various translational components (Table 8.1). Unlike ribosomal proteins, IFs are released from
the ribosome once initiation is completed.
Step # 2. Elongation:
Once both subunits of the ribosome are assembled with the mRNA, binding site for two charged
tRNA molecules are formed. These are designated as the ‘P’ or peptidyl and the ‘A’ or
aminoacyl sites. The charged initiator tRNA binds to the P site, provided that the AUG triplet of
mRNA is in the corresponding position of the small subunit. The increase of the growing
polypeptide chain by one amino acid is called elongation.
Step # 3. Termination:
Termination of protein synthesis is carried out by triplet codes (UAG, UAA, UGA; stop codons)
present at site A. These codons do not specify an amino acid, nor do they call for a tRNA in the
A site. These codons are called stop codons, termination codons or nonsense codons. The
finished polypeptide is still attached to the terminal tRNA at the P site, and the A site is empty.
• Define the “genetic dogma”
A theory in genetics and molecular biology subject to several exceptions that genetic information
is coded in self-replicating DNA and undergoes unidirectional transfer to messenger RNAs in
transcription which act as templates for protein synthesis in translation
• What is the function of Transfer RNA?
The tRNA molecule, or tr.
RNA- STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes. RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, and, along with proteins and carbohydrates, constitute the four major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life. Like DNA, RNA is assembled as a chain of nucleotides, but unlike DNA it is more often found in nature as a single-strand folded onto itself, rather than a paired double-strand.
1. Explain how a gene directs the synthesis of a protein. Give the l.pdf
1. Explain how a gene directs the synthesis of a protein. Give the location and a brief description
of each step of the process. Include in your explanation the words \"amino acid,\" \"anti-codon,\"
\" codon,\" \"cytoplasm,\" \"DNA,\" \"mRNA,\" \"nucleotide,\" \"nucleus,\" \"ribosome,\" \"RNA
polymerase,\" \"tRNA.\" \"transcription,\" and \"translation.\"
2. Considering that we are all made up of the same four nucleotides in our DNA, the same four
nucleotides in our RNA, and the same 20 amino acids in our proteins, why are we so different
from each other?
3. Describe what type of amino acids would be used to line the pore of a Na+ channel. Give one
example.
Solution
1. A gene directs the synthesis of a protein by a two-step process. Very first, any
recommendations inside the cistron inside the DNA can be duplicated straight into a messenger
RNA (mRNA) molecule. Any collection with nucleotides inside the cistron ascertains any
collection with nucleotides inside the mRNA. This step is named transcription. Second, any
recommendations in the messenger RNA are utilised by ribosomes towards add the most suitable
amino acids inside the fix collection to the protein coded with regard to just by which usually
gene. Any collection with nucleotides inside the mRNA ascertains any collection with amino
acids inside the protein. This step is named translation. Transcription takes area inside the
nucleus.
Transcription is any process that makes messenger RNA (mRNA), amazing begin by realizing
slightly to the structure with mRNA. mRNA is a single-stranded polymer with nucleotides, as
both versions includes nitrogenous bottom, some carbs and a phosphate team, just like the
nucleotides define DNA. mRNA is a ribonucleic chemical given that equally nucleotide in RNA
incorporates any carbs ribose, not like DNA is a deoxyribonucleic chemical given that equally
nucleotide in DNA includes another carbs, deoxyribose.
During this process of translation, any collection with nucleotides in messenger RNA (mRNA)
ascertains any collection with amino acids inside a protein. In translation, equally couple of
several nucleotides within an mRNA compound codes for around amino acid inside a protein.
This particular describes exactly why equally couple of several nucleotides inside the mRNA is
named some codon. Each codon specifies a precise amino acid. For instance, any first codon
shown over, CGU, instructs the ribosome to place the amino acid arg (arginine) because the
primary amino acid within this protein. Any collection with codons inside the mRNA ascertains
any collection with amino acids inside the protein. Any meal table beneath demonstrates any six
codons to be a part of your mRNA compound, with their amino acid numbered with regard to
just by organizations codons.
Amino acids – twenty years old substances which might be the building blocks with proteins.
Guitar string with amino acids compose protein\'s major structure.
