The document summarizes key aspects of DNA structure and function in 3 paragraphs or less: DNA is made up of nucleotides containing a sugar, phosphate, and one of four nitrogen bases. The structure of DNA is a double helix with the bases on each strand bonded to each other. DNA replicates via a semiconservative mechanism where each new cell receives one original and one new strand. Genes are expressed as DNA is transcribed into mRNA and then translated into proteins. Mutations can occur and cause genetic disorders and diseases.

1. ESCUELAS PÍAS ALBACETE

2. BIOLOGY WORK Teacher: González Montero, Jose María Realized by: Daniela Nicoletta Trinc María Espinosa García de la Serrana 2010

3. DNA

5. CONTENTS History

6. Structure

7. Replication

8. Gene expression

9. Mutations

10. Video

11. Bibliography

12. History In 1869 biologist Johann Friedrich Miesscher separated the cell membrane and cytoplasm of the cell to isolate the cell nucleus and identified a new group of cellular substances which he called nuclein.

13. Subsequently,Richard

14. Altmann identified the

15. acids and gave them

16. the name nucleic

17. acids.

18. Robert Feulgen, in 1914, described a method to reveal by staining the DNA, based on the dye fuchsin. Using this method, the presence of DNA in the nucleus of all eukaryotic cells, specifically in chromosomes.

19. During the 20s, the biochemist P.A. Levene examined the components of DNA, nucleic acids and found that it contained four nitrogenous bases: cytosine and thymine, adenine and guanine, the sugar deoxyribose and a phosphate group.

20. He showed that they were united in the order phosphate-sugar-base, forming what he called a nucleotide. Levene also suggested that the nucleotides were linked by forming the DNA phosphates.

21. In 1952 Alfred

22. Hershey and Martha

23. Chase conducted a

24. series of experiments

25. to determine whether

26. DNA or protein was

27. the hereditary

28. material.

29. A year after the Hershey-Chase experiments appeared in the journal Nature, a joint article by Watson and Crick story recounting the discovery they had made (DNA) .

30. STRUCTURE Each DNA molecule consists of two chains formed by a large number of chemical compounds called nucleotides .

31. Each nucleotide consists of three units: a sugar molecule (desoxyribose), a phosphate group and one of four possible nitrogen compounds called bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T) and cytosine (C).

32. Containing adenine nucleotides are coupled always with thymine, and cytosine with guanine. The complementary bases are joined together by weak chemical bonds called hydrogen bonds .

33. Deoxyribonucleic acid is a polymer of two antiparallel strands (orientation 5 '3'y3'5').

34. REPLICATION The DNA replication process allows the DNA to double, ie, synthesize an identical copy.

35. This duplication of genetic material occurs according to a semiconservative mechanism(the chain of the DNA is previous ).

36. The process of Replication begins with the helicase , an vital enzyme . (The human being have got 24 enzymes). Its mission is to break the hydrogen bonds.

37. DNA polymerases give each daughter cell a DNA copy of the original in the process of mitosis. They carry out the synthesis of new DNA strand matching the deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate.

38. Primer is a iniciator of the creation of the chain delayed (so called because its direction is 3-5).

39. DNA polymerase III is the principal responsible enzyme for DNA elongation (polymerase activity 5 '-> 3'). It also performs tasks of correction (exonuclease activity 3 '-> 5').

40. DNA polymerase | (adds 20 to 100 nucleotides per binding event) is responsible for the elimination of primers and the "filling" the space left by DNA.

41. DNA ligase is a enzyme with forms links between 5 'end of a chain end and 3 'of another string.

42. Gene expression DNA -> RNA -> protein: gene expression. To express the genetic information contained in DNA, first the nucleotide sequence of a gene is transcribed into RNA. The transcript is catalyzed by the enzyme RNA polymerase.

43. The sequences of the nucleotids of DNA's molecules indicate to RNA polymerasa where to start and where to finish the transcription.

44. The difference between DNA and RNA: It contains the sugar ribose instead of deoxyribose. It contains the base uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)

45. Kind of RNA mRNA ---> protein coding rRNA --->part of the ribosome structure. Participates in the synthesis of proteins. tRNA --->participates in the synthesis of the proteins as an adapter.

46. Most genes are divided into small coding regions (exons) interspersed with noncoding regions (introns) .

47. At the core, the introns are removed from the primary RNA transcript through a process of maturation of RNA. By a reaction catalyzed by small ribonucleoprotein complexes known as snRNPs, the introns are excised from the primary transcript and exons are joined together directly. Then the mRNA moves to cytoplasm.

48. The nucleotide sequence of the mRNA is read in groups of three nucleotides ( codons ), so that each codon corresponds to an aminoacid.

49. The possible combinations of four different nucleotides in the RNA produced 64 different codons in the genetic code. Most amino acids are specified by more than one codon.

51. The replication must be exactly the same,if it´s not, a lot of illnesses can be developed. ILLNESSES

52. Alterations of genetic material.