The lecture by Dr. B.K. Savitha covers the production technology of tomato, brinjal, and chilli, focusing on the botanical characteristics, optimal growing conditions, varieties, and management practices for tomato cultivation. Key topics include the nutritional value, soil requirements, irrigation methods, pest management, and common issues like fruit cracking and blossom end rot. Various tomato varieties with specific traits suitable for different climates and purposes are also discussed to guide effective cultivation.

1. LECTURE 2
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF TOMATO,
BRINJAL AND CHILLI
By
Dr.B.K.Savitha
Asst.Prof (Hort.)

2. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF TOMATO
Botanical name : Lycopersicon esculentum
Family : Solanaceae
Chromosome No : 2n = 24

3. Introduction
• Tropical vegetable
• Origin -Peru in the South America.
“love of apple’ or ‘love apple’,‘poor mans orange’ (Ascorbic
acid 15 mg to 20 mg /100g edible portion).
• The fruit is a rich source of vitamin A (590 microgram / 100g)
and C (27 mg/100g).
The alkaloid present in tomato is called tamatin and the
coloured pigment is called Lycopene.
Lycopene content is high at 210 C.

4. Tomato belongs to the family solanaceae.
The genus Lycopersicon differs from Solanum by the absence of spines
and anther tips are narrow and exhibit longitudinal divisions.
The genus Lycopersicon was divided into two sub genera.
Eu lycopersicon.
Erio persicon.
Eu lycopersicon is characterized by red fruited edible species with
carotenoid pigmentation and they are annuals. Cultivated tomato is
included in this. The species included are
1. Cultivated tomato - Lycopersicon esculentum and.
2. Small fruited tomato- Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium
Eriopersicon is characterized by green fruited species, anthocyanin
pigmentation. The species included are peruvianum, hirsutum, persicae and
glandulosum, cheesmanii.
Species:

5. Indeterminate: terminal buds ends with a leafy bud and
continue it vegetative growth. Ex: Pusa ruby.
Determinate fruits: terminal buds ends with floral bud and
further its vegetative growth is checked and are called as Self
topping or self pruning types. Ex. Pusa Early Dwarf
Semi-determinate: have semi dwarf growth and it is
between determinate and indeterminate. Number of nodes
between two consecutive inflorescences will be around one.
Ex: S-12, Roma.
Growth habit

6. Climate
• Warm season vegetable
• Optimum temp 21-24°C
• >32°C-lycopene formation inhibited
Soil
• Well drained fertile loamy soil
• pH 6.5-7.5
• Acidic soil-liming
• Heavy soils-improper drainage-affects quality

7. • Certain varieties like Pusa rubi, Pusa early dwarf, Marutham,
Arka vital, Pusa 120, HS – 10, sweet 72, S-12, Co I are suitable
for cultivation in plains.
• Varieties like Sioux, Best of all, Pusa early dwarf are suitable for
hilly areas. Varieties like Roma and Punjab chuharra are
suitable for processing.
• Varieties released by IIHR Arka Abha, Arka Abhizit, Arka Ahuthi,
Arka Aloukik, Arka Meghali, Arka Sourab, Arka Sourab, Arka
Srasika, Arka vartnan, Arka vikas, Arka visal.
Choice of varieties

8. • Pusa Sheetal: cold resistant variety
• Best of all: Mid season variety
• All-purpose variety -known as Pusa Gaurav
• IVRI -2 : variety developed from IVRI, Varanasi
• Floradade: it is a variety brought from Florida
• SL – 120 : resistant to nematode and released by IARI, New
Delhi.
• S-12: Evolved by PAU, Luthiana, fruit round to flatish with
persistant pedicel suitable for summer crop all over the India

9. Varieties released from TNAU
CO1
• Pureline selection isolated from ‘Pearl
Harbour’.
• Tropical plains of Tamil Nadu.
• Plants-dwarf, semi spreading.
• Flowering -50-55 DAT
• Fruits-round and smooth without any
grooves.
• Proportion of flesh to seed content is high
• Fruits are susceptible to cracking.
• Fruits contain
• -0.69% acidity
• -17.5 mg/100g of ascorbic acid and
• -2.7 % reducing sugars
• Yields -35 tonnes/ha in a crop duration of
135 days.

10. CO 2
• Plants are semi-dwarf with erect habit
• Fruits are smooth, medium sized, flat with 4 to
5 furrows.
• Fruit weight -55 to 60 g.
• Unripe fruits are green in colour that turn
capsicum red after ripening.
• Fruits are borne in clusters (4 to 5)
• 20 to 25 fruits per plant.
• Withstand long distance transport.
• Duration-140 days
• Yield -41 tonnes/ha.
• The fruit are nutritionally superior to CO 1 with
a higher ascorbic acid content of 19.5 mg of
100 g juice.

11. CO 3 (Marutham)
• Plants-compact, small spread, dwarf and determinate.
• High density planting (spacing of 60 x 30 cm)
• Fruits -round, globular in shape, medium sized, smooth,
attractive
• Fruit weight 45 to 50 g
• Flowering -50 to 55 DAS and first harvest -30 days later
• Fruits-parrot green colour when unripe and reach capsicum
red on ripening
• Each plant yields 30 to 40 fruits
• The variety is a cluster bearing type (4 to 5 per cluster).
• The fruits contain 3.8% acidity and 25 mg/100 g of Vitamin
C.
• Yield-40 t/ha
• Duration-100 to 105 days.