Anticodon – some collection with several nucleot.
Differentiated Fern Research Paper
The document discusses the SCRaMbLE technique, which uses the Cre-loxP system to increase phenotypic and genotypic diversity in organisms. The Cre-loxP system was originally discovered in bacteriophage P1, where it directs site-specific recombination of plasmid DNA into bacterial chromosomes. SCRaMbLE was first tested in yeast in 1987 and allows random chromosomal rearrangements by inducing recombination between loxP sites inserted throughout the genome. This technique can be used to determine which gene combinations confer beneficial traits to yeast.
Dna and protein synthesis
DNA carries genetic information from one generation to the next and must replicate itself accurately when cells divide. DNA replication occurs via a semi-conservative process where each new DNA strand contains one original strand and one newly synthesized strand. During transcription, mRNA is synthesized from a gene on DNA using one DNA strand as a template. Translation then builds a polypeptide chain from the mRNA codon sequence using tRNA to add amino acids specified by each codon. Molecular recognition allows for specific interactions between proteins and other molecules through complementary binding of receptors, antigens, enzymes and substrates.
Genome organization and gene expression and its regulation
this is very informative and highly explained silde about this topic. this slide very easy in language and easy to understand.
Nucleic acids
Nucleic acids like DNA and RNA are long biopolymers composed of nucleotides. DNA stores genetic information in cells and is made of deoxyribonucleotides, while RNA is involved in protein synthesis and has ribonucleotides. Both are composed of nitrogenous bases, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group. DNA exists as double-stranded helixes that are replicated for cell division. RNA exists in various forms that carry out different functions like protein synthesis.
Translation: Protein synthesis
Translation is the process by which the genetic code stored in mRNA is used to synthesize proteins. It occurs on ribosomes using transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules to add amino acids to a growing polypeptide chain. There are three sites on the ribosome - the A site binds incoming tRNA, the P site holds tRNA with the polypeptide chain, and the E site releases tRNA. Through the repetitive binding of tRNA to mRNA codons and formation of peptide bonds, proteins specified by the mRNA are assembled from amino acids based on the genetic code.
1.The cell is the basic unit of life, and all living things are cons.pdf
1.The cell is the basic unit of life, and all living things are consists of cells and all cells develop
from pre-existing cells. Cell theory primarily explains the functions and properties of cells. This
theory states that the cell is the basic unit of life; it is the smallest unit that is still considered a
living thing. The components of a cell, organelles and molecules, are not living.Every organism,
no matter how complex, is made up of a complex system of cells. Some organisms are
unicellular, comprised of a single cell.Earlier to the universal acceptance of cell theory, a
common faith was that of spontaneous generation, the concept that life springs from abiotic
factors. The biology department of the University of Miami identifies German philosopher
Lorenz Oken as the first person to communicative this principle in 1805 when he stated that \"All
living things originate from and consist of cells.\"
2. The common similarities of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells are:
a. DNA is called De-oxy ribonucleic acid consists of the genetic material contained in one or
more chromosomes and located in a non-membrane bound nucleoid region in prokaryotes and a
membrane-bound nucleus in eukaryotes.
b. Plasma membrane consists with a phospholipid bilayer with different types of proteins that
separates the cell from the adjacent environment and functions as a selective barrier for the
export and import of materials.
c. Cytoplasm, the rest of the organelles of the cell within the plasma membrane, excluding the
nucleus or nucleoid region, that made up of a fluid portion called the cytosol and the organelles
and other particulates positioned in it
d. Ribosome’s, are the organelles involved in protein synthesis and 80s ribosome in eukaryotes
and 70s ribosome’s present in prokaryotes.
3.The nucleus has mainly two functions in separating the DNA from the cytoplasm.
a.Nucleus protects the DNA. It gives a location and store the genetic material from damage. It
makes replication of a large genome and consists of linear chromosomes that must be replicated
perfectly when the cell divides.
b. It allows regulation of protein expression. Gene splicing permits multiple proteins to be made
from a single gene with introns. PolyA tail adenylation and capping can control the mRNA life
span. Nucleolus present in the nucleus where the ribosome specific RNA is transcribed and
assembled as ribosomes.
