BERSEEM Trifolium alexandriannium is an annual leguminous fodder crop.
One of the most suitable fodder crops for areas below 1700 m altitude with irrigation facilities.
Remains soft and succulent at all stages of growth.
It can be grown without irrigation in areas with high water table and under water-logged conditions.
Indigenous to Egypt.
Pulses are a very important source of protein in Indian diets as majority of population is vegetarian. however, the production of pulses is not keeping pace with the growing population in the country. lentil is one of the important Rabi pulses. it is one of the oldest pulse crops and the most nutritious of the pulses. it is also used as a cover crop to check the soil erosion in problem areas. lentil contributes about 6% in total pulses area as well as production of India. It is mostly eaten as "DAL". the pulse is first converted into split pulse or 'dal' by the removal of skin and the separation of the fleshy cotyledons. It is cooked easily and hence preferred. It is good for patients too. Lentil contains about 11% water, 25% protein and 60% carbohydrates. It is also rich in calcium, iron and niacin
Agronomic and cultural practices of black gram (soil ,climate ,seed rate ,distribution ,varieties, diseases and pest management,maturity ,harvesting, yield )
Recommendations for the farmer to get maximum yield .
It is helpful for chickpea cultivation & production in Agricultural sector.These presentation include all the information up to storing. its language is very simple that why everybody easy to understand.
..........Thanks
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
BERSEEM Trifolium alexandriannium is an annual leguminous fodder crop.
One of the most suitable fodder crops for areas below 1700 m altitude with irrigation facilities.
Remains soft and succulent at all stages of growth.
It can be grown without irrigation in areas with high water table and under water-logged conditions.
Indigenous to Egypt.
Pulses are a very important source of protein in Indian diets as majority of population is vegetarian. however, the production of pulses is not keeping pace with the growing population in the country. lentil is one of the important Rabi pulses. it is one of the oldest pulse crops and the most nutritious of the pulses. it is also used as a cover crop to check the soil erosion in problem areas. lentil contributes about 6% in total pulses area as well as production of India. It is mostly eaten as "DAL". the pulse is first converted into split pulse or 'dal' by the removal of skin and the separation of the fleshy cotyledons. It is cooked easily and hence preferred. It is good for patients too. Lentil contains about 11% water, 25% protein and 60% carbohydrates. It is also rich in calcium, iron and niacin
Agronomic and cultural practices of black gram (soil ,climate ,seed rate ,distribution ,varieties, diseases and pest management,maturity ,harvesting, yield )
Recommendations for the farmer to get maximum yield .
It is helpful for chickpea cultivation & production in Agricultural sector.These presentation include all the information up to storing. its language is very simple that why everybody easy to understand.
..........Thanks
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
Production technology of onion and garlicRakesh Rajput
Production technology of bulb crop.
Production technology of Onion and garlic.
Cool season vegetables.
Cultivation of onion and garlic.
Diseases of onion and garlic
Production technology of onion ppt
Training is an important operation in grapes.
It helps to maintain the stature and spread of the vine and facilitates operations like pruning, intercultivation, spraying and harvesting.
Many training systems are in vogue in India, but the most popular are Bower, Telephone and Kniffin systems.
Production technology of onion and garlicRakesh Rajput
Production technology of bulb crop.
Production technology of Onion and garlic.
Cool season vegetables.
Cultivation of onion and garlic.
Diseases of onion and garlic
Production technology of onion ppt
Training is an important operation in grapes.
It helps to maintain the stature and spread of the vine and facilitates operations like pruning, intercultivation, spraying and harvesting.
Many training systems are in vogue in India, but the most popular are Bower, Telephone and Kniffin systems.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
2. Introduction
Scientific name :- Trifolium alexandrinum
Rabi season leguminous fodder crop,called as ‘Kings of
fodder crop’
Suitable for irrigated conditions,it remins soft,palatable
and succulent at all stges of growth
It has nitrogen fixing capacity which increase soil fertility
Rich in crude Protien 20-24% ,Calcium 3%,Phosphorus
0.4% and Digestible dry matter 65-70%.
It can converted into hay in March-April.
3. Origin and Area
It is indigenous to Egypt but cultivated in
Egypt,Israel,Syria,Persia ,Cyprus,Italy,South Africa,
South America,Australia, Pakistan etc
It is introduced in India in 1904 from Egypt.
It is cultivated around 2 million hectare area,mainly
in Punjab,Rajsthan, UP and other part of western
India.
4. Climatic requirements
It require a dry ,cool Climate with a mild temperature
for germination and establishment.
It grows fast at 18-21OC & suspend growth > 35OC.
It cannot be grown in damp,heavy rain,frosty
conditions.
Soil requirements
It can grown on all type of soil except light sandy soil.
It cant grown in acidic soil but can grown in saline soil.
It can grown at soil pH 7-8.
5. Field Preparation
Plough land 3-4 times with desi plough followed
by one soil inversion ploughing.
One to two planking should be done to break all
soil clods and prepare fine compact seed bed.