12. PKM 1
• Induced mutant from a local variety
called Annanji.
• Determinate plant
• Fruit-flat–round, attractive capsicum red
colour with prominent green shoulders
even after ripening
• Fruits-uniform in shape, firm and ideal
for long distance transport
• Fruits contain 0.99% acidity and 23.7
mg/100g of Vitamin C
• Yield-30 to 35 t/ha are typical in a crop
duration of 135 days

13. Paiyur – 1
• Hybrid derivative of Pusa Ruby x CO 3
• Suitable for rainfed tomato growing areas of Salem and
Dharmapuri districts.
• Early flowering (20-25 days from transplanting)
• Extended harvest period of 10 to 12 pickings.
• Fruits-round, medium sized, with a slight ribbing at the calyx
and medium firmness,
• Ensures keeping quality and suitability for distant transport.
• Tolerant to fruit borer and diseases such as leaf spot and leaf
curl virus.
• Yields-30 tonnes/ha.

14. COTH 1 Hybrid Tomato
• Developed and released from HC & RI,
Coimbatore.
• Plants need staking with wooden sticks
• Fruits -round to slightly oblong, medium sized
(50 g/fruit), deep red in colour with thick flesh
• Borne in clusters of 4 to 5
• Fruits are acidic (0.61%)
• Yield-96 tonnes/ha in a crop duration of 110 -
115 days after transplanting
• Adapted for cultivation in Coimbatore,
Dharmapuri, Madurai, Dindigul, Theni,
Cuddalore, Villupuram, Pudukkotai, Erode and
Kanyakumari districts

15. COTH2 Hybrid Tomato :
• It is a hybrid between LCR 2 and CLN 2123A.
• It has resistance to leaf curl virus disease and without pesticide spray it
recorded a yield of 90.2 t/ha under normal conditions.
• Fruits are smooth round to slightly oblong, medium sized; unripe fruits
whitish green, ripe fruits bright red coloured and borne in clusters of 3-5.

16. TNAU Tomato Hybrid CO 3
• It is a hybrid between HN 2 x CLN 2123A.
• Yields about 96.2 tonnes/ha in a crop duration of 140-145 days.
• Plants are semi determinate (90-95 cm) and suitable for high density
planting
• Fruits are smooth round, medium sized, and borne in clusters of 3-5.
• High yielding and resistant to leaf curl virus disease and moderately
resistant to root knot nematode.

17. Tomato Hybrid CO 4
• F1 hybrid of LE 1226 X LE 1249.
• Yields about 92.3 tonnes/ha
• Hybrid has long harvesting period with 20-22 harvests in 150 days
• Fruits are flat round with thick pericarp (5.84 mm)
• High yielding and moderately resistant to root knot nematode.

18. Seed rate
Varieties : 300-350 g / ha
Hybrids : 100-150 g / ha
Seed treatment
Treat the seeds with Trichoderma viride 4 g or Pseudomonas fluorescens
10 g or Carbendazim 2 g per kg of seeds 24 hours before sowing.
Just before sowing, treat the seeds with Azospirillum @ 40 g / 400 g of
seeds.
Sow in lines at 10 cm apart in raised nursery beds and cover with sand.

19. Nursery management
• Seed rate-300-500 g/ha
• 225 m2 nursery area-1 ha
• Nursery bed-1.2 m wide, 10 cm high & 7.5 cm long
• Fumigation-40% formalin/m2
• FYM-3 kg/m2 +0.5 kg NPK
• Rows distance-7.5 cm
• Every week-fungicide spray-damping off

20. Protected nursery
• Prepare the nursery area of 3 cents with slanting slope of 2 % for the seedling production to
cover 1 ha.
• Cover the nursery area with 50 % shade net and cover the sides using 40/50 mesh insect
proof nylon net.
• Form raised beds of 1 m width and convenient length and place HDPV pipes at 2m interval
for further protection with polythene sheets during rainy months.
• Mix sterilized cocopeat @ 300 kg with 5 kg neem cake along with Azospirillum and
Phosphobacteria each @ 1 kg. Approximately 1.2 kg of cocopeat is required for filling one
protray. 238 protrays (98 cells) are required for the production of 23,334 seedlings, which are
required for one hectare adopting a spacing of 90 x 60 x 60 cm in paired row system.

21. CONT.,
• Sow the treated seed in protrays @ one seed per cell.
• Cover the seed with cocopeat and keep the trays one above the other and
cover with a polythene sheet till germination starts
• After six days, place the protrays with germinated seeds individually on
the raised beds inside the shade net
• Water with rosecan everyday and drench with NPK 19:19:19 @ 0.5% (5g/l)
at 18 days after sowing

22. Transplanting
• Within 25 to 30 days–Seedlings are ready for
transplanting
• Indeterminate varieties/hybrids
60-120 cm x 45-75 cm
• Determinate varieties/ hybrids
45-60 cm x 30-45 cm

23. Weed management
• Pre-emergence applications of herbicides like metribuzin at 0.35
kg/ha, fluchloralin 1.25 kg/ha -effective to increase the tomato yield
• Plastic mulching (black or transparent)
• Mulching +use of herbicides (pendimethalin @ 0.75kg ai/ha or
oxyflorophen @ 0.12kg ai/ha)

24. Water management
• Tomato is a deep rooted crop (120-150 cm )
• It requires seven irrigations when 50 mm rainfall is received
• First irrigation at the time of transplanting
• 3- 4 days during summer and 10 -15 days in winter
• Irrigation through drip system resulted 43.4 % more yield
and 78.4 % water saving as compared to furrow method of
irrigation