4.Ribosomes are the organelles of protein biosynthesis, the process of translating mRNA into the
protein molecule. The mRNA consists of a series of codons that states to the ribosome the
sequence of the amino acids needed to make the protein.
The mRNA acts as a template, the ribosome crosses each codon of the mRNA, pairing it with the
suitable amino acid provided by a tRNA. The transfer RNA (tRNA) contains appropriate amino
acid on one end and complementary anticodon on other end.
In proteins synthesis, first, the small ribosomal subunit, bound to a tRNA containing the amino
acid me.
Dkelly protein sythesis
Protein synthesis begins with the transcription of DNA into mRNA within the nucleus. RNA polymerase separates the DNA strands and copies the coding region of DNA into a mRNA strand until reaching the termination sequence. The mRNA strand then exits the nucleus and binds to a ribosome in the cytoplasm. Transfer RNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome according to the mRNA codons. The amino acids are linked together through peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain until a stop codon is reached. The polypeptide chain folds into its tertiary structure to become a functional protein.
Lesson 13.2
1) Ribosomes use the sequence of codons in mRNA to assemble amino acids into polypeptide chains through the process of translation.
2) Messenger RNA carries codons that are read by ribosomes to direct the binding of transfer RNA molecules and the addition of amino acids to form a polypeptide chain.
3) The central dogma of molecular biology is that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein, with DNA containing the genetic instructions and proteins performing most functions in cells.
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Genetics power point
Gregor Mendel was an Austrian monk who is considered the father of genetics. He conducted experiments with pea plants in which he studied 7 different traits. Through his experiments, Mendel discovered the principles of heredity, including that traits are passed from parents to offspring through discrete units called genes, and that some genes are dominant while others are recessive. When Mendel crossed plants with different traits, he found that the offspring expressed the traits of only one parent, not a blend, and that recessive traits could reappear in later generations. This led Mendel to propose that genes segregate and assort independently during the formation of gametes.
Protein synthesis trenton stouffer
The document describes the process of protein synthesis. It explains that RNA polymerase first breaks the hydrogen bonds of DNA to copy it and make an mRNA strand. The mRNA strand then leaves the nucleus through the nuclear pore into the cytoplasm. In the cytoplasm, the mRNA binds to a ribosome where tRNA reads its bases and adds complementary amino acids to form a polypeptide chain.
Presentation1
Transcription occurs in the cell nucleus where DNA is unzipped and RNA polymerase adds complementary RNA nucleotides to the DNA template strand, forming mRNA. The mRNA is processed - a cap and tail are added and introns are removed. The completed mRNA contains codons of three nucleotides that code for amino acids. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm where the mRNA binds to ribosomes and tRNA molecules with matching anticodons deliver amino acids specified by mRNA codons, assembling the polypeptide chain specified by the mRNA.
Atcheson flip book
This flip book depicts the process of protein synthesis, showing how DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated by ribosomes into a polypeptide chain. The flip book steps through transcription, where RNA polymerase copies DNA into mRNA, then translation, where the mRNA passes through the ribosome and interacts with tRNA and rRNA to add amino acids in the correct order specified by codons until a full protein is synthesized.
Protein synthesis
This document is a flip book that summarizes the process of protein synthesis. It shows how DNA is transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase in the nucleus. The mRNA is then transported out of the nucleus through the nuclear pore and binds to the ribosome in the cytoplasm. The ribosome reads the mRNA codons and binds transfer RNA (tRNA) with complementary anticodons. The tRNA brings amino acids to form peptide bonds and a polypeptide chain, which eventually folds into a functional protein.
Protein synthesis
This flip book depicts the process of protein synthesis, showing how DNA is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated by ribosomes into a polypeptide chain. The flip book steps through transcription, where RNA polymerase copies DNA into mRNA, then translation, where the mRNA passes through the ribosome and interacts with tRNA and rRNA to add amino acids in the correct order specified by codons until a full protein is synthesized.
Protein synthesis project
The document describes the process of transcription and translation in a cell. RNA polymerase unwinds DNA and creates an mRNA strand in the nucleus. The mRNA strand then moves to the cytoplasm through the nuclear pore. In the cytoplasm, the mRNA strand binds to a ribosome where tRNA brings amino acids to add to a growing polypeptide chain based on the mRNA codons. The polypeptide chain then folds into the final 3D protein structure.
