This document discusses different modes of cell motility, specifically cilia and flagella. It describes the structure and function of cilia, which are hair-like projections on some cells composed of microtubules and dynein motor proteins. Cilia play roles in locomotion, sensory functions, and development. The document also outlines the structure of flagella, which are thread-like appendages found on bacteria and some eukaryotic cells. Flagella are composed of flagellin proteins and help with cellular movement. While cilia and flagella differ structurally, both use microtubules and motor proteins to generate rhythmic movements and allow cellular locomotion.

2. CONTENTS:-
1.Introduction
2.Modes of cell motility
3.Cilia
4.Flagella
5.Conclusion

3. 1.INTRODUCTION
What is cell motility ?
Cellular motility is the spontaneous movement of a cell from one location
to another by consumption of energy.

4. 2.MODES OF CELL MOTILITY
 Cilia and Flagella are locomotive organ of cell.
 They are hair like structure .
 Their origin is from cytoplasm .

5. 3.CILIA
Cilia are hair like structure on the surface of
some eukaryotic cell.

6. Structure:-
Cilia are made up of microtubules coated by
the plasma membrane.
Each cilium comprises 9 pairs of microtubules
that form the outside ring and 2 central
microtubules.
This structure is called an axoneme.
The 9 outer pairs are made up of motor
proteins called dynein.
These are large and flexible that allows the
cilia to move.
Cilia are attached to the cell at the basal
body that is made up of microtubules
arranged in 9 triplets.

7. Function:-
The important function performed by cilia involves
locomotion and sensory functions.
Cilia plays a major role in cell cycle and replication and also in
the development of human and animals.
Some organisms use the rhythmic movement of cilia to sweep
away unwanted substances other microorganisms and mucus
to prevent disease.
In some animals cilia have been associated with secretion of
vesicular ectosomes .

8. Type:-
There are three different types of cilia.
1. Motile cilia
2. Primary cilia
3. Nodal cilia

9. 4.FLAGELLA
Flagella are thread like or lash like microscopic bacterial
surface appendages.
The term "flagellum" means whip.
It can be found on the cells of both prokaryotic and
eukaryotic organism.
The flagellum is mainly assigned to cellular movements in
liquid environment.

10. Structure
The Flagella is a helical structure composed of
flagellin protein.
The Flagella structure is divided into three parts.
1. Basal body:-
It is attached to the membrane and It contains of
rings surrounded by a pairs of proteins called motB.
The rings include L- ring, P-ring, C-ring, M-S ring.
a) L- ring :- Outer rings anchored in the
Lipopolysaccharide layer and found in gram +ve
bacteria.
b) P- ring :- Anchored in the peptidoglycan layer.
c) C- ring :- Anchored in the cytoplasm.
d) M-S ring :- Anchored in the cytoplasmic
membrane.
2. Hook:-
It is a broader area present at the base of filament .
Connnects filament to the motor protein in the base.
The hook length is greater in gram +ve bacteria.
2. Filament:-
Thin hair like structure arising from the hook.

11. Function
• They help an organism in movement .
• They act as sensory organs to detect
temperature and PH changes.
• Few eukaryotes use flagellum to increase
reproduction rates.
• Recent researches have proved that flagella are
also used as a secretory organelle.
• For example in Chlamydomonas.

12. Types:-
There are four different types of
Flagella.
i. Monotrichous
ii. Amphitrichous
iii. Lophotrichous
iv. Peritrichous

13. 6.CONCLUSION:-
• The difference between cilia and flagella is
quite apparent.
• They differ structurally and have various
patterns of movement.
• There are also different variations of cilia and
flagella that perform various functions.