25. Manuring
Varieties /
hybrids
Fertilizer dose
FYM
(t/ha)
N
(kg/ha)
P
(kg/ha)
K
(kg/ha)
Borax
(kg/ha)
ZnSO4
(kg/ha)
Varieties
Basal
Top dressing
(30 DAP)
25
-
75
75
100
-
50
-
10
-
50
-
Hybrids
Basal
Top dressing
30 DAP
45 DAP
60 DAP
25
-
-
-
50
50
50
50
250
-
-
-
100
50
50
50
10
-
-
-
50
-
-
-

26. Plant Growth Regulator
Spray 1.25 ppm (625 ml in 500 litres of water) Triacontanol at 15 days
after transplanting and at full bloom stage to increase the yield.
Intercultural operations
Staking:
It is very essential for indeterminate group of varieties because it improves
yield and quality of fruits. Stake the plants 30 days after planting with 1 - 1.5
m tall stakes.
Training:
Removal the side branches up to 20 cm from ground level.
Micronutrient spray
Foliar spray of ZnSO4 @ 0.5 per cent thrice at 10 days interval from 40
days after planting. Spray 19:19:19 + Mn @ 1 % at 60 days after planting.

27. Blossom end Rot- Calcium deficiency
•Brown discoloration starts in blossom end of the fruit.
•Black spot develops to encompass ½ to 2/3 rd portion of the
fruit.
•Later the tissues shrink and skin becomes dark grey to black .
•Secondary infection by fungus and unfit for consumption.
• Increase in level of N- Fall in level of Calcium
Causes: use of Ammonium sulphate, imbalance of Mg & K;
deficiency of calcium
Remedies: cultural practices that concern soil moisture and
maintain uniform moisture supply. Transplanting in early April
instead of early June. Foliar spray of 0.5% CaCl2. Apply
Nitrogen in the form of Urea.

28. Fruit cracking
Occurs for middle of the May.
Reduced transpiration has increased cell turgidity and contributed to
tomato fruit cracking.
Cracking also occurs in rainy season when rains fall in long dry spell.
Presence of water on the surface of fruit is more conducive in cracking
than high soil moisture.
Boron deficiency in the soil also causes fruit cracking.

29. Cont.,
They are two types of cracking.
i. Radial cracking: occurs mostly at ripe stage.
ii. Concentric cracking: it is common in mature green stage.
Remedies: use of resistant cultivars like Sioux, Punjab chuhara. Picking
of the fruit before the full ripe stage. Soil application of Borax @ 10 – 15
kg per ha. Regulation of soil moisture. Misting (spray of cool water).

30. Puffiness
Commonly known as hallowness.
Tomato puffs, puffy tomatoes, puffs and pockets.
Fruit become lighter in weight and partially filled.
 As the fruit reaches about 2/3rd normal size outer wall continues to
develop normally but remaining internal tissue growth is retarded.
Very high or very low temperature and low soil moisture conditions will
lead to puffiness.

31. Cat facing
A large scar is formed at the blossom end portion of the fruit.
Such fruits have ridges and furrows and blotches at blossom end.
Reasons: low temperature, faulty pollination, application of nitrogen
during transition from vegetative to reproductive phase.
Remedies: balanced fertilizer application; regulation of temperature.

32. Sunscald
When fruits and leaves are exposed to the sun, there is appearance of
yellow, white patches on green and ripen fruits.
 These patches may have secondary infection of fungus and start
rotting varieties with sparse foliage will suffer more sunscald especially in
the month of May and June.
Remedies: Prefer the varieties having more foliage and follow
appropriate

33. Flower and fruit drop
Higher incidence of flower and fruit drop is resulted because of
fluctuations in temperature, poor water management and soil moisture.
Remedies: good package of practices should be followed. Moisture
stress should be avoided. Spraying of planofix or NAA @ 1 ml in 4.5 lt of
water. Control of fluctuations in temperature.

34. Blotchy ripening: greenish yellow; maintain balance between Nitrogen
and Potassic fertilizers.
Bronzing or internal browning: also known as grey wall. Characterized
by death of tissues with in the fruits associated by vascular browning
variety EL 235673 is found resistant to this disorder.
Green back: Stem and portion of the fruit turns green. At high
temperature ripening is inhibited and green band is expected. Reduce
temperature by artificial means.

35. Tomato Fruits
• Boron deficiency
• Fruits pitted and
• Corky areas in skin;
ripening uneven

36. Heat stress symptoms
• Seedless fruit
• Small fruit may stay on the
plant but not enlarge
• Blossoms fall off or turn
brown fruit may be
misshapen (as in cold
stress)
• Flowers numerous, but
small

37. Peducle Kinking
•Low light Cultivar
•Too high temperatures during the
vegetative phase

38. Harvesting and Yield
The stage of maturity depends upon the purpose for which it is used
• Immature- Before seeds are fully developed
• Mature green -Light green changes to yellowish green
• Turning – ¼th of the blossom end surface turns pink (Breaker stage)
• Pink – ¾ th of the surface shows pink
• Hard ripe- Nearly all red or pink but flesh is firm
• Over ripe- Full coloured and soft
• On an average, a normal open pollinated varieties yields 30 -40 t/ ha
whereas hybrids – 80-95 t/ ha

39. GRADING (Directorate of Marketing and Inspection )
• US No.1
• US combinations
• US No.2
• US No.3
APEDA Specification of Export Quality Tomato
• Round medium size having 16- 30 fruits /kg-Premium grade.
• (KAU,2004 )

40. Pests and Disease
Tomato-Pests
• Fruit borer
• Serpentine leaf miner
• Whitefly
• Nematode
Tomato-Diseases
• Damping off
• Leaf spot
• Fusarial wilt and Root knot nematode
• Leaf curl
• Tomato spotted wilt virus

41. BRINJAL
-Solanum melongena
-Solanaceae

42. INTRODUCTION
 Brinjal is a stable vegetable high in nutritive value.
 It is rich in minerals Ca, Mg, P, K and Fe.
 It is also a good source of Vitamin A and C.
 Bitterness in Brinjal is due to presence of glycoalkaloids.
 Glycoalkaloids content vary from 0.4 to 0.5 mg per 100 g
of fresh weight.
 Purple variety has higher copper content and polyphenol
oxidase activity
 Iron and catalase activity is the highest in the green
cultivars.
 Amino acid content is higher in purple variety.