Remove grass,stubble as cause problem later.
6. Sowing
Sowing is done in end of September to end of October by
broadcasting.
In late sowing winter reduces yield by interfering crop
growth.
Sown by 2 methods:-
1. seed are broadcasted uniformly over field with good
moisture.
2. field is watered and seed are broadcasted in standing
puddled water.
7. Seed rate
Put seed in bucket containg 5% salt in water to remove weed
seed.
For 1st time cultivation give seed treatment with Rhizobium
trifolli.
Soak seed for 12 hours (overnight) ,spread on floor & mix seed
with berseem culture then dry for 1 hour.
Seed rate of 20-25kg/ha is recommended.
Mix 1Kg of Japani sarson or 25kg of oat for harvesting higher
quantity of fodder at 1st cut.
Seed treatment
8. Varieties
Varieties Area of adaptation GFY ( t/ha)
Mescavi Northen and Central India 80-90
Warden All India 90-150
BL-1 Punjab and HP. 100-120
BL-10 Punjab,Haryana and H.P. 110-115
BL-22 Temprete zone of India 90-100
JB-2 Northern and Central India 90-100
JHB146 NW qnd Central zone 58-85
UPB-110 Southern zone 50-65
BL-2 Northern India 65-90
JHTB 96-4 NE Zone 60-70
UPB-103 Northen,Cenral &South India 100-115
9. Varieties for Haryana
1.Mescavi:-Tillering is fast
and provide 5-6
cuttings,leaves
are medium in size and no
cuts on margins.Green
fodder yield is 750-
850q/ha.The seeds are
yellow and shining.It give an
additional seed yield of 4.5-
5.5 q/ha.
10. 2.Hisar Berseem 1:- It is
new fast growing variety
for Haryana,have more
number of leaves,better
quality & remains 8-10
days more green than
Mescavi.Green fodder
yield is 700-750q/ha.It is
resisant to stem rot and
root rot
11. 3.Hisar Berseem 2:- It is
fast growing new variety
for Harayana,have more
leaves,better quality and
remains 8-10 days more
green than Hisar Berseem 1
,Green fodder yield is 700-
750 q/ha.It is resisant to
stem rot and root rot.
12. Fertiliser management
It require 20kg N+70kg P2O5 before sowing of crop.
If crop is new to field then treat seed with Rhizobium culture.
If oat seeds are mixed then extra dose of N @40kg/ha should
be added.
Irrigation management
1st irrigation is crucial 3-5 DAS in light soil while 8-10 DAS
in heavy soil.
Later depending on climate irrigate at 15-20 days interval.
Irrigation after each cutting is beneficial for regeneration.
13. Weed management
Main weeds are:-
1)Asphodelus 2)Chenopodium
3)Convovulus 4)Chichorium
Berseem is thicky crop so weeding is very difficult process.
Weeds also serve as fodder so donot make it necessary to
pull them out.
The crop matures usually in third week of April so it is
critical peroid for weed control.
14. Disease management
Diseases Casual
Organism
Symptoms Control
Stem
Rot
Sclerectonia
trifoliorum
Collar region
becmes necrtic
with depressed
lesions.
Stem are gridled at
collar region.
• Avoid excessive irrigation.
• Spray 0.1%Bavistine
twice during Jan-Feb.
• Select resistant variety
HB1.
Root
Rot
Rhizoctonia
solani,
Fusarium
semitacttum
Sudden complete
wilting of plant within
a day.
Effected plant can
easily be pulled out.
• Crop sanitation
Resistant varieties.
• Seed treatment with
Thiram.Bavistine&
Carbofuran@2.5g/kg
15. Insect management
Pests Symptoms Control
Black ants These remove the
Germinating seeds
Apply Methyl Parathian
2% dust.
White grass hopper • It damage crop in
month of April.
• 90%insect of other
crop damage this
crop.
• Spray Malathion
@1lt/ha in 750 lt of
water
• If crop is sown for
seed pupose apply
2% Methyl Parathian
dust @25kg/ha
16. Cuttng management
Crop should be harvested 55-60 Days after
sowing.
Then subseqent cuts can be taken after
every 30-40 days interval.
In all 4-6 Cuts are taken with a production
of about 750-825 q/ha.
17. Seed production
For seed production last cut should be taken in 1st week of
March in low moist areas whereas in moist areas it can be
taken upto last week of march.
If weed are present,remove them, specially Kasni weed.
Irrigate field after 1st cut & after 15 days interval.
Seed will be mature in month of May and 4.5-5.5 q/ha seed
can be harvested.
The cutting schedual can also be adjusted in such a way so
as to harvest green fodder everyday.
18. Toxicity
A substance known as ‘Astrogenons’ is present in
berseem,excess of which makes animal sick and cause
‘Bloat disease’.
Bad effect of this can be reduced if fodder is sprayed
with Linseed or Mustard oil.
Mixing of dry fodder which contain more fibers like
wheat straw also reduces problem of bloating.