Steven detrie protein synthesis model
The document describes the process of protein synthesis, which occurs in two steps: transcription and translation. In transcription, DNA is unwound and an mRNA strand is created using nucleotides. In translation, the mRNA strand is sent to the cytoplasm where it binds to a ribosome. tRNA molecules then bind to the ribosome and add amino acids specified by the mRNA code, forming a peptide bond between amino acids and creating a protein chain.
Steven detrie protein synthesis model
The document describes the process of protein synthesis, which occurs in two steps: transcription and translation. In transcription, DNA is unwound and an mRNA strand is created using nucleotides. The mRNA strand is then released and the DNA strands rebind. In translation, the mRNA moves to the cytoplasm and binds to ribosomes. tRNA molecules bind to the ribosome according to the mRNA code, and each tRNA connects to a specific amino acid. Translation begins as tRNA molecules form base pairs with the mRNA, and peptide bonds form between the amino acids, creating a protein.
alexis vite flip book
The document describes the process of protein synthesis, which occurs in two main steps - transcription and translation. Transcription takes place in the nucleus and involves RNA polymerase copying genetic information from DNA to mRNA. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm at ribosomes, where the mRNA code is used to assemble amino acids in the correct order to produce a protein. The start codon on mRNA pairs with a complementary tRNA to initiate translation.
Dna replicaton byrd
DNA replication begins at the origin of replication where DNA helicase unwinds and unzips the double helix. DNA polymerase reads the bases on one strand and adds complementary bases to the other strand. The leading strand is replicated continuously while the lagging strand is replicated discontinuously in fragments called Okazaki fragments. DNA primase adds primers to fill in the lagging strand, and DNA ligase seals the fragments together with phosphodiester bonds.
Mine all mine
This protein synthesis flip book illustrates the process of transcription and translation. It shows DNA being transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase in the nucleus. The mRNA is then transported to the cytoplasm where it passes through ribosomes. During this process, transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules match to the mRNA codons and add amino acids to form a polypeptide chain through peptide bonds. Eventually a full protein is synthesized from the mRNA instructions.
RNA_LexiZanaglio
The document outlines the process of protein synthesis which has two main parts - transcription and translation. In transcription, mRNA strands are created in the nucleus from a DNA template with the help of RNA polymerase. The mRNA then exits the nucleus through nuclear pores. In translation, which occurs in the cytoplasm, ribosomes read the mRNA to produce a protein. Transfer RNA molecules match their anticodons to mRNA codons and bring corresponding amino acids. The amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain, which becomes a protein when translation is complete.
Protein synthesis flipbook @yoloswagginator24
The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis. It describes how RNA polymerase unwinds DNA and copies it to mRNA. The mRNA strand then exits the nucleus through the nuclear pore and moves to ribosomes. At the ribosomes, the mRNA is read and translated to form a polypeptide chain of amino acids.
Rna bio
The document outlines the process of protein synthesis which has two main parts - transcription and translation. In transcription, mRNA strands are created in the nucleus from a DNA template with the help of RNA polymerase. The mRNA then exits the nucleus through nuclear pores. In translation, which occurs in the cytoplasm, ribosomes read the mRNA to produce a protein. Transfer RNA molecules match their anticodons to mRNA codons and bring corresponding amino acids. The amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain, which becomes a protein when translation is complete.
Presentation1
The document shows the process of protein synthesis:
1) In the nucleus, RNA polymerase unzips DNA and copies its sequence into a messenger RNA (mRNA) strand.
2) The mRNA exits the nucleus through the nuclear pore and enters the cytoplasm.
3) In the cytoplasm, the mRNA binds to a ribosome which reads its sequence in groups of three bases (codons).
4) Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules matching these codons bring specific amino acids to the ribosome.
5) The amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide chain, which later folds into a functional protein.