43.  Native –Tropical India
 3 Botanical varities
- S.esculentum - egg shape (fruit is long, round and oval)
- S.serpentinum - long slender type (snake brinjal. Fruit is
extra ordinarily long. Leaves are prickly)
- S.depressum - dwarf type

44. Egg shape fruit -Pusa kranti.
Pusa purple long (PPL):
Long slender type
Dwarf type
Classification on the basis of fruit shape:

45. Classification on the basis of fruit colour:
 Purple brinjal: they have no anthocyanins. Eg: PPL.
 Green brinjal: more of chlorophyll. Eg: Arka kusumakar.
 Flowers 4 types
- Long styled
- Medium styled
- Pseudo short styled
- Short styled

46.  Glycoalkaloid – Solanine
 Pigment – Anthocyanin
 Dark purple colour – vit c
 Dried fruits – vit B
 White colour – Diabetic patients
 11 solanum spp classified 3 groups
A - S.melongena ,S.incanum ,S.macrocarpum
B - S.integrifolium,S.gilo,S.nodiforum
C – S.indicum , S,mammosum , S.torvum.S
sismbrifolium,S.toxicarium

47. CULTIVARS
CULTIVAR FEATURES
Pusa Purple Long All over india
Pusa Purple Cluster Tolerant to bacterial wilt
Jamuni Gole Autumn winter crop in Punjap
BR 112 Haryana
Type 3 Uttarpradesh
Arka Kushumkar Mild climate of Southern India
Arka Sheel Mild climate of Southern India
Arka Shirish Mild climate of Southern India

48. Manjara Gota Maharashtra
Bhagymati Andrapradesh
ARU 2C Hiily regions ,sutlej Ganga ,Allluvial plains
,& Karnataka
Mysore green Karnataka
Annamalai Tamil Nadu ,resistant to aphids
Pant Samarat All over india, tolerant to bacterial wilt
NDB 25 Uttarpradesh
Co 1 Southern districts of TN
Co 2 Western zone of TN
MDU 1 Tamil Nadu
PKMI Southern zone of TN

49. CULTIVAR FEATURES
Pusa Kranti All over india
Pusa Bhairav Resistant to phomosis fruit rot
Pusa Anupam Resistant to phomosis fruit rot
Pusa Uttam Northen Plains, Guajarat, Maharashtra
Pusa Bindu Northen Plains, Guajarat, Maharashtra
PH 4 All over india
Pb .Neelum All over india
Pusa Hybrid 9 Maharashtra & Guajarat
NDBH 1 Northern &central India

50. Pb .Barsati All over india
Pb . Sadabahar Punjab
Hisar Shymal Haryana
Hisar Jamuni Haryana
Pant Rituraj All over india
Vaishali Maharashtra
Pragati Maharashtra
Arka Navneet Mild climate of southern india
Pusa Hybrid 5 Northern central & southern states
Pusa Hybrid 6 Northern &central India

51. PLR 1 North eastern zone of TN
KKM1 Southern zone of TN
NDBH 6 Maharashtra & Guajarat
ABH 1 Northern &central India , WITH PARTS
OF Northern &central India
ABH 2 Northern &central India , WITH PARTS
OF Northern &central India
- S.Thamburaj,Narendra Singh (2001) ,Text
book of vegetables , tuber crops ,& spices

52. TNAU RELESED VARIETIES
 CO 1
It is a pureline selection with crop duration of 160
days.
Fruits are oblong and medium sized with pale
green shade under a white
background.
Each fruit weighs on an average 50 - 60 g.
The fruits are soft seeded even at full maturity and
have good storage qualities.
20 to 25 t/ha and is preferred southern districts of
TN

53.  CO 2
 Developed from the local variety ‘Varikatthari’ of
Negamum,Coimbatore district through pureline
selection.
 The fruits are slightly oblong with smooth
calyx and dark purple stripes of different lengths
and widths under a pale green
background on the upper surface.
The fruit storage quality is very good and is
highly sort after in Coimbatore and Periyar
districts of Tamil Nadu.
 yields about 35 to 38 t/ha with a crop duration of
150 days.

54.  MDU 1
The variety is a selection produced in
Kallampati, near Madurai.
The variety is adaptable to the tropical plains of
Tamil Nadu
 Fruits are round, bright purple in colour, large
in size with each weighing about 280 g and a
pulp to seed ratio of 9 to 8.
 The purple colour fades to pale pink as the fruit
matures.
It has a yield potential of 30 - 34 t/ha in 135 –
145 days crop duration.
. This variety is preferred in Madurai and
Trichy districts of Tamil Nadu.

55.  PKM 1
It is an induced mutant from a local type known as
‘Puzhuthi kathiri’.
The variety is drought tolerant and adapted to
rainfed cultivation in Madurai and Dindugal
districts.
The fruits are small and slightly oblong, ovate with
green stripes and weight between 50 and 55g.
The fruit can withstand long distance transport
and stores well at normal room temperature.
 Yields are typically 35 t/ha with a duration of 150
to 155 days.

56.  PLR 1
This variety is a reselection from Nagpur ecotype.
 The variety can be grown in all seasons.
 The fruits are small to medium in size, sometimes
borne in clusters, egg shaped with bright glossy
dark purple colour.
 The fruit fetches a higher price than Annamalai
variety in the markets of Cuddalore, Chenglepet
and Chennai and has an extended shelf life of 8 to
10 days under ambient temperatures.
 Yields on average 15 to 25 t/ha

57.  KKM 1(Killikulam 1)
This variety is a pureline selection from
Kulathur local in Tirunelveli.
 It is suitable for cultivation both under rainfed
and irrigated conditions in Tirunelveli district.
The plants are compact with small to medium
sized, milky white coloured, egg shaped fruits
in clusters of 2 to 4 with a green calyx.
Yields are typically 36 to 37 t/ha over a 130 to
135 day cropping season.
This variety has the best preference in
Southern districts of Tamil Nadu.

58.  Annamalai
The fruits are oblong, deep purple in colour with a
characteristic yellowish mark along the calyx border and
a few thorns on the surface of the calyx.
The fruits are preferred in the Cuddalore, Villupuram,
Vellore, Thiruvannamalai and Chengalpattu district and
Chennai markets.
 Yields are typically 20 to 22 t/ha.

59.  PPI(B)1
The variety is a single line selection from Karungal local
type, Vazhuthunangai.
The plant is medium spreading with lengthy pale green
fruits, low in seed and not bitter in taste.
The variety is medium tolerant to brinjal shoot and fruit
borer and wilt disease.
Typical yields of 50 t/ha are produced in a fruiting period
of 185 days.
The variety is suitable for cultivation during April-May,
and Oct-Nov as a rain-fed or irrigated crop in
Kanyakumari district.

60.  COBH 1 Brinjal
 This variety is an F1 hybrid released from
Horticultural College and Research Institute,
Coimbatore.
 The fruits are medium sized, oblong shaped
and dark violet in colour.
 Yields of up to 56 t/ha can be obtained in a
crop duration of120-130 days after
transplanting.
 April to December is the ideal season for
cultivation of this variety and it is grown as an
crop irrigated in Coimbatore, Erode, Salem,
Namakkal, Trichy, Karur, Dharmapuri and
Tiruvannamalai districts.
 Fruits possess high ascorbic acid content
(16.65 mg/100g).

61.  COBH 2 Brinjal
 F1 hybrid developed by crossing EP65xPusa
Uttam.
 Medium sized, slightly oblong and glossy
violet colour fruits.
 High ascorbic acid (16.5 mg/100g)
 Moderately tolerant to shoot and fruit borer
 s. Duration - 120-130 days. Yield - 58-60

62. VRM 1
 Pureline selection,
 High yielding
 Spines on leaf, stem and calyx, Cluster
bearing,
 Fruits oval in shape, glossy pink in colour with
green tinge in the distal end
 Resistant to leaf spot, veriticilium wilt and
epilachna beetle
 Duration - 140-150 days
 Yield - 40-45 t/ha

63. CULTIVATION
 SOILS
- A well drained soil with medium to high
fertility is best suited.
- sandy soils for early crop production
- clay loam for heavy production
- Generally sandy-loam soils preferred
- pH6.5-7.5

64.  Climate
- suceptible to severe frost
- 21ºC - 27º C favourable
- Day neutral plant
- 21ºC - 30ºC optimum temp
 Light ,temperature ,nutritive factors had significant
effects on chlorophyll content & stomatal density and
length of GH grown egg plants
- (Leonardi & Giuffrida ,1999)

65.  Seasons
It can be grown in plains throughout the year but
rabi season is the best.
 Rainy Season - May-June
 Winter Season - December - January
 Summer Season - February – March
 Warm season – luxureious growth & starts
bearing from initial flowers
 Cool season – slow &fruit size , quality
,production adversely affected

66. NURSERY
 FYM mixed with nursery soil few days before sowing
 Drenched with captan (damping off)
 200 - 300 g seeds for 1 Ha – 30000 – 45000
seedlings
 Transplantig 20-25 days after sowing
- Choudhury et al ., 1991
season Seed sowing Transplanting
Winter June July
Summer Early Nov Jan – early Feb
Rainy March April

67. Seed Treatment
 Treated with Gibberellins improved seed vigour &
germination rate
-(Si et al., 1996)
 Treated with GR + subsequent application of
insecticides - yield & control of fruit & shoot
borer .
- ( Choudhury & Saraf., 1996)
 Addition of Humic acid to the growing medium &
foliar fertilizer – (+) ve effect on seedling growth
-(Padem et al .,1999)

68. NURSERY

69. SPACING
 60X 45 cm –Long fruited cultivars
 90X 90 cm – Round &high yielding
 45 X45 cm - Early & dwarf types
 60X 45 ,60X 60 cm – semi vigorous
 Generally recommended – 60X45 cm
75X60 cm
75 X 75cm
90 X60 – High marketable yield
–(Abutiate ,1998)

70. Manures and Fertilizers
Varieties
 Basal dose : FYM 25 t/ha, NPK 50:50:30 kg/ ha.
 Top dressing : 50 kg N/ha on 30th day of planting
or during earthing up.
Hybrids
 Basal dose : FYM 25 t/ha, NPK 100:150:100 kg/ha.
 Top dressing : 100 kg N/ha on 30th day of planting
or during earthing up.