Josh.godo protein synthesis
The document is a flip book that summarizes the key steps of protein synthesis: 1) DNA is unwound in the cell nucleus and an mRNA strand is produced, 2) the mRNA strand moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm where ribosomes are located, 3) ribosomes read the mRNA strand and amino acids are attached through peptide bonds to form a protein, which then folds into its tertiary structure.
Brock flipbook
The document summarizes the process of protein synthesis. DNA in the nucleus is transcribed into mRNA by RNA polymerase. The mRNA then exits the nucleus and binds to a ribosome in the cytoplasm. The ribosome reads the mRNA and uses transfer RNA molecules to add amino acids to form a protein chain. The protein folds into its final shape.
Jimmy Carrier Protein Synthesis
The document discusses protein synthesis in cells. It explains that RNA polymerase in the cell nucleus reads DNA and synthesizes mRNA. The mRNA then exits the nucleus through nuclear pores and binds to ribosomes. At the ribosomes, tRNA matches codons on the mRNA and releases amino acids, forming peptide bonds between amino acids to create a polypeptide chain. When the ribosome reaches a stop codon, the polypeptide releases and folds into its tertiary structure to become a functional protein.
Protein synthesisDevonDubensky
The process of transcription begins in the cell nucleus, where RNA polymerase breaks apart DNA and uses it as a template to create mRNA strands. During this process, thymine is replaced with uracil to form RNA. The mRNA strand then exits the nucleus through a nuclear pore. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm, where the mRNA is read by ribosomes in groups of three codons. Transfer RNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome based on codon-anticodon base pairing. As the ribosome moves along the mRNA, the growing polypeptide chain is released once a stop codon is reached.
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Protein synthesis Horner Jacob (cooler than Michael Lin)
- 1. Protein Synthesis By Jacob Horner
- 4. Nucleus
- 44. Ribosomes – bind mRNA and tRNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins. Start Codon Codons Stop Codon
- 47. UAC CGG
- 48. UAC CGG CGG
- 49. UAC CGG CGG
- 50. UAC CGG CGG
- 51. UAC CGG CGG
- 52. UAC CGG CGG CGG
- 53. UAC CGG CGG CGG
- 54. UAC CGG CGG CGG
- 55. UAC CGG CGG CGG
- 62. The amino acid chain is folding into a tertiary structure so it can function.
- 63. The amino acid chain is folding into a tertiary structure so it can function.
- 64. The amino acid chain is folding into a tertiary structure so it can function.
- 65. The amino acid chain is folding into a tertiary structure so it can function.
- 66. Summary Beginning in the nucleus, we zoom in on a strand of DNA. RNA polymerase comes in to unwind the double-stranded DNA. As it unwinds the DNA, it reads the nitrogenous bases and finds their complement, creating a strand of mRNA (messenger RNA). Except, in this case, Adenine’s base pair is not thymine, because it is replaced by uracil. This process is called transcription.
- 67. Summary (cont.) The strand of mRNA breaks off and we zoom out of the nucleus. The mRNA then leaves the nucleus through a small pore called the nuclear pore. Once the mRNA strand is in the cytoplasm, it binds with a ribosome. Now, we begin translation. First, we zoom in on the ribosome and mRNA strand. Ribosomes bind mRNA and tRNA (translation RNA) to synthesize polypeptides and proteins. Ribosomes have a large and small subunit.
- 68. Summary (cont.) The first group of bases is known as the start codon. The middle ones are known as codons and the last one in known as the stop codon. tRNA comes in, carrying the bases complements called the anticodon. With an amino acid attached, tRNA connects the bases with their compliments on the start codon. The same thing is happening to the second codon. Once the start codon has received its complementary bases, tRNA leaves, leaving behind its amino acid.
- 69. Summary (cont.) The amino acid then attaches to the second codon’s amino acid, forming a polypeptide bond. Another tRNA comes in to supply the third codon with its complementary bases. tRNA leaves the second codon, leaving behind the polypeptide bond. That then attatches to the third codon’s tRNA amino acid. Then another tRNA comes in with the fourth codon’s complements. This cycle continues until you get to the stop codon.
- 70. Summary (cont.) The stop codon ends the cycle, not leaving an amino acid. The amino acid chain that is formed cannot function until it folds into a tertiary structure, so it does. Thus, ending translation.
- 71. THE END