71. IRRIGATION
 Trickle irrigation –yield high by treatment with
180 kg N /ha - (Jaime et al ., 1997)
 N,K,Ca content was found to be significantly
reduced in plants – to flooding stress
 - (Jeevarani et al ., 1998)
 On Flooding – epinasty of leaves & stem
hypertrophy -(Rani et al., 1999)
 Saline water had an adverse effect on growth &
development - (Ruggiero et al ., 1994 )
-( Sifola et al ., 1995)

72. WEED CONTROL ,MULCHING
 Apply Pendimethalin 1.0 kg a.i. / ha or Fluchloralin
1.0 kg a.i / ha as pre-emergence herbicide, followed by
hand weeding once at 30 days after planting.
 Reglone (diquat),Gramoxone (paraquat) are
effectively controlled the weeds
– (Doikova et al .,1980)
 Several herbicides application under transparent
polythene reduced that weed growth & yield
- (Gorske,1981 )

73. USE OF PGR
 Spray 2 ppm (1 ml in 500 lit) Triacontanol plus Sodium
Borate or Borax 35 mg/l of water 15 days after
transplanting and at the time of full bloom to increase
the yield.
 NAA 60 ppm / BA 30 ppm - improve fruit set
 Root dipping 1 month old seedling in ascorbic acid
,GA3 , IAA – advances the flowering
- (Patil et al., 1981)

74. Physiological disorder in Brinjal
Poor fruit set: Due to presence of large number of
pseudo short styled and short styled flowers and
dropping of long and medium styled flowers.
Remedy: 2,4-D (2 ppm) spray at flower initiating
stage and NAA (60 ppm) spray at full bloom stage
helps in fruit set.

75. HARVESTING & YIELD
 From 50th day onwards and continues for 50 days
 Seed Yield : 250 kg/ha
 Grades – Super ,Fancy, Commercial
Early crop 20- 30 m t /ha
Long duration crop 35- 40 m t /ha
F1 hybrids 40- 80 m t /ha

76. POSTHARVEST & PACKING
 Fruit rot problem
 200 ppm NAA + 900 ppm Prochloraz spray
 Stored for 7-10 days @ 7.2 - 10ºC with 85-95 % RH
 Individually wrapped in the tissue paper –
arranged in cartons for export
 Wooden baskets for local market
 Alternative bulk packaging for storage was
assessed by (Fallik et al.,1994)
 Fruits exposed 30ºC causes chiilling injury
 - (Fallik et al.,1994)

77. PLANT PROTECTION
Pest Contorl
measures
Diseases Contorl
measures
Epilachana beetles Spray of Malathion
0.16% @ 3 ml per
water of Methyl
parathion 0.03% @
1ml per lit.of water.
@ 1ml per lit.of
water.
Early blight Spray with
Bordeaux mixture
5:5:50 or Zineb
0.25%.
Shoot and fruit
Borer
Carbaryl 50% @
1.25 ml per lit of
Water
Little leaf Rouge out diseased
plants. Spray any
insecticide to control
the vector.

78. PLANT PROTECTION
Pest Contorl
measures
Diseases Contorl
measures
Mealy bug Malathion 0.15% @
3 ml/lit of water Or
Monocrotophaos
@ 0.4% 1.25 ml lit
of water.
Mosaic Virus Rouge out diseased
plants.
Spray insecticides
to control the
vector.
Brinjal mite Spray Wettable
Sulphur @ 3 to 5
g/lit or Dicofol @
2.7 ml/lit of water
or dust. Sulphur @
20 to 25 kg/ha.

79. PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF
CHILLI
Chilli Capsicum annuum
2n = 24
Origin Mexico
Family Solanaceae
Pungent principle and
pigment
Capsaicin
Capsanthin

80. NUTRITIVE VALUE OF CHILLIES
 Moisture - 85.7%
 Protein – 2.9g
 Minerals – 1.0 g
 Fibre – 6.8 g
 Calcium – 30 mg
 Magnesium – 24 mg

81. Contd….
 Riboflavin – 0.39 mg
 Oxalic acid – 67 mg
 Copper – 1.55 mg
 Sulphur – 1.55 mg
 Vitamin A- 292 IU
 Vitamin C – 111 mg
Vishnu and Swarap (2008)

82. SPECIES OF CHILLIES
Capsicum baccatum Capsicum chinense

83. Capsicum chacoance Capsicum cardenasii

84. Capsicum frutescens Capsicum pubescens

85. Taxonomic characters of the five cultivated species of
chillies
Species Corolla
colour
Corolla
shape
Anther
colour
Seed colour Flowers per
node
C. annuum White Rotate Blue purple Tan 1
C.frutescens Greenish
white
Rotate Blue Tan 1 -3
C. chinense White to
greenish
white
Rotate Blue Tan 1 – 5
C. baccatum White Rotate Yellow Tan 1 – 2
C. pubescens purple Rotate Purple Black 1
Hari har ram (2006)

86. HORTICULTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF
CHILLIES
Smith et al.(1987) classified chilli cultivars on the basis of
shape, colour and usage.
I. Fruits large smooth, thick fleshed.
 Bell group – Fruit large, 7.5 to 12.5 cm long, blocky,
3 – 4 lobed, square to rectangular, green when
immature, red at maturity, mostly non pungent

87. Contd…
 Pimento group – fruit heart shaped, pointed,
3.75- 12.5 cm long, smooth , thick walled, non
pungent.
II. Fruit broad, smooth, thin walled.
 Ancho group – 10 -15 cm long fruits, heart
shaped, sweet to medley pungent.
 Dark green turning red at maturity ( Mexican
chilly)
 Turning brown at maturity

88. Contd…
III. Pods long, slender
A. Anaheim chilli group : ( long green or long red
chilli) – Medium to dark green, smooth, flesh medium
thick
1. Moderately pungent to sweet – New Mexico
2. Mildly pungent – Mild California
3. Slightly pungent – Mild California
4. Non pungent – paprika

89. IV. Fruit elongated to 7.5 cm long, green when immature
 Jalapeno group - fruit 3.75 – 5 cm wide, 5- 7.5 cm
long, rounded cylindrical shape, thick walled, dark
green, smooth.
 Serrano group – slender, cylindrical, highly
pungent.
 Small hot group – fruit slender, medium to thin
walled, 7.5 cm long, highly pungent

90. Contd…
 Cayenne group – fruit slender, medium green,
wrinkled and irregular in shape, thin walled and
highly pungent
1. Mature fruit red ( Italian E1)
V. Fruit small to 5 cm, globular to oblate, thick flesh
 Cherry group
1. Non – pungent – (Sweet cherry)
2. Pungent – ( Large red cherry)

91. Contd…
VI. Fruit yellow when mature
Small wax group – Fruit 7.5 cm long or less in length
1. Pungent ( Calora)
2. Non pungent ( Rio grande gold)
 Long wax group – 8.8 cm in length or more, pointed
1. Pungent – ( Hungarian yellow wax)
2. Non pungent – (Sweet banana)

92. Contd…
VII. Fruit slender, yellow turning red at maturity,
2.5 – 3.75 cm, highly pungent, Capsicum frutescens.
A. Tobasco group

93. CLIMATIC REQUIREMENTS
 Tropical and subtropical
 2000 m altitudes – India ( Joshi and Singh, 1975)
 Warm humid climate – growth
 Warm dry weather – Fruit maturity
 Rainfed – 850 to 1200mm
 Heavy rainfall and high RH – poor fruit set, rotting

94. Contd….
 Temperature – 20 to 30o C
 Soil temperature – 17o C
 Fruit development affected at 37.8o C or more
(Pollard, 1999)
 High night temperature responsible for high
capsaicin content ( Ohta, 1962)
 Day length of 9 to 10 hours light – growth and high
productivity ( Egovora, 1975)

95. Soil conditions
 Well drained, aerated and rich in organic matter
 Poor drained soils – leaf shedding and fruit drop due
to water logging
 Ideal soil – light loamy or sandy loam rich in lime and
organic matter
 Black soil suitable for rainfed conditions

96. Zones Varieties Districts
Northern zone PLR - 1
Cuddalore, Villupuram,
Kancheepuram,
Southern zone PKM - 1
Ramanathapuram,
Kanyakumari, Tuticorin, Tirunelveli
Central South K1, K2 Madurai, Virudunagar, Paramakudi
Western
CO.4 - Vegetable
Co.1, CO.2 & CO.3
Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore
Central K1, K2 Tiruchi, Salem, Karur
Choice of varieties

97. Choice of variety
Samba type Gundu type
K-1, K-2, CO1,G4,
Pusa Jwala, Pant
C-1,Pant C-2,
PKM-1, CO3,Pusa
Sadabahar,
Jawahar 218,
Punjab Lal,
CO-2, G-5,PMK-1, PLR-
1,CO-4

98. Varieties Years Parentage Duration (days) Yield (kg/ha)
K1 1964
Selection from
B 72A
200 - 210 1.6 - 1.7
K2 1975 Cross between K1 and Sathur samba 210 1.8
CO1 1977 Reselection from Sathur samba 200 - 210 2.1
CO3 1991
Selection from
Sri Lankan type
165 3.5
CO4 1999
Pure line selection from Sri Lankan
type
210 2.0
PKM-1 1990
Multiple cross selection from AC
1797 and CO1
180 3.0 - 3.2
MDU 1 1975
Irradiation of seeds of K1 by gamma
rays
210 1.9
Gundu type
G5 1972
Derivative
G29 x 1331
210 1.7
CO2 1981 Selection from Nambiyur Local 200 - 216 2.1
PKM1 1990
Derivative CO2 x Ramanathapuram
Gundu
210 2.3
PLR 1 1994
Pure line selection (CA(Q)8)
Kadangadu type
180 - 216 18.4
Characteristics of important varieties released in Tamil nadu

99. Seed rate
 Varieties: 1.0 kg / ha.
Hybrids: 200 - 250 g / ha.
Nursery area: 100 sq.m / ha.

100. Nursery management
 Nursery area- 100 sq.m / ha
 Season – May – July
 Seeds - Trichoderma viride @4g/Kg or Thiram/captan
@ 2-3g/kg of seeds.

101. Nutritional requirements
Basal Top dressing
Chilli –
Variety
30:60:30 30 kg N on 30, 60 and 90
DAP.
Hybrids 120:80:80
Capsicum -
Variety
40:60:30 40 kg N on 30, 60 and
90DAP.
Hybrids 250:150:15
0
Paprika - 60:100:60 20:0:20 kg on 3rd week of
planting
40:0:40 kg on 6th week of
planting

102. Inter-cultural operation
 PGR: On 20th, 40th, 60th and 80th day of transplanting,
triacontanol 1.25 ppm (2.5 ml of Vipul dissolved in 10 lit.
of water)
 Fruit set- as well as to reduce flower and fruit drop, 10
ppm and 50ppm of NAA -60 and 90 DAP.
 Weed management: Spray Fluchloralin @ 1 lit a.i/ha or
Pendimethalin @ 1 kg a.i/ ha. or Oxyflourfen @ 0.15 kg
a.i./ha as pre-emergence herbicide and may be combined
with hand weeding once and earthing up 45 days after
planting.
 Raise intercrop of onion in paired row system to get
additional income.

103. Physiological Disorder in Chilli
Blossom – end rot:
 Water-soaked spots appear on the blossom end of the fruit.
Cause:
 Heavy irrigation after a dry spell
 Heavy application of nitrogenous fertilizer.
Remedy:
 Avoid heavy dose of nitrogenous fertilizer
 Soil should have good water-holding capacity.

104. Flower and fruit drop:
 Low humidity and high temperature resulting in moisture
stress which leads to abscission of buds, flowers and small
fruits.
Remedy:
 Foliar application -50 ppm NAA - full bloom stage.
 Foliar application -20 ppm NAA at first flower opening
followed by two sprays at an interval of 30 days increases
fruit set.
 Application of Triacontanol (vipul 1 ml / 2 l water) also
reduces flower and fruit drop.

105. Crop Stage Possible pests
Vegetative stage
Seedling Root grub, Mites, Aphids, Thirps.
Branching Thrips, Mites, Aphids,
Ragi cut worm.
Reproductive Stage
Flowering Thrips, Mites, Aphids, Cutworm.
Fruiting Fruit borers (Spodoptera litura)
Gram caterpillar (Helicoverpa
armigera)
Insects at Different Crop Stages

106. Stages of the crop
Common Name
Major Diseases
Scientific Name
Seedling Damping off Pythium aphanidermatum
Vegetative Cercospora leaf spot Cercospora capsici
Minor diseases
Vegetative Fusarium wilt Fusarium solani
Vegetative Verticillium wilt Verticillium sp.
Vegetative Root rot Sclerotium rolfsii
Vegetative Powdery mildew Leveillula taurica
Vegetative Leaf blight Phytophthora nicotianae
Vegetative Choanephora blight Choanephora cucurbitarum
Vegetative Downy mildew Peronospora tabacina
Vegetative Fruit rot Alternaria solani
Vegetative Bacterial soft rot Erwinia carotovora
Vegetative Leaf curl Tobacco leaf curl virus
Vegetative Tobacco mosaic Tobacco mosaic virus
Vegetative Tomato mosaic Tomato mosaic virus
Vegetative Potato virus 'X' disease Potato virus X
Vegetative Potato virus 'Y' disease Potato virus Y
Vegetative Cucumber mosaic Cucumber mosaic virus
Diseases of chillies

107. Maturity Indices
 Green chilli-fully matured green fruits have to be
harvested and immature fruits should not be
disturbed.
 Dry chilli-fully ripe pods have to be harvested and
dried in the sunlight

108. Harvesting
 First harvest is usually picked green to stimulate further flushes of
flowering and fruit setting.
 Thereafter ripe or nearly ripe fruits are harvested at fortnightly
intervals.
 Number of pickings varies from 6 to 10 spread over a period of 3-5
months.
 Fruits along with peduncles are severed gently from the plants and
gathered into baskets.
 In warm weather, early crop varieties mature in 3-4 months, most
other crop varieties require 4-5 months.

109.  Varieties : 2 - 3 t/ha of dry pods or 10 - 15
t/ha of green chillies.
 Hybrids : 5-6 t/ha of dry pods or 25 t / ha of
green chillies.
 Seed Yield : 350-400 kg/ha
Yield

110. Storage and Drying
 Green chillies fruits can be stored in good condition for atleast
40 days at 0oC (32oF) temperature with 95-98% relative
humidity in gunny bags.
 Moisture content
11.0 - 12.9% - High colour
9% - Low colour
< 7% - Pale colour

111. S.No. Particulars Crop
Tomato Brinjal Chilli
1 Botanical
Name
S.esculentum S.melongena C.annuum
2 Family Solanaceae Solanaceae Solanaceae
3 Origin Peru in S.America India Mexico
4 Soil Sandy loamy soil Sandy loamy
soil
Sandy loamy
soil
5 Climate 25-300C 25-300C 25-300C
6 Seed rate 300-350 g/ha (Var)
100-150 g/ha (Hyb)
200 g/ha (Var)
400 g/ha (Hyb)
200-250 g/ha
(Var)
1 kg/ha (Hyb)
7 Spacing 60 x 45 cm (Var)
90 x 75 cm (Hyb)
60 x 60 cm
(Var)
90 x 60 cm
(Hyb)
60 x 45 cm
(Var)
75 x 60 cm
(Hyb)
A Glimpse…of Lec.2

112. S.No. Particulars Crop
Tomato Brinjal Chilli
8 Manures 150:100:50 kg/ ha (Var)
200:250:250 kg/ha (Hyb)
100:50:30 kg/ ha
(Var)
100:150:100 kg/ha
(Hyb)
30:60:30 kg/ ha (Var)
120:80:80 kg/ha
(Hyb)
9 PGR Triacontanol @ 1.25 PPM Triacontanol @ 2
PPM
Triacontanol @ 1.25
PPM
10 Physiological
Disorder
BER, Fruit Cracking,
Puffiness, Sunscald, Green
back
Poor fruit set Blossom – end rot,
Flower and Fruit
drop
11 Yield 30-40 t/ha (Var)
65-80t/ha (Hyb)
25-30 t/ha (Var)
45-50t/ha (Hyb)
10 - 15 t/ha of green
chillies (Var)
25 t / ha of green
chillies (Hyb)
12 Seed Yield 100-120 kg/ha 250 kg/ha 350-400 kg/ha
13 Important Pest and
disease
Fruit borer,TLCV, Spotted
wilt virus
FSB, Epilachna
beetle, Bacterial wilt
Chilli leaf curl virus,
Anthracnose